I'm Adam.

我是亞當

In today's lesson we're going to look at the adverb clause.

在今天'的課程中，我們'要看副詞句。

Okay?

好嗎？

Now, this is one of the dependent clauses that we're going to look at.

現在，這是我們要看的一個從句。

I also have a lesson about noun clauses and adjective clauses.

我還有一節課是關於名詞性從句和形容詞性從句。

I have a lesson about the independent clause, which is different from all of these.

我有一節課是關於獨立句的，它和這些都不一樣。

Today we're looking at the adverb clause, which depends on the grammar book you're using.

今天我們'正在研究副詞從句，這取決於你使用的文法書'。

Again, they like to use different words.

同樣，他們喜歡用不同的詞語。

Some people call this the subordinate clause.

有人稱之為從句。

"Subordinate" meaning under. Right?

"從屬"的意思，下。對嗎？

"Sub" means under, it's under the independent clause, means it's...

"Sub"是指在，它'下的獨立條款，是指它'的...。

The independent clause is the more important one, the subordinate clause is the second.

獨立句是比較重要的，從句是次要的。

Now, the thing to remember about adverb clauses: What makes them different from noun clauses

現在，要記住的是副詞從句。它們與名詞性從句有何不同

or adjective clauses is that they don't modify words.

或形容詞從句是，它們不修飾詞'。

Okay?

好嗎？

A noun clause modifies or acts as a specific function to something in the independent clause.

名詞性子句對獨立子句中的某物進行修飾或起到特定的作用。

It could be the subject, it could be the object of the verb, for example.

比如說，它可以是主語，可以是動詞的賓語。

Or it could be a complement.

也可以是一種補充。

But it's always working with some other word in the independent clause.

但它'總是和獨立分句中的其他詞一起工作。

The adjective clause-excuse me-always modifies or identifies a noun in the sentence,

形容詞 claus-excuse me-總是修飾或標識句中的名詞。

in the clause, etc.

中，等

The adverb clause shows a relationship, and that's very, very important to remember because

副詞從句顯示了一種關係，這一點非常非常重要，要記住，因為

the subordinate conjunctions, the words that join the clause to the independent clause

從屬連詞

has a very specific function.

具有非常特殊的功能。

The two clauses, the independent clause and the subordinate clause have a very distinct

獨立分句和從句這兩個分句具有非常明顯的

relationship.

的關係。

Okay?

好嗎？

So here are some of those relationships: Reason, contrast, condition, time, purpose, and comparison.

那麼這裡有這樣一些關係。原因，對比，條件，時間，目的和比較。

Okay?

好嗎？

There are others, but we're going to focus on these because these are the more common ones.

還有其他的，但我們'要把重點放在這些上，因為這些是比較常見的。

And there are many conjunctions, but I'm only going to give you a few here just so you have

有很多結語，但我只給你幾個在這裡只是為了讓你有

an idea how the adverb clause works.

副詞從句的工作原理。

Okay?

好嗎？

So, for example, when we're looking at reason...

所以，舉例來說，當我們'看原因......。

Okay? Before I give you actual sentence examples, I'm going to talk to you about the conjunctions.

好嗎？在我給你實際的句子例子之前，我'要和你談談連詞。

These are called the subordinate conjunctions.

這些被稱為從屬連詞。

They very clearly show the relationship between the clauses, so you have to remember that.

它們非常清楚地顯示了分句之間的關係，所以你必須記住這一點。

So: "because", okay?

所以："因為"，好嗎？

"Because" means reason.

"因為"是指道理。

So, I did something because I had to do it.

所以，我做了一些事情，因為我必須這樣做。

Okay? So: "I did something"-independent clause-"because"-why?-"I had to do it".

好嗎？所以："我做了一件事"-獨立句-"因為"-為什麼?-"我不得不做"。

I had no choice.

我別無選擇。

That's the relationship between the two.

這就是兩者之間的關係'。

"Since" can also mean "because".

"既然"也可以指"因為"。

"Since", of course, can also mean since the beginning of something, since a time, but

"既然"，當然也可以指從某件事情開始，從某個時間開始，但

it can also mean "because" when we're using it as an adverb clause conjunction.

it can also mean "because" when we''re using it as an adverb clause conjunction.

Contrast.

對比一下。

"Contrast" means to show that there's a difference.

"對比"的意思是表明有'的區別。

Now, it could be yes/no, positive/negative, but it doesn't have to be.

現在，它可以是是/否，積極/消極，但它不'不必是。

It could be one idea and then a contrasting idea.

可以是一個想法，然後是一個對比的想法。

One expectation, and one completely different result.

一個期望，卻有一個完全不同的結果。

Okay?

好嗎？

You have to be very careful not to look for a positive or a negative verb, or a positive

你要非常小心，不要找一個正、反動詞，或者是一個積極的

or negative anything else, but we're going to look at examples for that.

或消極的任何其他東西，但我們'要看的例子。

The more common conjunctions for that is: "although" or "though"-both are okay,

比較常見的連詞是："雖然"或"雖然"-都可以。

mean the same thing-or "whereas".

意味著同樣的事情--或者"而"。

Okay?

好嗎？

"Although I am very rich, I can't afford to buy a Lamborghini."

"雖然我很有錢，但我買不起蘭博基尼.&quot。

Okay?

好嗎？

So, "rich" means lots of money.

所以，"有錢"意味著很多錢。

"Can't afford" means not enough money.

"Can't afford"意思是錢不夠用。

Contrasting ideas.

對比思想。

They're a little bit opposite from what one expects.

他們'與人們的期望有些相反。

Contrast, reason.

對比，原因。

Condition.

狀況：

"Condition" means one thing must be true for something else to be true.

"條件"是指一件事必須是真的，其他的事才會是真的。

So, for the part of the independent clause to be true-the situation, the action, the

所以，要想讓獨立分句的部分為真--情況、動作、。

event, whatever-then the condition must first be true.

"If I were a...

"如果我是一個... ...

If I were a rich man, I would buy a Lamborghini."

如果我是個有錢人，我會買一輛蘭博基尼.&quot。

But I'm...

但我...

Even though I am a rich man...

雖然我是個有錢人... ...

Although I am a rich man, I can't afford one.

雖然我是個有錢人，但我買不起。

So we use "if", "as long as".

所以我們用"如果"，"只要"。

Again, there are others.

同樣，還有其他。

Time.

時間。

This is another relationship.

這是另一種關係。

When did something happen?

什麼時候發生的事情？

We use "when", we use "while", we use other conjunctions as well.

我們用"when"，我們用"while"，我們也用其他連詞。

"I will call you when I get home."

"我回家後會給你打電話的&quot。

So this call that I will make to you will happen at the time that I get home.

所以我給你打的這個電話會在我回家的時候發生。

That's the relationship between the two.

這就是兩者之間的關係'。

Purpose.

目的：

"I asked my boss for a pay raise so that I could afford my Lamborghini."

＆quot;我要求我的老闆加薪，這樣我就可以買得起我的蘭博基尼.＆quot。

Which I can't afford now.

我現在買不起。

Comparison, if I want to compare two things.

比較，如果我想比較兩件事。

Now, you have to be very careful with comparisons because they don't always have to take a clause.

現在，你必須非常小心地進行比較，因為它們並不總是必須採取一個條款。

But if you're comparing clause to clause, if you're comparing action to action, then

但是，如果你'在比較條款與條款之間，如果你'在比較行動與行動之間，那麼......。

you must use a comparison conjunction with an adverb clause to show.

你必須用比較連詞與副詞句來顯示。

So: "I am not as able to do this as she is."

所以："我沒有她那麼能幹&quot。

Right?

對吧？

"I am not as able as she"-subject-"is", verb.

"I am not as able as she"-主語-"is"，動詞。

Comparing two situations, two actions, etc.

比較兩種情況、兩種行為等。

So now that we see some of the relationships we can use and some of the conjunctions we

所以，現在我們看到了一些我們可以使用的關係，以及一些我們可以使用的連詞。

can use, let's look at some sentence examples to see how this works.

可以使用，讓我們看看一些句子的例子，看看如何使用。

Okay, let's look at some examples now.

好了，現在讓我們來看一些例子。

I'm going to show you some dos and don'ts; things you should do, things you should not

我'要告訴你一些該做和不該做的事；你應該做的事，你不應該做的事。

do.

做。

But again, everything has an exception, we'll talk about that.

但同樣的，凡事都有例外，我們'會說的。

Let's look at three independent clauses.

讓我們來看看三個獨立的條款。

"I love pizza."

我愛披薩.&quot。

Very simple.

非常簡單。

"I love pizza.", "I rarely eat it."

＆quot;我喜歡比薩餅.＆quot;，＆quot;我很少吃它.＆quot。

I very, very seldom...

我很少，很少... ...

I almost never eat pizza.

我幾乎從來不吃披薩。

"It's unhealthy."

"它'是不健康的&quot。

"It" being pizza.

"它"被比薩。

Now, I want to combine all of these things together, but I want to make sure that there's

現在，我想把所有這些東西結合在一起，但我想確保有'的。

a relationship between these two and this one, maybe even this one. Okay?

這兩個人之間的關係，這一個，甚至可能是這一個。好嗎？

"Although I love pizza," so right away you're expecting a contrast.

"雖然我愛吃披薩，"所以馬上你'就會期待一個對比。

"I love pizza."

我愛披薩.&quot。

So you're thinking if I love pizza, I eat it every day. Right?

所以你'想如果我愛吃披薩，我就天天吃。對嗎？

Well, right away you understand probably not.

好吧，馬上你就明白大概不會。

There's going to be a contrast coming up.

有'的會是一個對比來的。

"I rarely eat it".

"我很少吃它"。

I love it, I rarely eat it.

我愛吃，我很少吃。

It doesn't make sense. They're opposites.

它不'沒有意義。他們是對立面。

Well, there's your opposite conjunction.

好吧，這就是你的反面結合點。

Why do I rarely eat it? "...because it's unhealthy."

為什麼我很少吃它呢"......因為它'是不健康的&quot。

So, I rarely eat it even though I love it, there's your contrast, because...

所以，我雖然愛吃，卻很少吃，這就是你的對比，因為...

There's your reason and why rarely eat.

有'你的理由，為什麼很少吃。

Okay?

好嗎？

I have a contrast between how I feel about pizza and how often I eat it.

我對披薩的感覺和吃披薩的頻率有一個對比。

I have a reason of why I rarely eat it because it's unhealthy.

我為什麼很少吃它，因為它不健康，我有一個理由。

So this sentence is perfect, everything works well together.

所以這句話是完美的，一切都很好的配合。

Another thing to keep in mind: One sentence can have many adverb clauses.

還有一點要注意。一個句子可以有很多副詞從句。

As many relationships as you need, you can put into a sentence.

你需要多少關係，就可以把它放到一句話裡。

Again, once your sentence gets too long with too many clauses going on, then you're starting

同樣的，一旦你的句子變得太長，有太多的分句，那麼你'就會開始

to get a little bit confusing to your reader.

來讓你的讀者感到有點困惑。

Now, another thing I want to mention: You'll notice the comma here.

現在，我想提的另一件事。你會注意到這裡的逗號。

Generally speaking, when you begin a sentence with an adverb clause...

一般來說，當你用副詞從句開頭時... ...

Generally speaking, you're going to put a comma.

一般來說，你'要放一個逗號。

Now, in today's writing, more and more writers don't like commas.

現在，在今天的寫作中，越來越多的作家不喜歡逗號。

If they can avoid it...

如果他們能避免...

If I can take it out and still make sense, and it's still very clear and very easy to

如果我可以把它拿出來，還能說得通，而且它'還是很清楚，很容易的

understand what's going on, take it out.

明白是怎麼回事，拿出來。

If you're not sure, if you're starting a sentence with an adverb, just put a comma at the end

如果你不確定，如果你用副詞開始一個句子，只需在句尾加一個逗號即可

of the adverb clause before your independent clause.

在你的獨立分句前加上副詞分句。

When you get into mixed sentences where you have clauses inside clauses, then it starts

當你進入混合句子，你有分句內的分句，那麼就會開始。

becoming more confusing, but it's still very logical, but I'll do that in a separate lesson.

變得更加混亂，但它'仍然很有邏輯性，但我'會在另外的課程中做。

Embedded clauses that everything sort of mixes up together.

嵌入的條款，所有的東西都有點混在一起。

You have all three clauses in one sentence.

你一句話就把三個分句都說出來了。

It's a little confusing.

它'有點混亂。

Let's look at this sentence: "I rarely eat pizza, although I love it, because it's unhealthy."

讓我們看看這句話："我很少吃披薩，雖然我很喜歡吃，因為它不健康&quot。

Now, if you're saying this sentence, if you're speaking it, no problem, the person will understand you.

現在，如果你'說這句話，如果你'說這句話，沒問題，人家就會明白你的意思。

This is not a good sentence to write out, in written English.

這句話不好寫出來，書面英語。

Why?

為什麼？

Because sometimes you want to place your clauses in a relationship that makes sense.

因為有時候你想把你的分句放在一個有意義的關係中。

"I rarely eat pizza, although I love it", okay, no problem.

"我很少吃披薩，雖然我很喜歡吃"，好吧，沒問題。

But if I put: "because it's unhealthy", now, the "because" is about the rarely eat, not

但如果我把："因為它'不健康"，現在，"因為"是關於很少吃的，而不是。

about the "I love it".

關於"我愛它"。

I don't love it because it's unhealthy.

我不愛它，因為它不健康。

I love it because it...

我喜歡它，因為它...

Well, it's delicious.

嗯，它的美味。

I don't eat it because it's unhealthy.

我不吃它，因為它不健康。

So you have to be very careful about positioning your adverb clauses.

所以你必須非常小心地定位你的副詞從句。

Make sure that the relationship makes sense.

確保關係合理。

In this case, because this one is connected to this...

在這種情況下，因為這個跟這個... ...

To this clause, it seems to go together and it seems to show the relationship there.

對這個條款，它似乎是一起的，它似乎顯示了那裡的關係。

Again, when you're speaking it, then you will say:

再來，當你'在說它的時候，那麼你會說。

"I rarely eat pizza, although I love it, because it's unhealthy."

"我很少吃披薩，雖然我愛吃，因為它'不健康.&quot。

So then to the person listening, this goes with this.

那麼對聽的人來說，這就跟這個。

This is the actual sentence, and this is an aside.

這是實句，這是旁證。

But very difficult to make a reader understand that.

但很難讓讀者明白這一點。

So go with the logical connections, try to put adverb clauses...

所以要用邏輯連接，儘量把副詞從句...

Or try to put clauses together so that the relationship is very clear.

或者儘量把條款放在一起，這樣關係就非常明確了。

Okay?

好嗎？

Now, let's look at this one.

現在，讓我們來看看這個。

Just I want to drive this home about the relationship.

只是我想把這個關係開到家。

It's so important to understand the relationships between clauses.

瞭解分句之間的關係太重要了。

"Although I love pizza I eat it often."

"雖然我喜歡吃比薩，但我經常吃它.&quot。

Now, does this sentence make sense?

現在，這句話說得通嗎？

No, of course not.

不，當然不是。

Because the reader or even the listener in this case, as soon as the reader or listener

因為在這種情況下，只要讀者甚至是聽者

hears this word they're listening for two opposite things, two contrasting ideas, or

他們聽到這個詞，他們聽的是兩件相反的事情，兩個對比的想法，或

actions, or whatever the case.

行動，或者不管是什麼情況。

So: "love", good; "eat often", good.

所以："愛"，好；"常吃"，好。

Positive, positive.

積極的，積極的。

There's no contrast.

有沒有'的對比。

Right?

對吧？

So the thing you have to remember...

所以你要記住的是... ...

So, what's the relationship here?

那麼，這裡有什麼關係呢？

"Because".

"因為"。

"Because I love pizza I eat it often."

"因為我愛吃披薩，所以我經常吃它&quot。

Notice here I didn't put the comma.

注意這裡我沒有放逗號。

With "because", very uncommon to use the comma, but again, you could.

用"because"，很不常用逗號，但你又可以。

You don't need to because it's very clear, the relationship.

你不'需要，因為它'很清楚，關係。

It's very clear you have two separate clauses here.

很明顯，你這裡有兩個獨立的條款。

Leave it out, it's fine.

不說了，它'的罰款。

Okay.

好吧，我知道了

Let's look at some more examples.

讓我們'再看一些例子。

Okay, a couple more notes I want to mention.

好吧，我還想提幾個注意事項。

Usually adverb clauses can go-excuse me-at the beginning of a sentence, or in the middle,

通常副詞從句可以去--excuse me--在句子的開頭，或者在中間。

or at the end, etc.

或在最後等。

You can put it pretty much anywhere.

你可以把它放在幾乎任何地方。

However, in some cases it's recommended to put it in the middle

但是，在某些情況下，建議把它放在中間。

after the independent clause.

在獨立子句之後。

So, for example: "Joe took a week off work so that his wife could take a training course."

所以，例如："喬請了一個星期的假，這樣他的妻子就可以參加一個培訓課程了&quot。

So he took a week off for the purpose of giving his wife time.

所以他請了一個星期的假，目的是為了給妻子時間。

Now, can I begin this sentence:

現在，我可以開始這句話。

"So that his wife could take a training course, Joe took a week off work"?

"為了讓妻子能參加培訓課程，喬請了一個星期的假"?

Can I say that? Yes.

我可以這麼說嗎？可以

Do I want to say that?

我想說嗎？

No.

不知道

I would rather start with this, because the purpose first of all is more important than

我寧可從這一點入手，因為目的首先比

what he did.

他的所作所為。

Okay?

好嗎？

Unless I want to stress the time off, then I would switch it.

除非我想強調休息時間，那我就會換。

But generally, with "so that", I always put the actual purpose second and the first action

但一般情況下，對於"so that"，我總是把實際目的放在第二位，而把行動放在第一位。

first, because you always do something...

首先，因為你總是做一些... ...

It's like cause and effect.

這就像因果一樣。

Why do you do this?

你為什麼要這麼做？

For this purpose.

為此：

So it has a logical flow.

所以它有一個邏輯流程。

But again, you don't have to, you could put it at beginning, put the comma, finish it off,

但又不一定，你可以放在開頭，放上逗號，完成它。

perfectly okay.

非常好。

Now, one last thing I want to mention.

現在，我想說的最後一件事。

You can have sentences that have adverb clauses within adverb clauses.

你可以有副詞從句中的句子。

It can be a little bit confusing, but again, as long as you make sure you understand the

這可能會有點混亂，但同樣，只要你確保你理解了。

relationships between all the pieces, it works out.

所有部件之間的關係，它的工作原理。

"You should stay home because if you go there there will be trouble."

"你應該呆在家裡，因為如果你去那裡會有麻煩。

Okay?

好嗎？

You should stay home because there will be trouble.