Today we're going to look at two modal verbs and a semi-modal verb that are often

今天我們要來學經常被混肴的兩個情態動詞

confused with each other.

和一個半情態動詞。

These are: should,

這些為：should

must and have to.

must 和 have to。

We'll have a brief look at their formulation and then we'll look at their

我們會先簡短地看一下這些詞的結構，接著我們會看

usage and differences. And. we'll finish this lesson with a gap filling exercise. By the end of

它們的用法與不同之處。然後以填空練習結束本課程。看完

this video, you should have a good idea of the differences between these three verbs.

這個影片，你應該會對這三個動詞的不同之處有充足的了解。

Today's prize draw

今天的抽獎獎品

is a free Premium+ membership to our website.

是我們網站的免費高級+會員資格。

This level of membership gives you access to all the online exercises plus

此等級的會員資格可讓你使用所有的線上測驗，和

the recording of these so you can practise your pronunciation

這些測驗的錄音檔來練習你的發音

and fluency as well.

以及流暢度。

To enter the prize draw,

想要參加抽獎的話，

all you need to do

你只需要

is to make a comment in the section below.

在影片下方留言。

So when you're ready,

當你準備好了，

we can begin our lesson on 'should', 'must' and 'have to'.

我們就可以開始學習'should', 'must' 和 'have to'的課程。

Modal verbs:

情態動詞：

'should, 'must' and 'have to'.

'should, 'must' 和 'have to'

Let's look at formulation first.

我們先來看結構。

'Should' and 'must' are real modal verbs

'Should' 和 'must' 是真的情態動詞。

and therefore,

因此，

like all modal verbs,

就像其他的情態動詞一樣，

they're always followed by the 'infinitive without to'.

它們的後面總是接著"沒有to"的不定詞。

"Should do", "Must do".

"Should do", "Must do"

And, they're the same for all the pronouns.

而，對於所有的代名詞來說，助動詞的形態都是不變的。

"I should", "He Should", "It Should" etc.

"I should", "He Should", "It Should" 等等。

Also,

而且，

they do not need auxiliaries;

它們不需要助動詞；

they take direct negative and question forms:

它們可以直接變化成否定形和疑問形：

"I shouldn't.",

"I shouldn't.",

"We mustn't.",

"We mustn't.",

"Should I?",

"Should I?",

"Must we?"

"Must we?"

And finally, they never combine with another modal verb.

最後，它們從不和其他情態動詞結合。

You can't say: "you should can". You have to replace 'can' with an alternative:

你不能說："you should can"。你必須用其他的字眼代替'can'：

"You should be able to..." Or

"You should be able to..." 或者

instead of "He will must".

代替"He will must"

You'll have to say:

你必須說：

"He will have to".

"He will have to"。

'Have to' is a semi-modal verb.

'Have to'是一個半情態動詞。

It is like a modal verb because it fulfils a specific function,

它就像是個情態動詞，因為它可執行一個特定的功能，

but it behaves like an ordinary verb in its formulation.

但它的結構就像是一個普通的動詞。

It is followed by the 'infinitive without to'

它的後面接"沒有to"的不定詞。

"have to do",

"have to do",

but it is conjugated according to pronouns:

但是它會隨著代名詞的變化而改變：

"I have to",

"I have to",

"He has to" etc.

"He has to" 等等

It needs auxiliaries.

它需要接助動詞。

It doesn't take direct negative and question forms.

它不能直接變化成否定形和疑問形。

"I don't have to."

"I don't have to."

"She doesn't have to."

"She doesn't have to."

"Do I have to?"

"Do I have to?"

"Does she have to?"

"Does she have to?"

And finally, it can combine with modal verbs:

最後，它能和助動詞組合起來：

"You will have to."

"You will have to."

"He might have to."

"He might have to."

Right then,

好了。

let's have a look at usage,

我們來看它們的用法，

starting with should.

從should開始吧。

The first use of should is expressing an opinion

should的第一個用法是用來表示一個見解

or giving or asking for advice.

或給予或詢求建議。

Let's look at some examples.

我們來看一些例子。

"I believe nurses should have higher salaries."

我認為護理師應該要有更高的薪水。

"You look tired.

"你看起來很累。

I think you should have some rest."

我想你應該休息一下。"

"He shouldn't make a rushed decision."

"他不應該作出一個匆忙的決定。"

"Do you think we should phone her?"

"你認為我們應該要打電話給她嗎?"

"What should I say when I speak to him?"

"當我跟他說話的時候應該要說些什麼?"

The second usage of should is expressing an expectation.

should的第二個用法是用來表示一個期待。

For example:

舉例來說：

"He should arrive any minute."

"他應該隨時會到達。"

"He shouldn't be long now."

"他現在應該不會太久。"

"He should have arrived by now."

"他現在應該已經到達了。"

And the third usage of should is expressing regret about a past action.

而should的第三個用法是用來表示對過去的行為感到後悔。

For example:

舉例來說：

"You should have been more careful."

"你應該要更小心一點的。"

"I shouldn't have said that."

"我不應該說那句話的。"

'Ought to' is a synonym for 'should'.

'Ought to'和'should'是同義字。

It generally sounds more formal than 'should',

一般來說，它聽起來比'should'更正式，

and is less commonly used,

也較不被普遍地使用，

particularly in the question form:

尤其是在疑問形：

So you could say:

你可以說：

"You ought to have some rest."

"你應當休息一下"

"He oughtn't to make a rushed decision."

"他不應當作出一個匆忙的決定。"

"I oughtn't to have said that."

"我不應當說那句話的。"

But it would be uncommon to say

但不常說

"Ought we to phone her?"

"Ought we to phone her?"

Also 'should'

而且 'should'

(but not 'ought to')

(但是不是 'ought to')

is used to express a small possibility.

可以被用來表示一個小的可能性。

For example:

舉例來說：

"If I should ever go back there, I will not make the same mistake again."

"如果我可以回到那裏，我不會再犯下同樣的錯誤。"

Or

或者

"Should you need any further assistance,

"如果你需要進一步的協助，

do not hesitate to contact me."

不用猶豫，來聯絡我。"

This is a common formula in formal writing.

這在正式寫作中是一個常見的公式。

Right then, let's move on to 'must'.

好了，我們接著來看"must"。

The first usage is expressing a necessity

第一個用法是用來表示說話者

felt by the speaker.

所感受到的必要性。

We use 'must' for the present and future tenses.

我們使用 'must' 來表達現在式和未來式。

For example:

舉例來說：

"He is very ill.

"他病得非常重。

You must call a doctor now."

你現在必須打電話給醫生。"

"We must not lose the match tomorrow,

"我們明天絕對不能輸掉比賽，

or we will be out of the tournament."

否則我們就會被淘汰出局。'

"This is the best book I've ever read.

"這是我讀過最棒的一本書，

You must read it too."

你也應該要讀它。"

"You mustn't hesitate to call me if you need help."

"如果你需要幫助的話，不必猶豫，打給我。"

Looking at the second usage of 'must'.

來看'must'的第二個用法。

It expresses a prohibition.

它用來表示一個禁令。

Once again in the present or future tenses.

再次提醒它用於現在式或未來式。

"You must not use your mobile devices during take-off."

"你不應在起飛時使用通訊儀器"

"You must not be late for your interview tomorrow."

"明天的面試你絕不能遲到"

And the third usage of must is an assumption in the present or past

'must'的第三個用法是用過去式或現在式表達的假設，

in affirmative sentences only.

且只用於肯定句。

For example:

舉例來說：

"You must be tired after your very long day."

"你經過這漫長的一天，一定很累了吧！"

"He must have read my letter,

"他一定是讀了我的信，

because he repeated exactly what I had written."

因為他一字不漏地說了我寫下的話"

Okay let's have a look at 'have to'.

好，我們來看'have to'。

'Have to' expresses an external obligation

'have to'用來表示對外的義務。

in positive sentences.

並使用肯定句。

For example:

舉例來說：

"You have to make an appointment to see him."

"要見他的話，你必須先預約"

"She has failed her exam.

"她的考試不及格。

She has to retake it."

她必須要重修。"

The second usage is expressing a necessity or obligation in the past.

第二個用法是用來表示對過去的需要或義務。

"He was very ill. We had to call the doctor immediately."

"他病得很重。我們當下只得馬上打電話給醫生。"

"He was very busy.

"He was very busy. "他那時非常忙碌。

I had to make an appointment to see him."

我得預約才能見到他。"

Finally, 'have to' removes a necessity or an obligation

最後，'have to'可移除一個需要或一個義務，

in all the tenses, present, past and future.

可用於任何一種時態，現在、過去和未來皆可。

"He feels much better now.

"他現在覺得好多了。

You don't have to call a doctor."

你不需要打電話給醫生了。"

"I didn't have to make an appointment to see him."

"我那時和他見面不需要預約。"

"She has passed her exam.

"她通過了考試。

She won't have to retake it."

她不需要重修了"

So as you can see,

如你所見，

the main difference between 'must' and 'have to'

'must'和'have to'最大的差別在於

is that 'must' is a necessity felt by the speaker,

'must'是說話者所感受到的必要性，

whereas 'have to' is an external obligation or rule.

而'have to'是一個對外的義務或規矩。

If this difference is not relevant

如果句子套用兩者的結果無太大差別，

you can use 'must' and 'have to' interchangeably

你可以交替使用'must'和'have to'，

in positive sentences.

並使用肯定句。

However, be careful

無論如何，要小心

that in the negative,

在否定句中，

'must not' is still a necessity

'must not'仍然是表示一個必須性

or an obligation

或一個義務

not to do something.

而不是去做什麼事情。

It's a prohibition.

它用來表示一個禁令。

Whereas 'don't have to'

相反地，'don't have to'

removes the necessity or obligation.

除去了必須性和義務。

Also note that as 'must' has no past tense

而且要注意'must'沒有過去式

both obligation and necessity are expressed with

義務和必須性這兩者的過去式必須使用

'had to' to in the past.

'had to'來表示。

You may have also come across

你可能有看過

the expression 'need to'.

'need to'的用法。

'Need to' is a softer alternative to both 'must' and 'have to'.

'need to'是和'must'和'have to'比起來，語氣較委婉的替代用詞。

For example:

舉例來說：

you could say, "I must finish this tonight, because I want to take tomorrow off." or

你可以說："I must finish this tonight, because I want to take tomorrow off." "我必須在今晚把這完成，因為明天我想休息。"或

"I need to finish this tonight, because I want to take tomorrow off."

"I need to finish this tonight, because I want to take tomorrow off." "我得在今晚把這完成，因為明天我想休息。"

or "I have to finish this tonight, my deadline is tomorrow."

或 "I have to finish this tonight, my deadline is tomorrow." 我必須在今晚把這完成，因為明天是我的繳交期限。"

In a softer tone, you could say:

用較溫和的語氣，你可以說：

"I need to finish this tonight, my deadline is tomorrow."

"I need to finish this tonight, my deadline is tomorrow." "我得在今晚把這完成，因為明天是我的繳交期限。"

'Need to' is an ordinary verb

'Need to'是一個普通動詞，

and takes auxiliaries.

也接助動詞。

"Do I need to finish this tonight?"

"Do I need to finish this tonight?"

I don't need to finish this tonight."

I don't need to finish this tonight."

You may also come across the modal verb 'need'.

你可能也有看過'need'情態動詞的用法。

It is not a very common modal verb and can only be used in negative

它並非一個常見的情態動詞，且只能用在否定的

sentences and questions.

句子和疑問句中。

So you may hear instead of "do I need to finish this?"

所以你可能會聽到"Need I finish this?"

"Need I finish this?"

而非"do I need to finish this?"

or

或者

Instead of "I don't need to finish this."

不是"I don't need to finish this."

you may hear

你可能會聽到

"I needn't finish this."

"I needn't finish this."

Let's do a gap filling exercise now.

現在讓我們來作填空練習吧！

"Have you had your exam results?"

"你知道你的考試結果了嗎?"

"Yes I've failed Biology.

"嗯，我生物被當了。"

I will ......

我將......

retake it in August.

在八月重修。"

I will have to retake it in August."

我將必須在八月重修"

"Oh sorry.

"喔 抱歉。

You ......

你......

be pretty upset.

相當難過。

You must be pretty upset.

你一定相當難過。

What about Physics?"

那麼物理呢?"

"I've passed that but with a very low mark.

"我低空飛過。

My teacher thinks I ......

我的老師認為我 .......

retake that too.

也要重修物理。

My teacher thinks I should retake that too."

我的老師認為我應該也要重修物理。"

"Do you think you .....

"你覺得你 ......

retake it?

重修物理?

Do you think you should retake it?"

你覺得你應該要重修物理?"

"No, I strongly feel that I ......

"不，我強烈地認為我 .......

focus on biology.

專注於生物。

I strongly feel that I must focus on Biology.

我強烈地認為應該要專注於生物。"

I ...... fail that one.

我那科 ........ 不及格。

I mustn't fail that one.

我那科不能不及格。

I ...... get at least a B in Biology to study medicine at university.

如果要在大學讀醫學系，生物學我至少..........要拿個B。

I have to get at least a B in Biology to study Medicine at university."

如果要在大學讀醫學系，生物學我至少必須要拿個B。"

"Did you fail Biology last year as well?"

"你去年的生物學也被當了嗎?"

"No I passed it last year.

"不 我去年及格了。

I ......

今年我.......

have passed it this year too.

也得及格。

I should have passed it this year too.

今年我應該也得及格。

I just didn't study enough."

我只是沒念那麼足。"

"You ....... have studied enough! You always do."

"你 ...... 要念足的！你一直都是這樣的阿。"

You must have studied enough you always do.

你應該要念足的！你一直都是這樣的阿。"

The exam .....

這考試 ......

have been difficult.

很難。

The exam must have been difficult."

這考試一定是很難。"

No, the exam wasn't difficult. I was too tired.

不，考試不難。我是太累了。

I ......

我 .......

have partied the night before.

在考試前一天去參加派對。

I shouldn't have partied the night before.

我不應該在考試前一天去參加派對。

I ...... have studied instead.

我 ....... 念書才對。

I should have studied instead."

我應該要念書才對。"

Oh, I see. Well, you are good at Biology.

喔，我知道了。反正，你的生物很好。

You ....... be able to pass it in August.

你 ....... 可以在八月時考及格。

You should be able to pass it in August."

你應該可以在八月時考及格。

"I hope so.

"我希望囉。

I will ......

我將 ......

find a summer job as well. My dad insists!

也找一份暑期打工。我爸堅持讓我這麼作！

I will

I will　我將

have to find a summer job as well."

必須也找一份暑期打工，我爸堅持讓我這麼作！

"Did you have a summer job last year?"

"你去年有暑期打工嗎?"

"No, I didn't .....

"不，我沒有 .....

work last summer.

在去年暑假工作。

I didn't have to work last summer.

我沒有必須在去年暑假工作。

I had some savings then."

那時我還有一點儲蓄。"

"What happened to your savings?"

"你存的錢怎麼了?"

I ......

我 ......

buy a car because my flat was too far from the college.

買一台車，因為我的公寓離大學太遠了。

I had to buy a car."

我得買一台車。"

"Well, good luck with your retake. You .......

"好吧，祝你重修順利。你 ......

let me know how it went.

讓我知道結果。

You must let me know how it went."

你一定要讓我知道結果。"

Right, that's the end of this lesson, I hope you've enjoyed it.

好了。這個課程到此結束。我希望你學得很愉快。

As you know, you can now go to our website anglo-link.com for further explanations

如你所知道的，現在你可以上我們的網站anglo-link.com去看進一步的解說

and exercises.

和練習題。

Thank you for watching, I look forward to seeing you in our next video.

謝謝你的觀賞，期待在我們下個影片中看到你。

Bye now!

現在掰掰囉！