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  • Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace.

    速成哲學由Squarespace為您帶來。

  • Squarespace: share your passion with the world.

    Squarespace:與世界分享你的激情。

  • There’s an ancient Greek legend about a ship that launched from the port of Theseus,

    有一個古希臘傳說,是關於一艘從忒修斯港下水的船。

  • and sailed around the world.

    並在世界各地航行。

  • Probably not around the WHOLE world. Just AROUND the world.

    可能不是在整個世界範圍內。只是在全世界範圍內。

  • During its journey, the ship encountered many dangers.

    在旅途中,這艘船遇到了許多危險。

  • Storms ravaged its sails, which had to be replaced.

    暴風雨摧殘著它的帆,不得不更換。

  • The floorboards gradually gave way, and had to be changed out, one by one.

    地板漸漸讓步,不得不一個一個地換掉。

  • Eventually, crew members decided that they liked the look of some island or another along the way, and stayed behind.

    最終,船員們決定喜歡沿途某個島嶼的樣子,於是就留下來了。

  • And as the ship sailed on, more and more of itand its crewwas replaced,

    而隨著船的航行,越來越多的船--和它的船員--被替換。

  • until finally, not a single original plank of wood, or hand on deck, remained.

    直到最後,一塊原始的木板,或者甲板上的手,都沒有留下。

  • Now here’s the question: When the ship finally returned to Theseus, was it the same ship that left?

    現在問題來了當船最終回到特修斯身邊的時候 是同一艘船離開的嗎?

  • The answerwhether we can find it or notlies in the concept of identity.

    答案--無論我們是否能找到它--都在於身份的概念。

  • Philosophers describe identity as the relation that a thing bears only to itself.

    哲學家們把身份描述為一個事物只對自己承擔的關係。

  • So, whatever makes a thing uniquely what it is defines its identity.

    所以,凡是使一個事物成為獨一無二的東西,就決定了它的身份。

  • And if two things are identical, theyre said to share an identity relation.

    而如果兩個事物是相同的,就說它們有共同的身份關係。

  • Now, whether two things are the same might seem blindingly obvious.

    現在,兩件事情是否相同,可能看起來很盲目。

  • But of course it isn’t. Because: philosophy.

    但當然不是。因為:哲學。

  • The philosophy of identity can get pretty slippery, largely because, like the Ship of Theseus, things change.

    身份哲學可能會變得非常滑稽,主要是因為,就像忒修斯之船一樣,事情會發生變化。

  • And when they do, they eventually stop being what they are, and become something else.

    當他們這樣做的時候,他們最終會停止他們的本性,而成為另一種東西。

  • This goes not just for mythological ships, but for all kinds of things.

    這不僅適用於神話船,還適用於各種事物。

  • Like, this mug can acquire a new identity. And this money.

    就像,這個杯子可以獲得一個新的身份。還有這個錢。

  • And you. And evenBatman.

    還有你甚至還有...

  • [Theme Music]

    [主題音樂]

  • So, riddle me this: Is Batman identical to Bruce Wayne?

    那麼,請你猜猜看蝙蝠俠和布魯斯韋恩一樣嗎?

  • And when I sayidentical,” I don’t mean that they just look alike.

    當我說 "一模一樣 "的時候,我並不是說他們只是長得很像。

  • I mean that they share the same identitytheyre literally one and the same.

    我的意思是說,他們有著相同的身份--他們從字面上看是同一個人。

  • So, you might think the answer is yes

    所以,你可能認為答案是肯定的------。

  • Bruce Wayne and Batman are identical because everyone knows that Bruce Wayne is the man behind the cowl.

    布魯斯-韋恩和蝙蝠俠是一樣的,因為大家都知道,布魯斯-韋恩才是頭巾背後的男人。

  • Not only that, you might say: Bruce Wayne is the very essence of Batman.

    不僅如此,你可能會說。布魯斯・韋恩是蝙蝠俠的精髓。

  • He saw his parents get killed in that alley. He became the Dark Knight.

    他看到自己的父母在那條巷子裡被殺。他成為了黑暗騎士

  • No one else could take his place.

    沒有人可以取代他的位置。

  • But hold up. People have taken his place.

    但是等一下人們已經取代了他的位置。

  • It turns out that Dick Grayson, the original Robin, has pinch-hit for Batman,

    原來,迪克-格雷森,原來的羅賓,已經替補蝙蝠俠。

  • donning the cape and cowl to protect the streets of Gotham in his boss’s absence.

    穿上披風和斗篷在老闆不在的時候保護哥譚的街道。

  • And so has Police Commissioner Jim Gordon.

    警察局長吉姆-戈登也是如此。

  • After Bruce Wayne was reported dead, he reluctantly accepted the role himself.

    在布魯斯-韋恩被報道死亡後,他自己勉強接受了這個角色。

  • Both of those guys have been Batman.

    這兩個人都曾是蝙蝠俠。

  • So if the person inside the costume doesn’t make Batman Batman, then what does?

    所以,如果服裝裡面的人不能讓蝙蝠俠成為蝙蝠俠,那麼什麼可以呢?

  • 17th century German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz came up with a principle

    17世紀的德國哲學家戈特弗裡德-威廉-萊布尼茨提出了一個原則。

  • that might help us solve the puzzle of Who Batman Is.

    也許能幫助我們解決 "蝙蝠俠是誰 "這個難題。

  • He called it the Indiscernibility of Identicals.

    他把它叫做 "同人不分"。

  • The idea is that, if any two things are identical, then they must share all the same properties.

    這個想法是,如果任何兩個東西是相同的,那麼它們一定具有所有相同的屬性。

  • If Leibniz is right, then the Ship of Theseus became a new ship as soon as that first plank of wood was replaced.

    如果萊布尼茨是對的,那麼特修斯之船一換上那第一塊木板,就成了一艘新船。

  • As soon as its parts were not all original, then the ship suddenly acquired a new property.

    只要它的零件不全是原裝的,那麼這艘船就會突然獲得新的屬性。

  • And with a new property came a new identity.

    而新的財產也有了新的身份。

  • So likewise, Bruce Wayne and Batman can’t be identical, because they have different properties.

    所以同樣,布魯斯-韋恩和蝙蝠俠也不可能完全相同,因為他們的屬性不同。

  • Bruce Wayne, for example, has the property of being a millionaire playboy, but Batman doesn’t.

    比如布魯斯-韋恩就有百萬富翁花花公子的屬性,但蝙蝠俠沒有。

  • That guy is all business.

    這傢伙是所有的業務。

  • Meanwhile, Batman has the property of having fought the Joker, but Bruce Wayne doesn’t.

    同時,蝙蝠俠擁有與小丑戰鬥過的屬性,但布魯斯-韋恩沒有。

  • And the different versions of Batman aren’t identical to each other either.

    而且不同版本的蝙蝠俠之間也不完全相同。

  • Because the person wearing the costume, even if it’s the exact same costumewhich it usually isn’t –

    因為穿著這套服裝的人,即使是完全一樣的服裝--通常不是--也是如此。

  • is going to have different combat techniques, and even, say, a different moral code.

    是會有不同的戰鬥技巧,甚至說,有不同的道德規範。

  • So, is there a limit to how much something can change, and still be the same thing?

    那麼,一個東西能改變多少,還是一樣的東西,有沒有一個限度呢?

  • Let’s head over to the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy.

    讓我們到思想泡影來了解一下閃電哲學。

  • Think about this little puzzler, originally offered by contemporary American philosopher Alan Gibbard.

    想一想這個小謎題,最初是由美國當代哲學家艾倫-吉巴德提供的。

  • A sculptor takes a lump of clay, and names it Lumpl.

    雕塑家把一塊粘土,命名為Lumpl。

  • She then forms Lumpl into a statue, which she names Goliath.

    然後,她將Lumpl塑造成一尊雕像,並將其命名為Goliath。

  • Are Lumpl and Goliath identical?

    Lumpl和Goliath是一樣的嗎?

  • Our intuition might say yes, because theyre composed of exactly the same amount of the same physical stuff.

    我們的直覺可能會說是的,因為它們是由完全相同數量的相同物理材料組成的。

  • It’s been kneaded and molded into a different shape, but still:

    雖然被揉成了不同的形狀,但還是。

  • No part of Lumpl is not Goliath, and no part of Goliath is not Lumpl.

    Lumpl沒有一部分不是Goliath,Goliath也沒有一部分不是Lumpl。

  • But consider this: If we wreck the statue, and smush into into a big blob, Goliath is gone,

    但是考慮到這一點。如果我們毀了雕像,把它砸成一個大圓球,歌利亞就會消失。

  • because part of what it means to be Goliath is to be shaped like a statue.

    因為作為歌利亞的意義之一,就是形如雕像。

  • But, Lumpl, being a lump, doesn’t have a set shape.

    但是,Lumpl作為一個疙瘩,並沒有固定的形狀。

  • So it will remain, after Goliath has been destroyed.

    所以,在歌利亞被毀滅之後,它還會繼續存在。

  • So on one hand, Gibbard observed, Lumpl and Goliath seem to be identical,

    所以,一方面,吉伯德觀察到,Lumpl和Goliath似乎是相同的。

  • because theyre the same exact thing, just in different shapes.

    因為它們是一模一樣的東西,只是形狀不同。

  • But on the other hand, how can Lumpl and Goliath be identical, if one can exist while the other does not?

    但另一方面,如果一個可以存在,而另一個不存在,那麼Lumpl和Goliath怎麼可能完全相同呢?

  • Thanks, Thought Bubble! One way to try and make sense of identity, and explain how an object endures over time,

    謝謝你,思想保麗龍!一種試圖讓身份變得有意義的方式,並解釋一個物體如何隨著時間的推移而經久不衰。

  • is by making a distinction between what we call essential and accidental properties.

    是通過區分我們所說的本質屬性和偶然屬性。

  • Essential properties are the core elements needed for a thing to be the thing that it is.

    基本屬性是一個事物成為事物所需要的核心要素。

  • Accidental properties are traits that could be taken away from an object without making it a different thing.

    意外屬性是指可以從一個物體上拿走的特性,而不會使它成為不同的東西。

  • Think about a dog. A dog without a tail is still a dog.

    想一想一條狗。沒有尾巴的狗還是狗。

  • Give him a shave, or a silly poodle doo, don’t let it barkyou still have a dog.

    給它刮個鬍子,或者傻傻的貴賓犬嘟嘟嘴,別讓它叫--你還有一隻狗。

  • So all those things are all accidental properties, and theyre pretty easy to pick out.

    所以這些東西都是意外屬性,很容易挑出來。

  • But it can be really tough to find its essential properties, the things that,

    但要找到它的本質屬性,真的很難。

  • if they were absent, would make the dog not a dog anymore.

    如果他們不在,會讓狗不再是狗。

  • And the more something changes, the harder it can be to determine its identity.

    而越是變化的東西,越是難以確定其身份。

  • A tree can lose its leaves and still be a tree.

    一棵樹可以失去葉子,但仍然是一棵樹。

  • But if you cut the tree up and make it into a bunch of notebooks, is it still a tree?

    但是,如果你把這棵樹切開,做成一堆筆記本,它還是一棵樹嗎?

  • And if you think a notebook is not a tree, then at what point in the process did the tree lose its tree-ness?

    而如果你認為筆記本不是一棵樹,那麼這棵樹在什麼時候失去了樹性?

  • Was it when it was cut down, and thus no longer living?

    是什麼時候被砍掉的,從而不再生活?

  • Maybe. But isn’t a dead tree still a tree?

    也許是吧但死了的樹不還是一棵樹嗎?

  • Or did it happen when the dead tree was cut into pieces, and was lying on the ground?

    還是死樹被砍成碎片,躺在地上的時候發生的?

  • Did it make a difference when those pieces were collected?

    這些作品在收集的時候有什麼不同嗎?

  • How about when they were ground up into pulp?

    那當他們被磨成漿的時候呢?

  • The tree stopped being a tree when its essential property was lost.

    當樹的本質屬性喪失後,樹就不再是樹了。

  • But when exactly that happened depends on your perspective.

    但具體是什麼時候發生的,就看你的角度了。

  • Plus, many thinkers reject the concept of essential properties altogether.

    另外,許多思想家完全拒絕本質屬性的概念。

  • Existentialists, for example, deny the very existence of essential properties.

    例如,存在主義者否認本質屬性的存在。

  • And ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus famously said that you can’t step in the same river twice.

    而古希臘哲學家赫拉克利特有句名言:你不能在同一條河裡踩兩次。

  • What he meant was: Nothing is identical to itself because everything

    他的意思是:沒有什麼東西和它本身是一樣的,因為所有的東西

  • including both you and the riveris changing all the time.

    - 包括你和河流--都在不斷變化。

  • So not only is the Ship of Theseus a new ship by the time it gets to Theseus,

    所以不僅到了特修斯之船是一艘新船。

  • but it was a new ship the first time anything about it changed!

    但這是一艘新船,它的任何變化都是第一次!

  • Now, it’s amusing enough to think about whether ships and trees endure over time,

    現在,想想船和樹是否經得起時間的考驗,已經很有趣了。

  • or what makes Batman Batman.

    或者說蝙蝠俠之所以是蝙蝠俠。

  • But, ultimately, why should you care? How does this affect your life?

    但是,歸根結底,你為什麼要關心?這對你的生活有什麼影響?

  • Well, if objects are important to you,

    好吧,如果對象對你很重要。

  • then youll want to know whether you have the same object that you think you have.

    那麼你就會想知道你是否有和你認為的一樣的對象。

  • And, when it comes to tangible stuff, we tend to value persistent identity.

    而在有形的東西上,我們往往會重視持久的身份。

  • If you take $20 out of my wallet to buy lunch and then stop at an ATM and replace it,

    如果你從我的錢包裡拿出20塊錢去買午飯,然後在ATM機上停下來換錢。

  • is the money you gave me identical to what I had this morning?

    你給我的錢和我今天早上的錢一樣嗎?

  • If Nick breaks my favorite coffee mug here, and replaces it with a new one and I can’t tell the difference,

    如果Nick把我最喜歡的咖啡杯打碎了 然後換上一個新的 我就看不出區別了

  • do I still have the same mug I started with?

    我還有我開始用的那個杯子嗎?

  • What if your dog runs away while I’m house-sitting for you,

    如果你的狗跑掉了怎麼辦,而我在幫你看家。

  • and I replace your dog with a new dog so similar that you can’t tell? Is it the same dog?

    而我用一隻新的狗代替你的狗,以至於你無法分辨?是同一條狗嗎?

  • What’s the difference between the money and the cups and the dogs?

    錢和杯具和狗有什麼區別?

  • Philosophers actually have a word that explains why we think one $20 bill is the same as another,

    哲學家們其實有一個詞可以解釋為什麼我們認為一張20元的鈔票和另一張一樣。

  • but one corgi isn’t the same as her cosmetically identical sister.

    但有一隻柯基犬和她外表相同的妹妹不一樣。

  • It’s fungibilitythe property of being interchangeable with other objects of the same kind.

    這就是可變性--可與其他同類物體互換的特性。

  • Most people think that money is fungible, because it’s just a place-holder for the value it represents

    大多數人認為,錢是可以變現的,因為它只是它所代表的價值的一個放置者----------。

  • and it’s the value that we really care about.

    而這才是我們真正關心的價值。

  • As long as there’s a $20 bill in my wallet to buy me some nice Thai drunken noodles,

    只要錢包裡有20元的鈔票,就可以給我買點好吃的泰國醉面。

  • I really don’t care whether it’s the same one I put there or not

    我真的不在乎是不是我放的那個--------。

  • although I would like to know why youre digging around in my wallet.

    雖然我很想知道你為什麼在我的錢包裡翻來翻去。

  • Now the coffee mugthis one is interesting.

    現在的咖啡杯......這個很有意思。

  • It seems like what matters here is why that mug that Nick broke was my favorite.

    看來這裡最重要的是,為什麼尼克打碎的那個杯子是我的最愛。

  • If I loved it because it’s the perfect size and shape to fit in my hands, and it keeps my coffee warm,

    如果我喜歡它,是因為它的大小和形狀非常適合我的手,而且它能讓我的咖啡保持溫暖。

  • then I’d probably be just as happy with a new one.

    那麼我可能會和新的一樣高興。

  • So in that case, the mug appears to be fungible.

    所以在這種情況下,這個杯子似乎是可以變通的。

  • But if I love the mug for personal reasons

    但如果我因為個人原因喜歡這個杯子----------。

  • like, say it was the first Crash Course Philosophy mug ever manufactured, or it was a gift from my Dad.

    就像,說它是第一個哲學速成班的杯子,或者是我爸爸送的禮物。

  • Then a new one, even if it’s cosmetically the same, wouldn’t mean the same thing to me.

    那麼一個新的,即使外觀上一樣,對我的意義也不一樣。

  • Because it might be that what I care about isn’t the mug at all, but some sort of abstract idea behind the mug

    因為可能我關心的根本不是杯子,而是杯子背後的某種抽象理念----------。

  • like my love for Crash Course, or the connection between Dad and me.

    比如我對《速成班》的熱愛,比如爸爸和我之間的聯繫。

  • In any case, I gotta ask, Nick just be more careful when youre around my stuff.

    無論如何,我得問,尼克... ...當你在我的東西周圍的時候,要小心點。

  • Today weve learned about different ways of understanding identity

    今天我們學習了不同的理解身份的方法--。

  • including the Indiscernibility of Identicals, and essential and accidental properties.

    包括相同物的不可辨性,以及本質和意外屬性。

  • We thought about how change does and doesn’t affect identity, and what it means for a thing to persist over time.

    我們思考了變化對身份的影響和不影響,以及一個事物長期存在的意義。

  • And next time, were going to take what weve learned about identity, and apply it to personal identity

    下一次,我們將把我們所學到的關於身份的知識,應用到個人身份上----。

  • thinking about what connects this guy to me.

    想著是什麼把這傢伙和我聯繫在一起。

  • This episode of Crash Course Philosophy is made possible by Squarespace.

    本集《哲學速成班》由Squarespace提供。

  • Squarespace is a way to create a website, blog or online store for you and your ideas.

    Squarespace是一種為你和你的想法創建網站、博客或在線商店的方式。

  • Squarespace features a user-friendly interface, custom templates and a 24/7 customer support team.

    Squarespace的特點是用戶友好的界面、自定義模板和24/7的客戶支持團隊。

  • Try Squarespace at squarespace.com/crashcourse for a special offer.

    請在squarespace.com/crashcourse嘗試Squarespace,以獲得特別優惠。

  • Squarespace: share your passion with the world.

    Squarespace:與世界分享你的激情。

  • Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.

    哲學速成班》是與PBS數字工作室聯合制作的。

  • You can head over to their channel to check out some amazing shows like

    你可以到他們的頻道查看一些令人驚奇的節目,如

  • The Art Assignment, Blank on Blank, and Braincraft.

    藝術作業》、《空白的空白》、《腦筋急轉彎》。

  • This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio

    本集《速成班》是在謝麗爾-C-金尼博士速成班工作室拍攝的。

  • with the help of all of these awesome people and our equally fantastic graphics team is Thought Cafe.

    在所有這些了不起的人的幫助下,我們同樣神奇的圖形團隊是Thought Cafe。

Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace.

速成哲學由Squarespace為您帶來。

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單字即點即查 點擊單字可以查詢單字解釋