Something happened in the early morning hours

發生了一件

of May 2nd, 2000, that had a profound effect

對我們社會有深遠影響的事件

on the way our society operates.

諷刺的是, 當時幾乎沒有人察覺

Ironically, hardly anyone noticed at the time.

變化發生得無聲無息, 難以察覺

The change was silent, imperceptible,

除非你知道該從何找起

unless you knew exactly what to look for.

那天早上

On that morning, U.S. President Bill Clinton

柯林頓總統下令

ordered that a special switch be thrown

將一特殊開關裝進全球定位系統的衛星

in the orbiting satellites of the Global Positioning System.

轉眼間, 地球上所有的GPS導航器

Instantaneously, every civilian GPS receiver

定位誤差值都從 一個足球場大小

around the globe went from errors the size of a football field

縮小為一間房間

to errors the size of a small room.

這種精準度

It's hard to overstate the effect that this change

對我們的影響不言自明

in accuracy has had on us.

在這之前, 我們根本沒有

Before this switch was thrown, we didn't have

能夠準確告知我們 該在哪裡轉彎的行車導航系統

in-car navigation systems giving turn-by-turn

當時的GPS連我們在哪個街區

directions, because back then, GPS couldn't tell you

都無法精準定位 更何況是在哪條街上

what block you were on, let alone what street.

對於地理定位科技來說 精準度至關重要

For geolocation, accuracy matters,

不過一直到近十年才有所進展

and things have only improved over the last 10 years.

隨著基地台、地面站

With more base stations, more ground stations,

接收器及演算能力在質、量上的不斷突破

better receivers and better algorithms,

GPS現在不但能告訴我們在哪條街上

GPS can now not only tell you what street you are on,

甚至是街上的哪一段

but what part of the street.

這種程度的精準度

This level of accuracy

觸發了一連串改變及創新

has unleashed a firestorm of innovation.

在座各位很多今天應該就是靠著

In fact, many of you navigated here today

TomTom衛星導航或是智慧型手機 來到這裡的

with the help of your TomTom or your smartphone.

紙本地圖逐漸遭到淘汰

Paper maps are becoming obsolete.

不過我們也同時面臨另一個

But we now stand on the verge of another revolution

地理定位科技精準度革新的轉捩點

in geolocation accuracy.

假如我說, 目前手機和TomTom衛星導航

What if I told you that the two-meter positioning

提供的定位功能 就算可以把誤差減到兩公尺內

that our current cell phones and our TomToms give us

和未來定位科技一比卻不過雕蟲小技 你會怎麼說?

is pathetic compared to what we could be getting?

這早已不是新聞

For some time now, it's been known that if you pay attention

如果你仔細注意GPS的載波相位

to the carrier phase of the GPS signal,

而且剛好有網路時

and if you have an Internet connection,

精準度便可從以公尺為誤差單位

then you can go from meter level to centimeter level,

縮小至以公分, 甚至毫米為單位

even millimeter-level positioning.

那我們的手機 為何還不具備這樣的功能呢?

So why don't we have this capability on our phones?

在我看來, 主要是缺乏想像力

Only, I believe, for a lack of imagination.

製造商尚未將載波相位的技術

Manufacturers haven't built this carrier phase technique

應用到那些便宜的GPS晶片上

into their cheap GPS chips

因為他們不確定

because they're not sure what the general public would do

當人們面對精準到 足以標出手上皺紋的地理位置定位時

with geolocation so accurate that you could pinpoint

會作何反應

the wrinkles in the palm of your hand.

不過, 你、我以及其他創新發明家

But you and I and other innovators,

我們看得見 這種精準定位的潛力

we can see the potential in this next leap in accuracy.

想像有一個擴增實境的應用軟體

Imagine, for example, an augmented reality app

能以毫米為誤差單位的準確度

that overlays a virtual world to millimeter-level precision

將一個虛擬世界 重疊到物質世界之上

on top of the physical world.

我可以就在這裡建造一個

I could build for you a structure up here in 3D,

誤差範圍在幾毫米之內的3D建築物

millimeter accurate, that only you could see,

而且只有你或者是在我家的朋友看得見

or my friends at home.

這種程度的定位, 才是我們要的

So this level of positioning, this is what we're looking for,

我預測在幾年之內

and I believe that, within the next few years, I predict,

這種極端精準, 以載波相位為基礎的定位模式

that this kind of hyper-precise, carrier phase-based positioning

會變得相當便宜且隨處可見

will become cheap and ubiquitous,

帶來的影響也會令人眼睛為之一亮

and the consequences will be fantastic.

最終目標, 不用說 是GPS進化成圓點般的大小

The Holy Grail, of course, is the GPS dot.

還記得電影「達文西密碼」嗎?

Do you remember the movie "The Da Vinci Code?"

這是蘭登教授在檢查GPS「豆」

Here's Professor Langdon examining a GPS dot,

同伴告訴他, 這顆豆, 是個追蹤裝置

which his accomplice tells him is a tracking device

誤差在兩呎內, 範圍涵蓋世界各個角落

accurate within two feet anywhere on the globe,

不過在現實世界

but we know that in the world of nonfiction,

我們知道這並不可能, 對吧?

the GPS dot is impossible, right?

一方面, GPS在室內會失效

For one thing, GPS doesn't work indoors,

另一方面, 裝置還沒有做得那麼小

and for another, they don't make devices quite this small,

尤其這項裝置還必須能夠

especially when those devices have to relay

與網絡重複確認計算過程

their measurements back over a network.

嗯, 這些駁斥在前幾年非常合理

Well, these objections were perfectly reasonable

不過情況已大不相同

a few years ago, but things have changed.

現在的發展趨勢已明顯轉向

There's been a strong trend toward miniaturization,

更迷你、更敏銳

better sensitivity, so much so that, a few years ago,

幾年前的GPS追蹤裝置

a GPS tracking device looked like this clunky box

就像這串鑰匙左邊沉重的黑盒子

to the left of the keys.

相較之下, 前幾年出版的

Compare that with the device released just months ago

只有鑰匙圈大小

that's now packaged into something the size of a key fob,

最先進的型式

and if you take a look at the state of the art

更只有一公分

for a complete GPS receiver, which is only a centimeter

而且前所未有的敏銳

on a side and more sensitive than ever,

慢慢地你會發現

you realize that the GPS dot will soon move

GPS「豆」不再遙不可及

from fiction to nonfiction.

若大量普及使用GPS「豆」 世界會是什麼樣子?

Imagine what we could do with a world full of GPS dots.

你不只不會再弄丟皮夾或鑰匙

It's not just that you'll never lose your wallet or your keys

或是把小孩丟在迪士尼樂園

anymore, or your child when you're at Disneyland.

你可以只花幾十塊 就買到一大堆GPS「豆」

You'll buy GPS dots in bulk, and you'll stick them on

然後貼在所有東西上

everything you own worth more than a few tens of dollars.

前幾天早上, 我找不到鞋子

I couldn't find my shoes one recent morning,

一如往常, 我還得問我老婆有沒有看到它們

and, as usual, had to ask my wife if she had seen them.

但我實在不該 拿這種芝麻蒜皮的小事叨擾她

But I shouldn't have to bother my wife with that kind of triviality.

我應該要問房子我的鞋子在哪

I should be able to ask my house where my shoes are.

(笑聲)

(Laughter)

那些轉而使用Gmail的人應該記得

Those of you who have made the switch to Gmail,

過去我們得整理電子郵件

remember how refreshing it was to go from

現在只需點選搜尋功能, 就能輕易找到 多麼令人耳目一新

organizing all of your email to simply searching it.

GPS「豆」對我們的物品 有異曲同工之妙的影響

The GPS dot will do the same for our possessions.

當然, GPS「豆」也有缺點

Now, of course, there is a flip side to the GPS dot.

幾個月前

I was in my office some months back

我在辦公室接到一通電話

and got a telephone call.

在電話上的是卡蘿

The woman on the other end of the line, we'll call her Carol,

她很慌張

was panicked.

看起來, 卡蘿在加州的前男友

Apparently, an ex-boyfriend of Carol's from California

在德州找到了卡蘿, 並不斷尾隨她

had found her in Texas and was following her around.

現在, 你可能在想, 那她打給你幹嘛?

So you might ask at this point why she's calling you.

嗯, 我當下也在想這個問題

Well, so did I.

結果發現在卡蘿的事件中, GPS遭到不當利用

But it turned out there was a technical twist to Carol's case.

每次當她前男友

Every time her ex-boyfriend would show up,

在最不該出現的時間出現在不該出現的地方時

at the most improbable times and the most improbable locations,

他總是帶著筆記型電腦

he was carrying an open laptop,

一陣子後卡蘿意識到

and over time Carol realized that he had planted

前男友在她車上植入了GPS追蹤裝置

a GPS tracking device on her car,

於是她打電話請我幫她解除

so she was calling me for help to disable it.

我說: 「嗯, 那你應該是去找個好技工

"Well, you should go to a good mechanic

請他幫你看看吧!」

and have him look at your car," I said.

「我去找過了。」她答道

"I already have," she told me.

「他沒發現什麼明顯異狀,

"He didn't see anything obvious,

說要把車子拆開才知道。」

and he said he'd have to take the car apart piece by piece."

「那你最好去找警察。」我又建議道

"Well then, you'd better go to the police," I said.

「我去找過了。」她回答

"I already have," she replied.

「他們不敢肯定這構成了騷擾罪

"They're not sure this rises to the level of harassment,

他們也沒有偵測這種裝置的技術。」

and they're not set up technically to find the device."

「好吧, 那 FBI 呢?」

"Okay, what about the FBI?"

「我和他們談過了。一樣的答案。」

"I've talked to them too, and same story."

我們最後決定請她來我的實驗室

We then talked about her coming to my lab

用無線電掃描她的車

and us performing a radio sweep of her car,

不過我實在不確定這麼做有沒有用

but I wasn't even sure that would work,

因為這些裝置可能被設置成

given that some of these devices are configured

進入安全區域或開始行駛後

to only transmit when they're inside safe zones

才開始傳送訊號

or when the car is moving.

這是活生生的例子

So, there we were.

卡蘿不是第一個, 也不會是最後一個

Carol isn't the first, and certainly won't be the last,

飽受GPS追蹤所造成的

to find herself in this kind of fearsome environment,

恐懼、擔憂折磨的人

worrisome situation caused by GPS tracking.

事實上, 當深入觀察這起事件後

In fact, as I looked into her case,

我很驚訝地發現 在別人車上裝設追蹤裝置

I discovered to my surprise that it's not clearly illegal

並未明顯踰越法律

for you or me to put a tracking device on someone else's car.

上個月, 最高法院裁定

The Supreme Court ruled last month that a policeman

警方必須取得搜查令 使得執行長期追蹤

has to get a warrant if he wants to do prolonged tracking,

但法令並未明確規範 平民此種舉動的合法性

but the law isn't clear about civilians doing this to one another,

看來我們不只需要防範「老大哥」的監視

so it's not just Big Brother we have to worry about,

連鄰居也得留心防範（笑聲）

but Big Neighbor. (Laughter)

其實卡蘿還有另一種有效的解決方法

There is one alternative that Carol could have taken,

叫做「波防護罩」

very effective. It's called the Wave Bubble.

它是個公開源代碼的GPS干擾器

It's an open-source GPS jammer,

發明者是一位

developed by Limor Fried,

麻省理工學院畢業生: 勒茉•法莉德

a graduate student at MIT, and Limor calls it

她以「重拾私人空間的工具」來形容它

"a tool for reclaiming our personal space."

只要打開開關, 就可以形成一道

With a flip of the switch you create a bubble around you

GPS訊號無法穿透的防護圈

within which GPS signals can't reside.

訊號被掩蓋, 消失得無影無蹤

They get drowned out by the bubble.

勒茉有此發明, 一部份也是因為

And Limor designed this, in part, because, like Carol,

跟卡蘿一樣, 她感受到GPS追蹤的威脅

she felt threatened by GPS tracking.

接著, 她將此項發明發佈到網站上

Then she posted her design to the web,

如果你沒時間自己做一個

and if you don't have time to build your own,

你可以花錢買一個

you can buy one.

中國製造商現在在網路上

Chinese manufacturers now sell thousands

販售上千個幾乎一模一樣的裝置

of nearly identical devices on the Internet.

你現在可能在想, 「這個防護罩聽起來蠻棒的

So you might be thinking, the Wave Bubble sounds great.

我應該去弄一個 要是有人對我車子動手腳, 就派得上用場。」

I should have one. Might come in handy if somebody ever puts a tracking device on my car.

不過, 你必須知道

But you should be aware that its use is very much illegal

在美國使用它是非法的

in the United States.

為什麼?

And why is that?

嗯, 因為它其實並不是一個圈圈

Well, because it's not a bubble at all.

它的干擾訊號會不斷延伸

Its jamming signals don't stop at the edge

超出你的個人空間或是汽車的範圍

of your personal space or at the edge of your car.

干擾訊號會影響到你周遭數英里內 其他無辜的GPS用戶 (笑聲)

They go on to jam innocent GPS receivers for miles around you. (Laughter)

如果現在你是卡蘿或勒茉

Now, if you're Carol or Limor,

或是備受GPS追蹤威脅的人

or someone who feels threatened by GPS tracking,

啟動「波防護罩」感覺沒什麼不對

it might not feel wrong to turn on a Wave Bubble,

但實際上則可能造成災難性的後果

but in fact, the results can be disastrous.

想像一下, 如果你是郵輪船長

Imagine, for example, you're the captain of a cruise ship

正試圖在濃霧中找尋正確方向

trying to make your way through a thick fog

結果船尾有位乘客啟動了「波防護罩」

and some passenger in the back turns on a Wave Bubble.

儀錶板上的GPS裝置瞬間一片空白

All of a sudden your GPS readout goes blank,

接著就只能靠你自己

and now it's just you and the fog

還有雷達系統

and whatever you can pull off the radar system

如果你記得怎麼使用的話

if you remember how to work it.

現在他們不再升級或維修燈塔

They -- in fact, they don't update or upkeep lighthouses

唯一的備用品遠距離導航系統

anymore, and LORAN, the only backup to GPS,

也在去年步入歷史

was discontinued last year.

現代的人類社會與GPS有特殊的連結

Our modern society has a special relationship with GPS.

我們幾乎是盲目地依賴它

We're almost blindly reliant on it.

它已深深融入我們的系統及基礎建設

It's built deeply into our systems and infrastructure.

有些人稱它為「隱形公物」

Some call it "the invisible utility."

因此, 啟動「波防護罩」造成的不只是不便

So, turning on a Wave Bubble might not just cause inconvenience.

它可能相當致命

It might be deadly.

不過如果是為了保護個人隱私

But as it turns out, for purposes of protecting your privacy

而須犧牲大眾對GPS的依賴的話

at the expense of general GPS reliability,

還有另一項相當有效

there's something even more potent

效果大過「波防護罩」的東西

and more subversive than a Wave Bubble,

「GPS混淆器」

and that is a GPS spoofer.

這項點子的構想相當簡單

The idea behind the GPS spoofer is simple.

不同於干擾GPS 我們實際上製造一個假訊號

Instead of jamming the GPS signals, you fake them.

模仿GPS發出的訊號

You imitate them, and if you do it right, the device

如果操作正確的話 對方甚至不會知道被騙了

you're attacking doesn't even know it's being spoofed.

讓我示範一下

So let me show you how this works.

每台GPS接收裝置裡都有一個波峰

In any GPS receiver, there's a peak inside

與正確的訊號相對應

that corresponds to the authentic signals.

這三個紅點是追蹤點

These three red dots represent the tracking points

固定圍繞在波峰上

that try to keep themselves centered on that peak.

但如果你發送一個假GPS訊號

But if you send in a fake GPS signal,

就會出現另一個波峰

another peak pops up, and if you can get these two peaks

而如果你將兩個波峰完整重疊

perfectly aligned, the tracking points can't tell the difference,

追蹤點便無從分辨兩者 轉而誤認訊號較強的假波峰為真

and they get hijacked by the stronger counterfeit signal,

然後放棄追蹤真正的波峰

with the authentic peak getting forced off.

勝負揭曉

At this point, the game is over.

這個冒牌貨訊號完全 將GPS接收裝置玩弄於股掌間

The fake signals now completely control this GPS receiver.

所以, 這真的可行嗎?

So is this really possible?

真的有人能像那樣操控

Can someone really manipulate

GPS的時間和位置定位

the timing and positioning of a GPS receiver

單靠一台混淆GPS的裝置?

just like that, with a spoofer?

簡單來說, 沒錯

Well, the short answer is yes.

關鍵在於民用GPS訊號

The key is that civil GPS signals

是完全開放的

are completely open.

沒有加密、不需認證

They have no encryption. They have no authentication.

完全開放, 暴露於混淆攻擊的風險中

They're wide open, vulnerable to a kind of spoofing attack.

即便如此, 在此之前

Even so, up until very recently,

沒有人對「GPS混淆器」有何顧慮

nobody worried about GPS spoofers.

人們普遍認為對駭客們來說

People figured that it would be too complex

製作一個混淆裝置過於複雜且所費不貲

or too expensive for some hacker to build one.

不過我和一個研究所的朋友

But I, and a friend of mine from graduate school,

並不這麼想

we didn't see it that way.

我們知道這並不難

We knew it wasn't going to be so hard,

我們想要當第一個製作出成品的人

and we wanted to be the first to build one

以便面對、處理這個問題

so we could get out in front of the problem

也保護GPS免受混淆

and help protect against GPS spoofing.

我對那個禮拜的印象很深刻

I remember vividly the week it all came together.

我們在我家開始著手製作

We built it at my home, which means that

我三歲的兒子瑞蒙也幫了點小忙