Neil: And I'm Neil. Can you pass me my drink, Alice?

尼爾：我是尼爾，你可以把我的飲料遞過來給我嗎，艾莉絲？

Alice: Cola, Neil? That's very unhealthy.

艾莉絲：尼爾，可樂？那非常不健康耶

Neil: You told me to stop drinking coffee because it's unhealthy.

尼爾：你跟我說不要喝咖啡，因為那不健康

Now you're telling me cola is bad too.

現在你又說可樂也很糟

Alice: Cola is full of sugar. There are about six teaspoons in each can.

艾莉絲：可樂裡充滿了糖，每罐大概有六茶匙的糖

Neil: At least. That's pretty sugary, I admit!

尼爾：不只吧，那個很甜，我承認

Alice: Well, we're talking about diabetes today.

艾莉絲：嗯，我們今天要談論糖尿病

Diabetes is a condition where the body can't control the amount of glucose or sugar in the blood.

糖尿病是一種身體無法控制血中葡萄糖或糖含量的狀態

If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications, including heart attack, stroke,

如果不治療，糖尿病可能導致很多併發症，包括心臟病、中風

kidney failure, and blindness.

腎衰竭和眼盲

Neil: I'm not diabetic, though, Alice, so what's the problem?

尼爾：但我不是糖尿病患者啊，艾莉絲，那有什麼問題？

Alice: Well, diabetes is on the rise or increasing all over the world.

艾莉絲：嗯，糖尿病患人數節節上升，而且是全球性的增加

And particularly type 2 diabetes where risk factors include obesity – or being very overweight

特別是第二型的糖尿病，它的風險因子包括肥胖或超重

unhealthy diet and lack of physical exercise.

不健康的飲食及缺乏運動

Neil: I see. Well, while I think about that, maybe you could ask me today's quiz question.

尼爾：我懂了。嗯，當我在思考時，也許你可以考我今天的問答題

Alice: OK. Can you tell me how many people in the world suffer from diabetes?

艾莉絲：好的，你可以告訴我全世界有多少糖尿病患嗎？

Is it... a) 4.15 million?

是，ａ，四百一十五萬？

b) 41.5 million?

ｂ，四千一百五十萬？

Or c) 415 million?

或ｃ，四億一千五百萬？

Neil: I'll take a guess and say b) 41.5 million.

尼爾：我要猜一下，是ｂ，四千一百五十萬

Alice: Well, we'll find out if you got the right answer later on, Neil.

艾莉絲：嗯，尼爾，待會兒我們會來看看你有沒有答對

Now, why do you think people are eating less healthily than they used to?

現在我們要討論，為什麼你會覺得現在人們的飲食不如以前來的健康？

Neil: Well, processed food has become very popular, and whilst it often tastes really good,

尼爾：嗯，加工食品越來越風行，而且通常又很美味

it isn't always a healthy choice.

但不見得是健康的選擇

Alice: Do you eat a lot of processed food, Neil?

艾莉絲：尼爾，你吃很多加工食物嗎？

Neil: Of course not, Alice!

尼爾：艾莉絲，當然沒有

Processed food, by the way, is food that's been changed from its natural state,

順帶一提，加工食品就是改變食物本身自然的狀態

for example, by freezing or re-hydrating it, or by adding ingredients to it such as sugar, salt or fat.

例如，透過冷凍或再水合，或者增添糖、鹽或脂肪等原料

But let's move on now and talk about exercise.

但我們現在接著來談談運動

Alice: OK – but I hope you aren't planning to have fried chicken again for lunch today

艾莉絲：好，但我希望你不是正在計畫著今天中午要去吃

from that dodgy fast-food joint round the corner.

轉角那家可能吃出問題的速食店裡的炸雞

Now, one reason that people are taking less exercise than they used to is because of lifestyle changes.

現在的人們不像以前做那麼多運動，其中一個的原因是生活型態的改變

With increasing urbanisation people are no longer doing jobs that involve as much physical activity.

隨著都市化的程度升高，人們不再從事牽涉體力活動的工作

Neil: Yes, it's true.

尼爾：對，沒錯

And urbanisation means the growth of towns and cities as people move there from the countryside to live and work.

而城市化意味著人們從鄉村到城市居住與工作，促進了市鎮的成長，

We're all sitting in cars, and offices, or on our sofas in front of the TV.

我們都坐在車上、辦公室裡，或者電視機前的沙發上

Alice: But it's also true that children are less active than they used to be.

艾莉絲：孩子也不像以前那麼有活動力了

I remember running around all the time outdoors when I was a kid.

我記得我年幼時整天都在戶外跑來跑去

Nowadays, they're all in front of screens, playing computer games or watching videos on YouTube.

而現在的小孩都在螢幕前玩電腦遊戲或看youtube上的影片

Neil: So, adults and children are at higher risk of developing diabetes if they are overweight

尼爾：所以如果大人和小孩超重，他們罹患糖尿病的風險就更大，

because they are likely to have higher levels of sugar in their blood.

因為他們血中的糖份更高

Let's hear more about this from Dr Etienne Krug from the World Health Organization.

讓我們來聽聽來自世界衛生組織的艾蒂安克魯格博士的解說

Dr Etienne Krug: Diabetes is a kind of continuum.

艾蒂安克魯格博士：糖尿病位於一種連續推移的光譜

Gradually the levels of sugar in the blood increase until reaching the level of being

血中的糖份逐漸增加，直到

diagnosed with diabetes.

被診斷出患有糖尿病的程度

But people, before reaching diabetes, have too high level of sugar as well, sometimes,

但在罹患糖尿病以前，有時人們的血糖也是很高

and that can be dangerous too

而且也可能造成危險

particularly causing cardiovascular diseases, which contributes to mortality too.

特別是會引發可能導致死亡的心臟血管疾病

Neil: What's a continuum, Alice?

尼爾：什麼叫連續推移的光譜，艾莉絲？

Alice: It's something that changes slowly over time.

艾莉絲：是隨著時間推移緩慢改變

So in this case, as people increasingly eat food that's high in sugar and fat,

所以在這個例子來看，當人們吃越來越多富含糖和脂肪的食物

the amount of sugar in their blood increases.

在他們血中糖的含量就增加

Neil: And having a high blood-sugar level may reach a tipping point

尼爾：而高血糖可能會達到臨界點

Or a point when small changes become significant enough to cause a big change

或者到達某個積沙成塔的點

And you develop diabetes.

然後你就罹患糖尿病了

But even if you don't develop diabetes, high blood sugar can be damaging to your health.

但就算你沒有糖尿病，高血糖還是會對你的健康造成損害

Alice: It isn't only damaging to the individual, though.

艾莉絲：然而，糖尿病的危害不只是個人的，

Diabetes has a huge cost to society – $827bn is currently being spent every year to treat the disease.

它還讓社會付出龐大代價─每年得花八千二百七十億來治療糖尿病，

Neil: That's big bucks!

尼爾：那是很大的數目啊

What can we do – what can governments do – to tackle this health crisis, Alice?

艾莉絲，我們可以做什麼，政府又可以做什麼來處理這個健康危機呢？

Alice: Well, a key approach is to tackle the global rise in obesity because this addresses

艾莉絲：嗯，是有一個處理全球性肥胖問題增加的基本的態度，因為以下這段談話

not only diabetes but other diseases, too, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.

並不是只針對糖尿病而還有其他疾病，像是癌症和心血管疾病

Let's hear more from Dr Krug about ways to do this.

讓我們再來聽克魯格博士說該怎麼做

IDr Etienne Krug: We need a combination of approaches to promote physical activity and

艾蒂安克魯格博士：我們需要結合幾種途徑來促進體能活動

to improve the ways we eat and that goes from breast feeding or even working with young

並改善我們的飲食，這要從哺乳或甚至和小孩

kids to increase healthy eating.

一起推動以提升健康的飲食

But the sugar tax is a good example that has contributed in Mexico to a decrease in sales of sugary drinks.

糖稅就是個好例子，徵收糖稅已經在墨西哥成功減少含糖飲的銷售量

And sugary drinks ... just one drink can sometimes represent more sugar than a person needs for the whole day.

而含糖飲...有時候只要一杯就超過一人一天所需糖份

Neil: Government schemes to encourage healthy eating sound like a good plan, but trying

尼爾：政府計畫要鼓勵民眾健康飲食聽起來是美事一樁，但要試圖

to get kids to eat vegetables might be tough!

叫小孩吃蔬菜恐怕就難了

Alice: Or stop you from drinking sugary drinks, Neil, for that matter.

艾莉絲：尼爾，這樣說的話，要叫你戒掉含糖飲也差不多

Neil: Leave me alone!

尼爾：別管我！

Alice: Alright, then.

艾莉絲：那好吧

But the government tax on sugary drinks has worked in Mexico ... and the UK government

但政府徵收糖稅的策略在墨西哥已經奏效，而英國政策

is also planning to do this.

也計畫要進行

OK! Now remember I asked you, Neil:

好了，尼爾。還記得我問過你的，

How many people in the world suffer from diabetes? Is it... a) 4.15 million? b) 41.5 million?

世界上有多少人罹患糖尿病？是a 四百一十五萬？ｂ四千一百五十萬？

Or c) 415 million?

或ｃ四億一千五百萬？

Neil: And I said 41.5 million.

尼爾：我說是四千一百五十萬

Alice: Sorry, that's the wrong answer, Neil.

艾莉絲：尼爾抱歉啦，答錯了

Neil: Of course it's the wrong answer!

尼爾：當然不對

Alice: Yes, I'm afraid so.

艾莉絲： 是啊，恐怕不是這個答案

According to the Diabetes International Federation, based in Belgium, as of 2015, an estimated

根據總部在比利時的糖尿病國際聯盟的資料，在2015年，

415 million people have diabetes worldwide.

全球估計有四億一千五百人罹患糖尿病

This represents 8.3% of the adult population, with equal rates in both women and men.

這代表著成人人口的 8.3%，而男女比例相同

Neil: OK, I'll be drinking herbal tea from now on.

尼爾：好了，我會從現在起開始喝花草茶

Let's listen to the words we learned today. They were:

我們來聽聽今天我們學習到的單字，包括：

diabetes

糖尿病

glucose

葡萄糖

on the rise

升高

obesity

肥胖

processed food

加工食品

urbanisation

都市化

continuum

連續體

tipping point

臨界點

Neil: Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon!

尼爾：六分鐘學英文已經到了尾聲，歡迎下次繼續收聽我們的節目

Both: Bye.

再見