Richard "The Challenger" Cutland

與「挑戰者」Richard Cutland 合作推出

The M47 Patton

M47 巴頓戰車

Welcome to the Muckleburgh Collection...

歡迎來到摩克博博物館

...in Norfolk, on the East Coast of the UK.

地點位於 英國東岸的諾福克

Today, we’re going to look closely at a major tank of the Cold War...

今天我們就來深入認識這款 冷戰時期所採用的主力戰車

...which, even though it saw plenty of action around the world...

儘管這款戰車 見證了世界各地的許多行動，

...was in fact never used on the battlefield...

但身為製造國的美國

...by the Americans who built it.

從未於戰場上實際使用過它

It’s the M47 Medium Tank, known as the ‘General Patton', named of course...

這款戰車就是 M47 中型戰車 稱為「巴頓將軍」，其名是來自

...after the most prominent American armoured commander of World War II.

二次世界大戰中最著名的 的美國裝甲部隊指揮官

Background

背景

The original ancestor of the M47 was the M26 Pershing...

M47 的前身 是 M26 潘興戰車

...created as a Heavy Tank very late in World War II.

在二戰晚期以重戰車之姿問世

In the limited action it saw, the Pershing proved itself a match for the Tiger II...

在短暫的服役期間，潘興戰車 證明了配備 90 公釐火砲的自己能與虎二式戰車

...and the Panther, with its 90mm gun, but it was plagued with reliability problems.

以及豹式戰車匹敵 但潘興戰車依舊充斥許多可靠度的問題

To cure these, a new engine and transmission were introduced...

為解決這些問題 它配備了新引擎與變速箱

...along with improved suspension.

並配置了改良的懸吊系統

There were so many changes that it was decided to redesignate it the M46...

因為變更太多 所以被更名為 M46

...and to formally name it after the most famous general – Patton.

並正式冠上了知名的 巴頓將軍的名號

But although the M46 acquitted itself well in Korea...

儘管 M46 在韓國充分表現了其能力

...it remained essentially a stopgap...

但它基本上仍只是應急替代品

...and parallel developmen on a totally new tank was already underway.

而同一期間已經有 全新戰車的研發工作在進行

As it happened, this experimental new tank performed badly in tests...

然而此款實驗性質的新戰車 雖然在測試中表現不佳

...but it did have a better turret.

但它的砲塔的確比較優良

So it was decided to mount the new turret on the existing chassis...

因此製造者後來決定要將 新砲塔安置在現有的戰車底盤上

...and call it the M47 Patton.

並稱之為 M47 巴頓戰車

Let’s examine it more closely.

讓我們來更深入地看看車身

Turret

砲塔

The turret is without question the most striking feature of this tank...

砲塔無庸置疑地是 此款戰車最令人驚豔的特色

...so it’s probably a good place to start.

所以 從這部分開始認識應是不錯的選擇

It was obviously very different...

與美國陸軍之前出現過的砲塔相比

...from anything which had gone before it in the US Army.

這個砲塔很明顯地與眾不同

It is much more sharply angled at the front and sides...

前側與兩側 角度更為鋒利

...and has this very large ‘bustle’ at the back.

而且 後方有這種非常大的腰墊

On top, the M47 is conventional...

至於車頂，M47 相當傳統

...with a commander’s cupola at the rear right...

車長塔位於右後方

...and a loader’s hatch on the other side.

而裝填手的艙口 則在另一側

At the front there are still two crew positions and hatches...

前方還留有 兩名組員的位置及艙口

...the driver on the left...

駕駛位於左側

...and the co-driver, who also doubled as the radio-operator...

而身兼無線電手

...and machine gunner, on the right.

及機槍手身分的副駕駛則在右側

It is worth noting here that the M47 was the last US tank...

值得一提的是 M47 是美國戰車中最後一款

...to have a machine gun in the bow.

於車頭安裝機槍的戰車

Armour

裝甲

The turret had 101.6 mm of armour at the front...

其砲塔擁有 前側 101.6 公釐厚的裝甲

...and 63.5 mm on the side and rear.

兩側及後方裝甲厚度則為 63.5 公釐

The hull front also had 101.6 mm...

車身前方厚度為 101.6 公釐，

...with 76.2 mm on the hull sides.

兩側厚度為 76.2 公釐

Gun

火力

It mounted the 90mm gun inherited from the M26 and M46...

它配置了 90 公釐主砲 沿用自之前的 M26 與 M46 戰車

...although by now its performance had been significantly improved and...

不過當時性能已經大為改良，而且

...coupled with an optical rangefinder, proved highly effective.

配備的光學測距儀經證實具有高度實用性

It could penetrate up to 160mm of armour with APDS ammunition...

其主砲發射脫殼穿甲彈時 可打穿 160 公釐厚的裝甲，而使用反戰車高爆彈時

...or 190 mm with HEAT rounds.

則可貫穿 190 公釐厚的裝甲

Whilst this gun in the Pershing had been more than a match for the T-34-85s...

雖然這款潘興戰車的火砲已經 大幅超越了

...used by the North Koreans and Chinese forces in Korea...

北韓與韓國境內的中國軍隊 所採用的 T-34-85 戰車火砲

...it would have been hard pushed to defeat the frontal armour of the IS-3s...

但要擊穿 IS-3 的前方裝甲 依舊有些困難

...which emerged in the late 1940’s.

IS-3 是 1940 年代晚期出現的戰車

It carried 71 rounds of ammunition...

它可攜帶 71 發砲彈

...11 of these were carried on the left side of the turret...

其中 11 發置於砲塔左側

...with the rest in racks under the turret basket floor.

其餘則放在砲塔籃或砲塔層下方的儲物架

Secondary armament consisted of a .30 calibre machine gun in the bow...

次要火力包含 車頭的 .30 口徑機槍、

...a .50 calibre coaxial mounted machine gun in the turret...

砲塔內的 50 口徑同軸機槍

...and a further .50 calibre on the turret roof.

與另一挺砲塔穹頂上方的 .50 口徑機槍

Engine & Suspension

引擎與懸吊系統

Under the engine decks is the Continental AV-1790-5B engine...

引擎艙的下方 是 Continental AV-1790-5B 引擎

...already used in the M46A1.

此款引擎在 M46A1 時就已採用

One of the M47’s drawbacks was the fact that the engine...

M47 的一個缺點就是引擎

...like all US engines to that date, used gasoline and not diesel...

如同所有當時的美國引擎 它是使用汽油，而非柴油

...which resulted in a small range of about only 160km...

因此其行程相當短 只有約 160 公里

...compared with a Diesel-engine T-54’s range of 700km.

與之相比 配備柴油引擎的 T-54 好多了，可行駛 700 公里

The M47 inherited the compact torsion bar suspension...

M47 承襲了 相當簡潔的扭桿懸吊系統:

...from the M26 and the M46...

這是來自於 M26 與 M46

...with a drive sprocket still at the rear, along with a transmission.

並在後方配備傳動齒輪 同時配置變速箱

This made an enormous difference to the amount of interior space.

這點對於內部空間 造成了極大改變

Inside

內部

Here inside, the layout was conventional for US tanks.

這款戰車內部的配置 以美國戰車而言較為傳統

Where I am at the moment, on the right-hand side of the turret...

我現在身處的地方 在砲塔的右手邊

...was where the commander would sit.

這就是車長的位置

Directly in front of the commander was the gunner’s position.

車長的正前方 是砲手的位置

And across the breach, on the left-hand side of the turret...

後膛的另一端 也就是砲塔左手邊

...was where we would find the loader.

則是裝填手的位置

To the left of the loader, you can quite clearly see the turret ammo racks.

在裝填手的左方 你可以清楚看到砲塔的彈藥架

The gunner controlled the traverse, elevation and firing, via these controls.

砲手要控制左右射角、 俯仰角度與砲彈發射，都是透過這些操縱裝置

Turret traverse was fast, thanks to a new hydraulic system...

砲塔的旋轉速度相當快 這點全拜新型液壓系統所賜

...as opposed to the electrical one that had been used up until then.

和電子的相反

The M47 had a very effective range finder, but it was tricky to use.

M47 擁有效果極佳的 測距儀，但使用上並不簡單

When properly used, it could deliver...

如果妥善使用

...a first shot hit-probability of 50 percent...

首發砲彈的 可能命中率能提升至 50%

...which was amazing for its time.

就當時而言已經很出色了

Perhaps the driver was the biggest beneficiary of the improved technology.

也許駕駛是 科技進步的最大受益者

Although the Cross Drive transmission was more complex than the old sort...

儘管橫向傳動系統 比起舊型的更為複雜

...it proved reliable and much, much, easier to operate than the old lever systems.

但實證後發現它更加可靠，而且在操縱方面 也比起舊型操縱桿系統容易許多

A single control lever to the driver’s right operates the gearshift...

駕駛右方的單一控制桿 可將排檔桿

..forwards and back, and the steering, left and right...

前後操縱 轉向桿則控制左右轉向，

...a far cry from the sweat and effort needed before.

比起從前操縱時 所需的辛苦與心力，這已經改善許多

In Service

服役中

As I said before, the US Army never actually used the M47 in anger...

如我先前所說，美國陸軍 從未實際將 M47 應用於戰場

...but other nations did.

但其他國家地區則不然

It was used by Iran, in the Iran-Iraq war...

伊朗曾經在 過去的兩伊戰爭中使用

...with captured examples being recycled into the Iraqi forces...

被擄獲的戰車 重新被伊拉克軍隊採用

...and the Pakistani army used it in the war with India.

而巴基斯坦軍隊 也曾在與印度交戰時使用

This one is in the Iraqi markings, but was originally in service in Italy.

這輛戰車帶有伊拉克的標誌 但它原本是在義大利服役

When handled well they came out well...

妥善處理後，戰車再度投入戰局

...in the 1967 war between Israel and Jordan...

1967 年 在以色列與約旦之間的戰爭中

...the Israeli’s stated that they lost a total of 112 tanks, mostly to M47s.

以色列表示對方損失了 總共 112 輛戰車，多數都是敗在 M47 手下

For a tank which had such a troubled past and hurried creation...

以一款過程如此波折 且是倉促製成的戰車而言

...this ‘stopgap’ proved itself a very useful weapon.

這款替代品證明了 自己是非常有用的武器