I'm not like most of the people you'll have heard speaking

不同於以往

about prostitution before.

說過「性交易」主題的演講者，

I'm not a police officer or a social worker.

我並不是警員或社工，

I'm not an academic, a journalist or a politician.

也不是學術家，記者或政治家。

And as you'll probably have picked up from Maryam's blurb,

而且，也許你已聽說了，

I'm not a nun, either.

我也不是修女。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Most of those people would tell you that selling sex is degrading;

那些人，大多數會說 性交易是低級的；

that no one would ever choose to do it;

是沒人會選擇的；

that it's dangerous; women get abused and killed.

是很危險，會讓女性 受虐待和殺害的。

In fact, most of those people would say,

而且他們會提出，

"There should be a law against it!"

「這該有法律禁止的！」

Maybe that sounds reasonable to you.

相信在你聽來有道理。

It sounded reasonable to me until the closing months of 2009,

我也覺得有道理， 直到 2009 年底。

when I was working two dead-end, minimum-wage jobs.

當時我有兩個毫無前景的 最低時薪工作。

Every month my wages would just replenish my overdraft.

每個月的薪資都不夠 填補我的透支。

I was exhausted and my life was going nowhere.

我感到精疲力竭， 我的生活陷入僵局。

Like many others before me,

就如其他同行一樣，

I decided sex for money was a better option.

我覺得性交易是個較好的出路。

Now don't get me wrong --

但別誤會，

I would have loved to have won the lottery instead.

我當然更希望能贏樂透。

But it wasn't going to happen anytime soon,

但贏的機率很低，

and my rent needed paying.

我還有房租得支付。

So I signed up for my first shift in a brothel.

所以我開始在妓院工作。

In the years that have passed,

在之後的幾年裡，

I've had a lot of time to think.

我有了很多時間去思考。

I've reconsidered the ideas I once had about prostitution.

我重新審視我之前 對「性交易」的見解。

I've given a lot of thought to consent

我思考關於「意願」，

and the nature of work under capitalism.

以及資本主義下的工作本質。

I've thought about gender inequality

我思考有關性別上的不平等

and the sexual and reproductive labor of women.

和女性在性行為和生殖上的勞動。

I've experienced exploitation and violence at work.

工作上我曾遭遇暴力和剝削。

I've thought about what's needed

我也想過該如何能

to protect other sex workers from these things.

捍衛性工作者不受類似傷害。

Maybe you've thought about them, too.

也許你也想過。

In this talk,

在這演說裡，

I'll take you through the four main legal approaches

我會介紹全球四大法制

applied to sex work throughout the world,

應用於性工作上，

and explain why they don't work;

並解說為什麼沒用；

why prohibiting the sex industry actually exacerbates every harm

為何禁止色情行業只是更加害

that sex workers are vulnerable to.

性工作者成為弱者。

Then I'm going tell you about what we, as sex workers, actually want.

然後我會介紹性工作者 真正想要什麼。

The first approach is full criminalization.

第一種法治是全面非法化。

Half the world,

有一半的國家，

including Russia, South Africa and most of the US,

包括俄羅斯、南非， 以及大部分在美國的州，

regulates sex work by criminalizing everyone involved.

管制性工作以罪犯化 處置所有相關人士。

So that's seller, buyer and third parties.

這包括了賣者、嫖者， 以及所有相關仲介。

Lawmakers in these countries apparently hope

這些立法者是期望

that the fear of getting arrested will deter people from selling sex.

能嚇止這些人進行性交易。

But if you're forced to choose between obeying the law

但在只能選擇「遵法」

and feeding yourself or your family,

或「自我及家人溫飽」，

you're going to do the work anyway,

你會選擇繼續賣淫，

and take the risk.

冒被捕的風險。

Criminalization is a trap.

罪犯化制度是有弊端的。

It's hard to get a conventional job when you have a criminal record.

在有了犯罪記錄後， 很難再找到正當工作。

Potential employers won't hire you.

一般雇主都不會聘用你。

Assuming you still need money,

假設你仍需要錢，

you'll stay in the more flexible, informal economy.

你會留在較有彈性的 非正式經濟裡。

The law forces you to keep selling sex,

法律迫使你繼續賣性維生，

which is the exact opposite of its intended effect.

這違背了原來訂法的用意。

Being criminalized leaves you exposed to mistreatment by the state itself.

被定罪後會使你受到 州政府的不平等待遇。

In many places you may be coerced into paying a bribe

在許多時候，你得行賄

or even into having sex with a police officer

甚至得跟員警性交

to avoid arrest.

來避免拘捕。

Police and prison guards in Cambodia, for example,

例如，在柬埔寨的 警察和獄警人員

have been documented subjecting sex workers

就有被記錄強迫性工作者

to what can only be described as torture:

接受酷刑：

threats at gunpoint,

如槍口下威脅、

beatings, electric shocks, rape

毆打、電擊、強姦

and denial of food.

和不供給食物。

Another worrying thing:

另一個憂人的法規是：

if you're selling sex in places like Kenya, South Africa or New York,

如果你在如肯亞、 南非或紐約的地方賣淫，

a police officer can arrest you if you're caught carrying condoms,

一名警員可以因你 攜帶保險套而拘捕你，

because condoms can legally be used as evidence that you're selling sex.

因為保險套在法律上 可以作為你賣淫的證據。

Obviously, this increases HIV risk.

顯然，這會增加染愛滋病的機率。

Imagine knowing if you're busted carrying condoms,

想像一下，如果你知道 攜帶保險套會被拘捕，

it'll be used against you.

會用來定你的罪，

It's a pretty strong incentive to leave them at home, right?

想必會將它留在家裡，不是嗎？

Sex workers working in these places are forced to make a tough choice

這些地方的性工作者 面臨兩難的抉擇，

between risking arrest or having risky sex.

冒被捕的風險或染性病的風險。

What would you choose?

你會怎麼選擇呢？

Would you pack condoms to go to work?

你會攜帶保險套上班嗎？

How about if you're worried

那如果你也擔心

the police officer would rape you when he got you in the van?

警察一帶你上車就強姦你呢？

The second approach to regulating sex work seen in these countries

第二種法規，所見於這幾個國家

is partial criminalization,

是局部判罪，

where the buying and selling of sex are legal,

就是說買性和賣淫是合法的，

but surrounding activities,

但是週邊活動，

like brothel-keeping or soliciting on the street, are banned.

像是妓院或街上招客都是禁止的。

Laws like these --

這樣的法律

we have them in the UK and in France --

在英國和法國都有。

essentially say to us sex workers,

基本上是對性工作者說，

"Hey, we don't mind you selling sex,

「嘿，我們不介意你賣淫，

just make sure it's done behind closed doors

只要是在暗地裡，

and all alone."

單獨發生。」

And brothel-keeping, by the way,

順便說明「妓院」的定義

is defined as just two or more sex workers working together.

是指一個以上的賣淫者共事就算。

Making that illegal means that many of us work alone,

因為如此，我們大多都單獨工作，

which obviously makes us vulnerable to violent offenders.

因此讓我們容易遭受暴力。

But we're also vulnerable

但就算我們選擇非法共事，

if we choose to break the law by working together.

我們還是處於弱勢。

A couple of years ago,

幾年前，

a friend of mine was nervous after she was attacked at work,

我一個朋友在遭受暴力後， 一直很緊張，

so I said that she could see her clients from my place for a while.

我就邀她先暫時在我那兒接客。

During that time,

在那段時間裡，

we had another guy turn nasty.

就遇到另一個惡劣的嫖客。

I told the guy to leave or I'd call the police.

我叫那嫖客快離開，不然就叫警察。

And he looked at the two of us and said,

他看著我們倆說：

"You girls can't call the cops.

「妳們不能叫警察。

You're working together, this place is illegal."

妳們一起共事，這是違法的。」

He was right.

他說的沒錯。

He eventually left without getting physically violent,

在最後他終於沒施暴，離開了，

but the knowledge that we were breaking the law

但因為這樣的法律，

empowered that man to threaten us.

讓那男人有機會威脅我們。

He felt confident he'd get away with it.

他有信心他能得逞。

The prohibition of street prostitution also causes more harm

禁止街頭應召

than it prevents.

所造成的傷害比其預防的還多。

Firstly, to avoid getting arrested,

首先，為躲警察，

street workers take risks to avoid detection,

街頭妓女得冒些風險以避免被發現。

and that means working alone

例如單獨工作

or in isolated locations like dark forests

或在偏僻的地方，像黑暗的森林，

where they're vulnerable to attack.

讓她們容易被攻擊的地方。

If you're caught selling sex outdoors,

如果你在街上應召被抓，

you pay a fine.

你得繳罰款。

How do you pay that fine without going back to the streets?

但哪兒來的錢付款， 除了再回街上賺？

It was the need for money that saw you in the streets

原本就因為缺錢

in the first place.

才會在街上招客。

And so the fines stack up,

因此罰款越欠越多，

and you're caught in a vicious cycle

你陷入了惡性循環，

of selling sex to pay the fines you got for selling sex.

你得賣淫來繳賣淫的罰款。

Let me tell you about Mariana Popa who worked in Redbridge, East London.

我要講「馬里 ‧ 波帕」， 在倫敦東部工作的事。

The street workers on her patch would normally wait for clients in groups

她街上的妓女一般都是群體招客，

for safety in numbers

這樣較安全，

and to warn each other about how to avoid dangerous guys.

也能警告彼此， 避免一些危險的嫖客。

But during a police crackdown on sex workers and their clients,

但在一次性交易掃蕩期間，

she was forced to work alone to avoid being arrested.

她被迫得單獨工作以避免被拘捕。

She was stabbed to death in the early hours of October 29, 2013.

在 2013 年 10 月 29 日凌晨， 她被刺殺身亡。

She had been working later than usual

那天她工作得比平時要晚，

to try to pay off a fine she had received for soliciting.

為了多賺點錢繳納賣淫的罰單。

So if criminalizing sex workers hurts them,

既然罪犯化處治 性工作者會傷害他們，

why not just criminalize the people who buy sex?

那何不就只罪犯化嫖客？

This is the aim of the third approach

這就是接下來要講的

I want to talk about --

第三種法制，

the Swedish or Nordic model of sex-work law.

瑞典和北歐的性工作法律模式。

The idea behind this law

這法律的理念是

is that selling sex is intrinsically harmful

賣淫在本質上是有害的，

and so you're, in fact, helping sex workers by removing the option.

所以借由除去市場需求， 挽救性工作者。

Despite growing support

儘管「需求終結」法

for what's often described as the "end demand" approach,

逐漸獲得支持，

there's no evidence that it works.

卻沒被證實有效。

There's just as much prostitution in Sweden as there was before.

賣淫在瑞典並沒比以前少。

Why might that be?

怎麼會這樣呢？

It's because people selling sex

這是因為賣淫者

often don't have other options for income.

通常沒有其它收入方式。

If you need that money,

如果你需要錢，

the only effect that a drop in business is going have

而生意卻低落時，

is to force you to lower your prices

你只能降價求售，

or offer more risky sexual services.

或提供高危險的性服務。

If you need to find more clients,

如果需要更多客戶，

you might seek the help of a manager.

你會求經理人幫助。

So you see, rather than putting a stop

所以你看， 這並未制止所謂的拉皮條，

to what's often descried as pimping,

這樣的法律，

a law like this actually gives oxygen

反而助長仲介濫用的機會。

to potentially abusive third parties.

為了安全，

To keep safe in my work,

我盡量不接

I try not to take bookings from someone

電話未顯示號碼的嫖客。

who calls me from a withheld number.

如果是去住家或酒店，

If it's a home or a hotel visit,

我會先問清楚嫖客的身份明細。

I try to get a full name and details.

若在瑞典法律模式下，

If I worked under the Swedish model,

客戶會因怕事而不把資料給我。

a client would be too scared to give me that information.

我可能別無選擇

I might have no other choice

而得接受來路不明的嫖客預約。

but to accept a booking from a man who is untraceable

如果後來他施暴，

if he later turns out to be violent.

而你又需要他的錢，

If you need their money,

你就不會報警。

you need to protect your clients from the police.

如果你在街上應召，

If you work outdoors,

就得單獨或在偏暗地點，

that means working alone or in isolated locations,

就像在跑路一樣。

just as if you were criminalized yourself.

另你無時間思索就上嫖客的車，

It might mean getting into cars quicker,

極少談商時間造成的倉促決定。

less negotiating time means snap decisions.

這嫖客看似危險，還是想太多？

Is this guy dangerous or just nervous?

值得冒這個險嗎？

Can you afford to take the risk?

你又能不冒這個險嗎？

Can you afford not to?

我常聽人說：

Something I'm often hearing is,

「賣淫若合法化

"Prostitution would be fine

並加以管制就會沒事的。」

if we made it legal and regulated it."

這是「合法化」的制度，

We call that approach legalization,

在荷蘭、德國和美國的 內華達州

and it's used by countries like the Netherlands, Germany

等國家都採用。

and Nevada in the US.

但它並不是很好的人權模範。

But it's not a great model for human rights.

州政控管的賣淫制度，

And in state-controlled prostitution,

性交易只能在

commercial sex can only happen

特定場所發生，

in certain legally-designated areas or venues,

而且性工作者得遵守特殊規定，

and sex workers are made to comply with special restrictions,

像是註冊工作證和強制健康檢查。

like registration and forced health checks.

這些法規在書面上看來很棒，

Regulation sounds great on paper,

但政客們故意把性行業的法規

but politicians deliberately make regulation around the sex industry

弄得很昂貴及難以遵守。

expensive and difficult to comply with.

所以造成了雙軌體系： 合法的和非法的工作。

It creates a two-tiered system: legal and illegal work.

有時我們稱之為「後門程序定罪。」

We sometimes call it "backdoor criminalization."

有錢及關係良好的 妓院老闆都能遵守法規，

Rich, well-connected brothel owners can comply with the regulations,

但更多邊緣化的人

but more marginalized people find those hoops

沒辦法遵守。

impossible to jump through.

即使在理論上是可能的，

And even if it's possible in principle,

獲得許可或適當的地點 是需要時間和成本的。

getting a license or proper venue takes time and costs money.

對那些走投無路、很缺錢的人

It's not going to be an option

是不可能的。

for someone who's desperate and needs money tonight.

他們也許是難民或逃離家暴的人。

They might be a refugee or fleeing domestic abuse.

在這雙重體系下，

In this two-tiered system,

走投無路的人只能非法工作，

the most vulnerable people are forced to work illegally,

所以他們仍然暴露在我之前提過的

so they're still exposed to all the dangers of criminalization

重重危險。

I mentioned earlier.

所以，

So.

似乎所有企圖控制

It's looking like all attempts to control

或阻止性交易的辦法，

or prevent sex work from happening

只使賣淫者的處境更加危險。

makes things more dangerous for people selling sex.

對執法的恐懼，使他們 在偏僻的地方單獨工作，

Fear of law enforcement makes them work alone in isolated locations,

嫖客甚至警察藉機虐待，

and allows clients and even cops

因為知道她們無從抵抗。

to get abusive in the knowledge they'll get away with it.

罰單和刑事記錄迫使 賣淫者繼續賣淫，

Fines and criminal records force people to keep selling sex,

而不是停止。

rather than enabling them to stop.

對嫖者的鎮壓， 迫使賣淫者冒更多的風險，

Crackdowns on buyers drive sellers to take dangerous risks

和依賴會虐待的經理人。

and into the arms of potentially abusive managers.

這些法律同時構成社會 對性工作者的歧視及仇恨。

These laws also reinforce stigma and hatred against sex workers.

兩年前，法國試用瑞典模式期間，

When France temporarily brought in the Swedish model two years ago,

一般市民就將它視為警訊，

ordinary citizens took it as a cue

民團開始襲擊

to start carrying out vigilante attacks

街上的妓女。

against people working on the street.

瑞典的民意調查顯示，

In Sweden, opinion surveys show

自從這法規開始實行，

that significantly more people want sex workers to be arrested now

有更多的人希望性工作者被拘捕。

than before the law was brought in.

如果禁令造成了這麼多壞處，

If prohibition is this harmful,

你會問，為何還風行呢？

you might ask, why it so popular?

第一，性交易一直是

Firstly, sex work is and always has been a survival strategy

特殊群體的一種謀生方式：

for all kinds of unpopular minority groups:

有色人種、

people of color,