Name: 如何一勞永逸解決交通問題 (How to Fix Traffic Forever)
Uploaded: 2017-09-18T07:47:28.000Z
Duration: 11 min 6 s

基礎被動語態

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The first 100 people to sign up using the
link in the description get three free delicious,

前100名報名者使用
在描述中的鏈接得到三個免費的美味。

In 2004 the American Highway Users Alliance
published an article claiming that the Katy

2004年，美國公路使用者聯盟
發表文章稱，《凱蒂

freeway in Houston, Texas was the second most
congested road in America.

德克薩斯州休斯敦市的高速公路是第二多的。
美國擁堵的道路。

Drivers spent a combined 25.4 million hours
every year sitting in traffic on that road.

司機總共花費了2540萬小時
每年都在那條路上堵車

It was an absolute embarrassment of a road
for Texas so they decided to spend $2.8 billion

這絕對是一條尷尬的道路。
為德克薩斯州，所以他們決定花費28億美元。

to expand it to 28 lanes making it the widest
highway in the world.

擴建至28條車道，使其成為最寬的車道。
世界上的高速公路。

All this extra capacity would surely fix the
problem—more lanes means more room for more

所有這些額外的能力肯定會解決
更多的車道意味著有更多的空間來容納更多的人。

cars which means shorter travel times... right?

汽車，這意味著更短的旅行時間... ... 對嗎？

Between 2011 and 2014 alone, travel times
on the Katy freeway increased by up to 55%.

僅在2011年至2014年期間，旅行時間
在凱蒂高速公路上的增幅高達55%。

It now takes an average of 64 minutes to drive
the 28 miles between downtown Houston and

現在平均需要64分鐘的車程
在休斯頓市中心和

The problem with this project was that the
solution violated the fundamental law of road

這個項目的問題是
解決辦法違反了道路的基本規律

congestion—more lanes mean more traffic.

擁堵--更多的車道意味著更多的交通。

The more lanes there are the higher the capacity
a road has so cars should be able to drive

車道越多，容量越大。
路有路，車要能開

faster... but that’s a very narrow analysis
of the problem.

更快... ...但這是一個非常狹隘的分析。
的問題。

You can’t just think about how this would
work on one road, you have to think about

你不能只想著這樣做會怎樣
在一條路上工作，你必須考慮到。

Many people choose not to drive places because
of how long it takes.

許多人選擇不開車的地方，因為
的需要多長時間。

If the traffic is bad, they can take public
transit or wait until a less busy time, or

如果交通不暢，他們可以採取公共的。
中轉或等到不那麼繁忙的時候，或

When a road is expanded, travel times initially
decrease so all those people who chose not

當一條道路擴建時，行駛時間最初
減少，所以所有選擇不

to drive or to take an alternate route or
whatever decide to switch to using that newly

開車或改道，或
不管是什麼決定改用那個新的

What’s fascinating about roads is that this
happens at a perfect 1 to 1 ratio.

道路的迷人之處在於，這種
以1比1的完美比例發生。

If the capacity of a road doubles, the amount
of people using that road will also double.

如果一條道路的通行能力增加一倍，則其數量為
使用該道路的人數也將增加一倍。

If it doubles again, the amount will again
double.

如果它再次翻倍，金額將再次。
雙。

Of course if you kept doing this over and
over again you would eventually build a big

當然，如果你一直這樣做，並
你最終會建立一個大

enough road that there wouldn’t be any more
cars to fill the road, but in the real world

足夠的道路，不會有更多的。
車來補路，但在現實世界中

where demand for roads far outstrips supply,
drivers will adjust to any change in road

在道路需求遠遠超過供應的地方。
司機會根據道路的任何變化進行調整

難道沒有辦法解決交通問題嗎？

No way to make our roads better and safer
and more efficient?

沒有辦法讓我們的道路變得更好、更安全。
並且效率更高？

Here’s the thing about traffic—it slows
down exponentially.

這就是關於交通的事情--它減緩了。
成倍下降。

The 20,000 car on the road slows down traffic
overall significantly more than the 5,000

路上的2萬輛車讓交通變慢了
總體上大大超過5,000

This is a major driver for a lot of jams—a
small addition of cars leads to a large addition

這也是很多果醬的主要驅動力------。
積少成多

in congestion—but it also makes solving
traffic a bit easier since you only need to

在擁堵的情況下，但它也使解決。
由於您只需要

remove a small amount of cars from the road
and that’s just what ramp meters do.

Ramp meters are set up on the on-ramps of
highways to restrict the amount of people

匝道上設置了匝道計價器。
高速公路，以限制人口數量

They usually let one car on every five or
six seconds.

他們通常讓每五輛車或每一輛車上
六秒鐘。

Since the amount of cars actually on the highway
is kept down, the highway stays at its most

由於高速公路上的實際車輛數量
抑制，高速公路就會保持在其最

Minnesota did an experiment where they shut
down their long-used ramp meters for eight

明尼蘇達州做了一個實驗，他們關閉
在他們長期使用的坡道計價器下，8個月的時間裡。

weeks in order to see if they actually worked
and they found that the highway capacity decreased

周，以瞭解它們是否真的有效
他們發現，高速公路的通行能力下降

by 9%, travel times increased by 22%, speeds
dropped by 7%, and crashes increased by 26%.

9%，行車時間增加22%，車速
下降了7%，車禍增加了26%。

Stockholm, Sweden used that exponential nature
of traffic to decrease travel times by up

瑞典斯德哥爾摩利用這種指數性質
縮短行車時間

Stockholm as a city lies across 14 islands
which means that all the bridges act as huge

斯德哥爾摩作為一個城市，橫跨14個島嶼
這意味著，所有的橋都像一個巨大的

Traffic, therefore, was historically horrible
for the relatively small city.

是以，交通在歷史上是可怕的
對於相對較小的城市來說。

On January 3rd, 2006, Stockholm started to
charge drivers who entered this central perimeter—the

2006年1月3日，斯德哥爾摩開始
向進入這一中心區域的司機收費------。

The charge wasn’t much—between 10 and
20 krona, the equivalent of 1 and 2 US dollars—

收費不多，在10元和10元之間。
20克朗，相當於1美元和2美元

but it was enough to persuade 20% of drivers
to not enter the central perimeter.

但它足以說服20%的司機
以免進入中央周邊。

They either went downtown on public transport
or walked or didn’t go at all.

他們要不就是坐公車去市區
或走或根本沒走。

These are the amounts of daily drivers in
the perimeter in the years leading up to the

這些都是每天駕駛者的數量，在
前的幾年裡，在周邊地區進行的活動。

As soon as the charge was implemented in 2006,
the daily amount dropped down to here.

2006年一實施收費。
每天的金額下降到這裡。

After the 6 month initial trial period driving
in the central core became free again and

在6個月的初始試用期後，駕駛
在中央的核心地帶又變得自由自在

the amount of daily drivers increased to nearly
the level it was before.

每天的司機數量增加到近
之前的水準。

When the charge became permanent in 2007,
daily numbers once again plummeted.

2007年，當這項指控成為永久性的。
日數再次大幅下降。

Even though the charge was minuscule, it was
enough to dissuade 10s of thousands of people

雖然收費是微不足道的，但它是
擋得住萬夫所指

There are really two costs of driving—the
money and the time.

開車其實有兩個成本
錢和時間。

When the time it takes to drive isn’t enough
of a cost to prevent people from driving,

當開車的時間不夠用的時候
的一種成本，以防止人們開車。

these charges increase the overall cost to
a level where some people will decide not

這些收費增加了政府的總體成本。
有人會決定不

In any given year, 1 out of every 10,000 people
in the US die in a car accident.

在任何一年中，每10,000人中就有1人。
在美國死於車禍。

Just think about how high of a proportion
that is.

你想想看，這個比例有多高
就是說

If you go to a Redskins game at FedEx field
near Washington, DC, eight of the people sitting

如果你去聯邦快遞球場看紅皮隊的比賽
在華盛頓特區附近，8個坐在那裡的人

in the stands with you will die in the next
year in a car accident.

和你一起看臺上的人都會在下一次死掉。
年的車禍中。

It turns out one of the best ways to prevent
accidents is with something you’ve almost

原來預防的最好方法之一是
意外是與你幾乎

certainly already seen or used—the roundabout.

There’s a reason you see these more and
more.

這是有原因的，你看到這些更多的和
更多。

Roundabouts reduce deaths and serious injuries
by 90%.

With roundabouts, there’s almost no opportunity
for the worst type of collision—the head

有了環島，幾乎就沒有機會了。
最嚴重的碰撞類型--頭部

In a traditional intersection, cars come within
feet of each other while going at a relative

在傳統的十字路口，汽車進入
相向而行

A head-on crash at that speed is undoubtedly
catastrophic.

在這種速度下，迎面撞上無疑是
災難性的。

With roundabouts, cars naturally slow down
to about 15-25 miles per hour since they’re

有了環島，車速自然會慢下來
到大約15-25英里每小時，因為他們是。

Also, if there were to be a collision, it
would either be a side-impact collision if

此外，如果發生碰撞，它
要麼是側面碰撞，如果

a car failed to turn into the circle or a
side-to-side collision if a car misjudged

Both of these collisions happen at a low relative
speed so fatalities are low.

這兩種碰撞都是在一個低的相對溫度下發生的。
速度，所以死亡率很低。

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如何一勞永逸解決交通問題 (How to Fix Traffic Forever)

description

determine

capacity

experiment