define Schemas as a mental framework that develops from our experiences with

定義圖式為一種思想的結構，是由我們與

particular people, objects or events. That is you can think of schemas

特定的人事物發展而來的。換句話說，你可以視圖式為

as framework for representing some aspects of the world. That tells us how

呈現對世界某方面看法的組織架構。這告訴我們

people, objects or events are most likely to look like or act like. Schemas

人事物大致上看起來如何。圖式

influence our attention, and the absorption of new knowledge. In fact, we're

影響我們對新知識的注意力及吸收。事實上，

more likely to notice things that fit into our schema once we have a schema

一旦我們建構了一個圖式，我們比較會注意到符合我們圖式的事情

formed. So they help us to understand and organize experiences. They can also

因此它們可以幫助我們理解並組織經驗。它們也

aid in our memory and recall. However, it's important to note that schemas have

有助於我們的記憶與回想。然而，必須注意到這圖式是

a tendency to remain unchanged. Even if we're presented with new information

傾向維持不變的。儘管我們會接收到與我們自己圖式

that contradicts our schema. Let's say you have a schema of a college

相牴觸的新資訊。假設你對大學教授有個圖式，

professor, that is, you have a conceptual idea of what a professor looks like.

也就是說，你對教授看起來應該如何有個既定的概念

Perhaps if they're a man or a woman, how old they are. How tall they are or how

也許是性別、年齡、身高或

they dress. So, it may be that someone's schema for a professor is that they're

衣著。因此，也許在某個人的圖式中，教授年紀

old. They wear sports jackets with patches in the elbows, they have glasses,

大、穿手肘有補釘的運動外套、戴副眼鏡、

they carry a briefcase, they're male and other identifying features of a

提著公事包，男的，以及其他明顯的特徵

professor. So, if that's a person's schema for a professor, research shows that

因此，如果這是一個人對教授的圖式，研究顯示

if he or she is presented with new information that is contradictory of that

如果他或她遇到與這圖式矛盾的情形

schema. For example, if being a young woman who dresses rather casually,

舉例來說，如果一位年輕女性穿著隨性、

carrying a back pack rather than a brief case and so on. The person with the

背著背包而不是公事包等等。這個已經有既定圖式的人

developed schema will be less likely to remember the female professor. So

會比較不記得這位女教授。因此

schemas can aid in our ability to remember, but they also bias our memory and

圖式可以幫助我們記憶的能力，但它們同時也會使我們的記憶和

our perception.

認知產生偏見