Name: 內燃機的歷史 (History of the internal combustion engine)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:48:50.000Z
Duration: 19 min 19 s
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Although various forms of internal combustion engines were developed before the 19th century,

their use was hindered until the commercial drilling and production of petroleum began

in the mid-1850s. By the late 19th century, engineering advances led to their widespread

Timeline of development Various scientists and engineers contributed

to the development of internal combustion engines:

3rd century: The earliest evidence of a crank and connecting rod mechanism dates to the

3rd century AD Hierapolis sawmill in Asia Minor as part of the Roman Empire.

5th century: Roman engineers documented several crankshaft-connecting rod machines used for

their sawmills. 9th century: The crank appears in the mid-9th

century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in

their Book of Ingenious Devices. In 1206, al-Jazari invented an early crankshaft,

which he incorporated with a crank-connecting rod mechanism in his twin-cylinder pump. Like

the modern crankshaft, Al-Jazari's mechanism consisted of a wheel setting several crank

pins into motion, with the wheel's motion being circular and the pins moving back-and-forth

in a straight line. The crankshaft described by al-Jazari transforms continuous rotary

motion into a linear reciprocating motion, 17th century: Christiaan Huygens designs gunpowder

to drive water pumps, to supply 3000 cubic meters of water/day for the Versailles palace

gardens, essentially creating the first idea of a rudimentary internal combustion piston

engine. 1780s: Alessandro Volta built a toy electric

pistol in which an electric spark exploded a mixture of air and hydrogen, firing a cork

from the end of the gun. 1791: John Barber receives British patent

#1833 for A Method for Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Producing Motion and

Facilitating Metallurgical Operations. In it he describes a turbine.

1794: Robert Street built a compressionless engine whose principle of operation would

dominate for nearly a century. 1807: Nicéphore Niépce installed his 'moss,

coal-dust and resin' fueled Pyréolophore internal combustion engine in a boat and powered

up the river Saône in France. A patent was subsequently granted by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

on 20 July 1807. 1807: Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz

built an internal combustion engine powered by a hydrogen and oxygen mixture, and ignited

by electric spark. 1823: Samuel Brown patented the first internal

combustion engine to be applied industrially. It was compressionless and based on what Hardenberg

calls the "Leonardo cycle", which, as the name implies, was already out of date at that

time. 1824: French physicist Sadi Carnot established

the thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines.

1826 April 1: American Samuel Morey received a patent for a compressionless "Gas or Vapor

Engine." 1833: Lemuel Wellman Wright, UK patent 6525,

table-type gas engine. Double-acting gas engine, first record of water-jacketed cylinder.

1838: A patent was granted to William Barnett. According to Dugald Clerk, this was the first

recorded use of in-cylinder compression. 1853-57: Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci

invented and patented an engine using the free-piston principle that was possibly the

1856: in Florence at Fonderia del Pignone, Pietro Benini realized a working prototype

of the Italian engine supplying 5 HP. In subsequent years he developed more powerful engines—with

one or two pistons—which served as steady power sources, replacing steam engines.

1857: Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci describe the principles of the free piston

engine where the vacuum after the explosion allows atmospheric pressure to deliver the

power stroke. Otto and Langen were the first to make a marketable engine based on this

1860: Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine similar

in appearance to a horizontal double-acting steam engine, with cylinders, pistons, connecting

rods, and flywheel in which the gas essentially took the place of the steam. This was the

first internal combustion engine to be produced in numbers.

1861 The earliest confirmed patent of the 4-cycle engine, by Alphonse Beau de Rochas.

A year earlier, Christian Reithmann made an engine which may have been the same, but it's

unknown since his patent wasn't clear on this point.

1862: The German Nikolaus Otto begins to manufacture a gas engine. Actually, it was a no compression

Lenoir engine with a free piston. 1863: Nikolaus Otto, patented in England and

other countries his first atmospheric gas engine. Otto was the first to build and sell

this type of compressionless engine designed with an indirect-acting free-piston, whose

great efficiency won the support of Eugen Langen and then most of the market, which

at that time was mainly for small stationary engines fuelled by lighting gas. Eugen Langen

collaborated with Otto in the design and they began to manufacture it in 1864.

1865: Pierre Hugon started production of the Hugon engine, similar to the Lenoir engine,

but with better economy, and more reliable flame ignition.

1867: Otto and Langen exhibited their free piston engine at the Paris Exhibition in 1867,

and they won the greatest award. It had less than half the gas consumption of the Lenoir

or Hugon engines. 1870: In Vienna, Siegfried Marcus put the

first mobile gasoline engine on a handcart. 1872: In America George Brayton invented Brayton's

Ready Motor and went into commercial production, this used constant pressure combustion, and

was the first commercial liquid fuelled internal combustion engine.

1876: Nikolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, started the genesis

of the four-cycle engine. The German courts, however, did not hold his patent to cover

all in-cylinder compression engines or even the four-stroke cycle, and after this decision,

in-cylinder compression became universal. 1878: Dugald Clerk designed the first two-stroke

engine with in-cylinder compression. He patented it in England in 1881.

1879: Karl Benz, working independently, was granted a patent for his internal combustion

engine, a reliable two-stroke gas engine, based on the same technology as De Rochas's

design of the four-stroke engine. Later, Benz designed and built his own four-stroke engine

that was used in his automobiles, which were developed in 1885, patented in 1886, and became

the first automobiles in production. 1882: James Atkinson invented the Atkinson

cycle engine. Atkinson’s engine had one power phase per revolution together with different

intake and expansion volumes, potentially making it more efficient than the Otto cycle,

but certainly avoiding Otto's patent. 1884: British engineer Edward Butler constructed

the first petrol internal combustion engine. Butler invented the spark plug, ignition magneto,

coil ignition and spray jet carburetor, and was the first to use the word petrol.

1885: German engineer Gottlieb Daimler received a German patent for a supercharger

1889: Félix Millet begins development of the first vehicle to be powered by a rotary

engine in transportation history. 1891: Herbert Akroyd Stuart built his oil

engine, leasing rights to Hornsby of England to build them. They built the first cold-start

compression-ignition engines. In 1892, they installed the first ones in a water pumping

station. In the same year, an experimental higher-pressure version produced self-sustaining

ignition through compression alone. 1892: Rudolf Diesel developed his Carnot heat

engine type motor . 1887: Gustaf de Laval introduces the de Laval

nozzle 1893 February 23: Rudolf Diesel received a

patent for his compression ignition engine. 1896: Karl Benz invented the boxer engine,

also known as the horizontally opposed engine, or the flat engine, in which the corresponding

pistons reach top dead center at the same time, thus balancing each other in momentum.

1898: Fay Oliver Farwell designs the prototype of the line of Adams-Farwell automobiles,

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