Although I do share a similar lack of hair to Ken.

不過我跟 Ken 一樣頭髮很少

We do have Ken's daughter in the house as well, which is great,

今天好棒 Ken 的女兒也在現場

but I'm not going to humiliate her by bringing her up on stage,

但我不會故意要她上台讓她難堪

because that wouldn't be fair.

那樣不公平

What I'm going to do instead is basically talk to you about Ken.

我現在要跟你們說說 Ken 的事

Sadly, Ken wasn't able to join us today.

很遺憾 他今天無法來到現場

He lives in L.A. You may or may not know.

你可能知道他住在洛杉磯

But we thought it was appropriate, as he's the officially...

因為他 2006 和 2010 年的演講

the most watched TED speaker ever, with his 2006 and 2010 talks

讓他成為有史以來點閱率最高的演講人

being watched 200 million times in 150 countries,

在一百五十個國家 累積了兩億的點閱次數

we thought it was appropriate that he did the intro to the event.

我們認為讓他做這次活動的開場 是至為恰當的

Sir Ken has also been working with us curating this event,

Sir Ken 也是這次活動的策劃者之一

so he's really integral to it.

他非常的重要

So, I'd like to introduce to you Ken Robinson.

所以 我想跟你們介紹 Ken Robinson

[Applause]

［掌聲］

Good morning and welcome to TEDxLondon and the Education Revolution.

早安 歡迎來到 TEDxLondon 教育改革系列

I'm Ken Robinson and firstly let me say

我是 Ken Robinson 容我先說

I'm sorry not to be with you today at the Roundhouse.

我很抱歉今天無法跟你們 在 Roundhouse 會面

I would love to have been there.

我真希望我能在現場

I have a great affection for the Roundhouse and for London.

我非常愛 Roundhouse 和倫敦

Unfortunately, I have to be in Los Angeles,

很可惜 我必須待在洛杉磯

which of course has its own benefits.

當然這也是有好處

This event has been organised by TEDxLondon,

這個活動是由 TEDxLondon 策劃

and I wanted to thank all the people who've put it together

我要感謝所有讓他實現的人

and have worked so hard over the past few months

過去幾個月他們都非常辛努

to make it work as an event in its own right.

讓它能成功舉辦

But I also wanted to say a couple of word of thanks,

不過我還要感謝他們

because the event, to some extent, has been triggered

因為這個活動某種程度是

by the second talk that I gave at TED in Long Beach.

是受我在長灘市的TED演講所引發的

I spoke at TED originally in 2006 and talked about creativity,

2006年 我第一次在TED發表 有關創造力的演講

and Chris Anderson asked me to go back and talk again four years later

四年後 Chris Anderson 再次邀請我去演說

and I thought of that really as the sequel

而我把那當作是續集

and I called then for our efforts to be redoubled

當時我說我們要加倍努力

to revolutionise education.

來改革教育

So, today is an opportunity to develop some of those ideas

所以 今天是我們透過所有即將上台的演講者

through all the speakers that you'll be hearing

來發揚那些點子

and in the conversations you'll be having between the sessions.

在中場休息間 你們會有對話

So I wanted just to give a few thoughts about the direction

所以我想先給你們

in which these conversations might go and why I thought it was important

接下來談話的方向

to talk about the need for revolution in education in the first place.

和為甚麼我認為教育改革很重要

It's actually very appropriate that you should be meeting at the Roundhouse.

你們相聚在 Roundhouse 是再適合不過的

The Roundhouse, if you've not been there before,

如果你不曾來過或知道 有關 Roundhouse

has a long history in cultural policy and agitation.

其實它在文化政策與融合有源遠歷史

It was a centre for Arnold Wesker, Centre 42,

這是個Arnold Wesker的一家中心 第四十二號中心

which was named after a proposition that the trades unions put together

是行業工會命名的

to promote cultural access and cultural equity.

主要提倡文化交流與文化平權

I also saw a lot of productions at the Roundhouse in the '60s and '70s.

我在六七十年代也曾看過很多 Roundhouse 的作品

That would be the 1960s, by the way, and 1970s.

那是1960 與1970年代之間

And one of them was by Peter Brook, and I'm going to come back to that,

其中之一是 Peter Brook 的作品 我晚點會再提到

just before I wrap these comments up.

在我總結這個故事前

But I wanted to, firstly, congratulate and welcome the other speakers.

首先我要恭喜並歡迎其他的演講者

I know of their work.

我知道他們的成就

I particularly wanted to mention Jude Kelly, who'll be speaking shortly.

我特別想說的是 Jude Kelly 他很快就會上台來演講

Jude and I have worked together for a very long time,

Jude 是我長時間合作的夥伴

Jude does wonderful work at the Southbank Centre,

Jude 在 Southbank Centre 做得很棒

but we also worked together 10 years ago on a report for the British Government

十年前 我們也為英國政府共同研究過

called "All Our Futures: Creativity, Culture, and Education"

一個叫做 “我們的未來：創造力， 文化和教育” 的研究

and Jude's work, like mine, crosses over

而 Jude 的工作跟我一樣

from the professional arts into education and beyond.

由專業藝術橫跨到教育甚至更廣

So, I wanted to say that you're in good company today for this conversation

你們今天的同伴都很棒

and there's great expertise in the audience.

而觀眾群中也有許多專家

The reason I think we need a revolution is really captured

我認為我們需要改革的重點

in a phrase you hear politicians often misuse.

是一句常備政治家誤用的話

They talk about the need to "get back to basics" in education,

他們說需要把“教育帶回基礎”

and I think we should.

我認為那是對的

The problem, I think, is that many politicians,

問題是，我認為，那麼多的政治家中

when they say "get back to basics,"

當他們說回到基礎

seem to believe the basics are a group of subjects

他們似乎相信基礎是指一些

that they did when they were at school,

他們讀書時所學的科目

and in particular, they tend to emphasise

通常，它們涵蓋

literacy and numeracy and science.

文學和數學和科學

Well, of course, they're fantastically important,

當然，這些相當重要

but the basics of education are not a group of subjects.

但教育的基礎並非一些科目

The basics in education are fundamental purposes

而是教育的最根本目的

and I'd hope that you'd bear these purposes in mind

我希望你能把這些記在心裡

during the day's conversations and the debates and issues,

在今天的對話和辯論和議題中

which I hope will flow from today.

我希望在今天以後還會繼續

There are three basics, as I see it.

我將它們分為三個基本目的

Not in particular order of priority,

不分先後次序

though I have a reason for putting them in this sequence.

不過我有這樣排序的理由

The first of them is economic.

第一是經濟

Education has powerful roles in economic growth,

教育在經濟增長、發展和永續性上

development, and sustainability

都扮演了相當重要的角色

and any conversation about education that doesn't take account of the economy

所以任何沒有考慮到 經濟因素的教育對話

is really in some respects detached and naive from the world that we live in.

都在某層面上是與現實世界脫節和天真

The problem is that the economies that we are now generating around the world

問題在現在全世界的經濟體

are quite unlike the economies in which people,

與人們特別是我的世代

certainly of my generation, grew up in,

從小認識的經濟體相當不一樣

and completely unlike the ones in which public education was conceived.

更與全民教育構想的經濟體大為不同

The economies of the 21st century demand that we develop our skills

21世紀的經濟發展需要我們

of creativity and innovation and a great multiplicity of human talents.

開發創意、革新還有多元的技能

Our education systems don't do that.

我們的教育體制 卻沒做到這些技能的開發

So, one of the reasons for a revolution is to meet economic purposes.

所以，教育改革的一大目的 是為了符合經濟需求

But the second is cultural.

但第二個目的是文化

Education has fundamental roles in enabling our students,

教育有基本的角色是教導學生

at whatever age they happen to be,

不論年紀

to understand their own cultural backgrounds,

都能理解自己的文化背景

their own histories and traditions,

自己國家的歷史和傳統

their own identity and what shaped and formed it,

自己的角色和這個身份的價值

but it has equal responsibilities to encourage them

並且鼓勵他們去理解別人的文化

to understand other people's cultures.

也是同樣重要的

The great challenges that we face on the planet just now

我們當今面世界臨的最大挑戰

are partly environmental, but they're also partly cultural.

部分是環境因素但 也有部分是文化所造成的

The great conflicts around the world

世界上最大的衝突

are born out of cultural mistrust and misunderstanding.

都是因為文化間的不信任和誤解產生

So, the cultural roles of education are fundamental

所以，文化是教育的根本

and that has real implications for the curriculum.

它對學校課綱具影響力

But the third – and I come to it last because it's, to me,

但第三，我把它放到最後

the bridge into everything that matters to me

因為對我來說 它是通往一切意義的橋樑

in education, as we start to build for the future –

教育，當我們開始建設未來

the third of them is personal.

第三個是個人化

Education in the end is about people.

教育始終是關於人的

It's about individuals.

是關於每一個個別的

It's about their hopes and their aspirations.

是關於每個人的願望和期許

It's about their talents and their abilities and their passions.

有關於他們的才華 他們的能力和所熱衷的

A lot of people are dropping out of education,

很多人在選擇輟學

a lot of people are staying in, but detaching from it,

很多人還待在學校但是與教育脫節

and they all have personal reasons for doing that.

他們都有私人原因做這些決定

Education is not a mechanistic process,

教育不是一個機械化的過程

it's a process that depends upon the imaginations

教育是一個超越你能想像的過程

and interests of students being properly engaged.

學生的興趣需要被重視

So, at the root of my call for a revolution

所以，我所認為的教育改革的最終目的

is the need to personalise education,

是一個個人化的教育

and I say it because, particularly over the last 10 or 15 years,

我這麼說是因為，在過去10至15年間

education has in a way become more and more impersonal.

教育似乎越來越制式化

The more the governments have driven to standardise education,

政府越是規範課程內容

the more they've driven education towards a narrow view of conformity,

越是把教育退向更窄的道路

the less personal it's become.

讓教育更不符合個人需求

So, the root of the revolution, to me, is the need to reverse our priorities

所以，對我來說改革的根本是 我們必須改變優次

and focus on the students and the teachers.

優先重視學生和老師

I mentioned Peter Brook. I used to go to the Roundhouse in the '70s

我先前提到 Peter Brook 70年代我常去 Roundhouse

and I saw a number of productions by Peter Brook.

看過無數 Peter Brook 的作品

Peter Brook, if you don't know, was a theater director, still is.

Peter Brook 是一名舞台劇導演

He was involved with the National Theatre,

他曾活躍於國家戲劇院

the Royal Shakespeare Theatre,

和皇家莎士比亞戲劇院

and then he moved to Paris to set up a centre for theatre research.

後來他搬到巴黎 開設了一家戲劇研究中心

I remember seeing his production of "The Ik" at the Roundhouse,

我記得在 Roundhouse 看過他導的"The Ik"

when the Roundhouse was a centre for innovative theatre in the '70s.

'70年代，Roundhouse 是帶領創新劇院的中心

Peter Brook wrote a book a number of years ago, called "The Empty Space"

Peter Brook 多年前寫一本稱 "The Empty Space" 的書

and in it, he talks about his interest in making theatre

書中他談到他的興趣是讓舞台劇

the most powerful experience it can be

變成為最震撼的經驗

and his argument really is that a lot of theatre experience

他的論點是，很多舞台劇其實

is not terribly powerful;

並非都很讓人震撼

it passes the evening, but it would have passed anyway,

它讓我度過了一個黃昏，但時間總是會過的

and that theatre has transformative potential.

舞台劇具有改造潛能

So his interest is in plumbing that potential.

所以他的興趣是尋找改造的空間

And he says, to do that, to make theatre the most powerful thing it can be,

他說要讓戲劇成為最震撼的事

we have to focus on what it really is,

我們必須聚焦在戲劇是什麼

and he suggests a kind of thought experiment.

他提議了一種想法的實驗

He said, "if you were to take an average theatre performance,

他說“如果讓你從普遍的戲劇中

what could you take away from it and still have theatre?"

拿走一些不改變戲劇本質的東西 你要拿走什麼？”

This is a way of getting to the irreducible minimum of theatre.

這是一種最簡化舞台劇的方式

"Well," he said, "you can take away the curtains,

他說“你可以拿走布幕

you can take away the scripts –a lot of theatre doesn't have scripts–

你可以拿走劇本（很多舞台劇都沒有劇本）

you can certainly get rid of the director –a lot of theatre didn't have directors–

你可以不要導演（很多舞台劇也沒有導演）

you could get away with the lighting, as long as you can see it,

只要你看到甚至可以不要燈光設備

actually, even if you can't,

其實，看不到也沒關係

you could get away with the stage crew,

你可以不需要舞台工作人員

you could... in fact, you could get rid of the building."

你甚至能不要在劇院裡。”

He said, "You don't need any of this, really, for theatre.

他說 “你真的不需要這些

What you do need, all you need for theatre,

你唯一需要的是

is an actor in a space and somebody watching.

一個演員和觀眾

It could just be one other person, but an actor with an audience, that's it.

只要有這兩個人就夠了

The actor performs a drama,

演員演出戲劇

the fact of it being witnessed by an audience,

有一名觀眾目睹他的演出

that relationship is theatre."

戲劇的關係就成立了。”

And he said, "If we're interested in making theatre powerful,

他還說”如果我們對把舞台劇劇 變得更加震撼感興趣

we should focus our efforts on that relationship

我們就該聚焦在他們之中的關係

and on making it the best it can be."

和把它做到最好。”

And he said, "We should never add anything to it, unless it improves it.

他還說：”我們永不應該增加別的因素 除非能讓他更好。

If it's a distraction, get rid of it."

如果它讓你分心，就應該把它剔除。“

Well, you see, the parallel with education to me is absolutely exact.

對我來說，跟教育同行的東西相當明確

In education, in the end, what we're talking about

在教育裡最終的目的

is the relationship between teachers and students,

就是師生之間的關係

between somebody learning and somebody helping.

是一個學習者與幫助人之間的互動

Sometimes it's self-help, of course.

當然，很多時候是指自學

But it's that relationship that matters and over time what's happened

這樣的師生關係是重要的，但隨著時間

is that relationship has become obscured

這樣的關係在很多方面

and encrusted and obliterated in some respects

都被變得模糊，被蒙蔽、抹煞

by every type of distraction, national policy sometimes,

因為各種分心的東西，像國家政策

by testing regimes where they don't contribute to the process,

在過程中毫無貢獻的考試制度

by bargaining rights, by subject loyalties, by building codes.

爭權，忠於科目和建立法規

It's like an old painting that's disappeared

它像是一幅在一層一層的油漆

under layers and layers of varnish.

底下已消失的畫作

And I find it interesting, people can talk all day

我發現很有趣的是人們整天談論教育

about education, but never mention learning.

卻從來不提到學習

And therefore, what I'm arguing is that the education revolution

所以我要說的是教育改革

has to be based on a radical commitment

要建基在基本的承詻

to improving learning, however that happens.

是去改善學習

It's not about curricula in themselves, it's about the quality of that.

這不是關於課程內容而是它的品質

And you can have all kinds of things going on in education, around it,

我們有相當多跟教育有關的事要做

but unless learning is deepened and improved,

但除非我們改善和加深學習

and that means making it personal,

這表示讓教育個人化

then nothing really else matters very much.

不然，其他的都不重要了

So, it leads me to suggest some core principles

所以這讓我想介紹一些核心重點

for taking the revolution forward.

來帶動這一場改革

The first is that education has to be personalised.

第一個就是把教育個人化

Every student has their own story,

每一個學生都有自己的故事

every student has their own menu of interests and of talents.

每個學生都有自己的專長和興趣

It has to be about them.

教育有關他們的

It has to be about improving the motivation and opportunity

我們需要增加教師發揮創意

for creativity of teachers.

的動機和機會

Teaching is an art form. It's not just a delivery system.

教學是一種藝術 不只是傳遞知識的系統

Great teachers are people who know how to mediate their material,

一個好的教師知道如何將它的教材

in a way that really does inspire the imaginations

啓發想像力

and ignite the creativity of their students.

和點燃學生的創造力

Secondly, education has to be customised.

第二，教育應該是度身訂造的

Wherever students learn, that is the education system for them.

學生在哪裡，教育系統就從哪裡開始

It's not the committee rooms of our parliament buildings,

它不在國會大樓的會議室

it's not the board rooms of our examinations boards.

或由考試委員會的會議室

Education happens in the schools or learning communities that students attend

教育是學生就讀的學校或學習群體

and that for them is the system.

那是每個學生專屬的教育體制

So, customising education to those students, to this place,

所以要為學生們度身打造學習系統

these needs, this community, is absolutely critical.

社區是非常重要的

And the other key principle to me is diversity.

另一個主要因素是多元

Our current drive towards standardisation offends the principle of diversity

現在的制式化違反了尊重多元的原則

on which human life depends and flourishes.

那是我們人類生命所依靠和得以繁茂的

If you're a parent or a sibling

如果你是一位家長或兄弟姐妹

and you have a couple of children or a couple of siblings,