Name: 【TED-Ed】胃潰瘍的驚人病因--Rusha Modi。 (【TED-Ed】The surprising cause of stomach ulcers - Rusha Modi)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T07:05:52.000Z
Duration: 5 min 35 s
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In 1984, an enterprising Australian doctor named Barry Marshall

Too many of his patients were complaining of severe abdominal pain

which are sores in the lining of the upper intestinal tract.

At the time, few effective treatments for ulcers existed,

and many sufferers required hospitalization or even surgery.

Dr. Marshall swallowed a cloudy broth of bacteria

collected from the stomach of one of his patients.

Soon, Dr. Marshall was experiencing the same abdominal pain,

Ten days later, a camera called  an endoscope

Marshall's stomach was teeming with the same bacteria as his patient.

He'd also developed gastritis, or severe inflammation of the stomach,

a misconception  that still persists to this day:

Marshall thought the culprit was bacterial infections.

by the brightest medical  minds on the planet.

But in 2005, he and Dr. Robin Warren received the ultimate validation

when they were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine.

Our stomachs are J-shaped organs with surprisingly intricate ecosystems

The stomach is under constant attack by digestive enzymes,

to maintain the integrity of its own lining.

This delicate balance is constantly regulated

Since the mid-1800s, doctors thought stress alone caused most stomach ulcers.

Patients were given antidepressants or tranquilizers

This belief eventually shifted to the related notion of spicy foods

Yet no convincing study has ever demonstrated that emotional upset,

By the mid-20th century, it was widely accepted that excess hydrochloric acid

Fervent proponents of this idea were referred to as the acid mafia.

The biggest hole in this theory was that antiacids only provide

are indeed caused  by too much hydrochloric acid.

But they make up less than 1% of all cases.

Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren pinpointed a spiral-shaped bacteria

called Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, as the real offender.

H. pylori is one of humanity's oldest and most frequent companions,

having joined us at least 50,000 years ago,

Previously, we thought the stomach was sterile

on account of it being such an acidic, hostile environment.

Yet H. pylori survives the acidic turmoil of the stomach

with a variety of features that disrupt mucosal defense in its favor.

For example, it produces an enzyme called urease

that helps protect it from  the surrounding gastric acid.

many of which are dedicated to maximizing its virulence.

like why specific people develop ulcers at particular times.

and the genetic diversity  of Helicobacter strains all play a role.

In particular, certain pain medications used to reduce inflammation in joints

have been discovered to work with H. pylori

Dr. Marshall ended up being fine after his famous, albeit dangerous, experiment.

He ingested a course of antibiotics similar to the ones taken now for ulcers.

To be treated by simple antibiotics is a modern triumph

for a disease that previously  needed surgery.

Marshall's work also reminded us that scientific progress is not always smooth.

But there's value in trusting  your proverbial,

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【TED-Ed】胃潰瘍的驚人病因--Rusha Modi。 (【TED-Ed】The surprising cause of stomach ulcers - Rusha Modi)

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