So I'll be talking about the success of my campus,

馬里蘭大學巴爾的摩分校，UMBC

the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC,

它教育各種類型的學生

in educating students of all types,

涵蓋藝術、人文、科學及工程領域

across the arts and humanities and the science and engineering areas.

我們的故事格外重要的原因是

What makes our story especially important

我們從這群學生身上學到許多東西

is that we have learned so much from a group of students

他們並非典型的學術佼佼者－

who are typically not at the top of the academic ladder --

例如有色人種學生 某些領域中的弱勢學生

students of color, students underrepresented in selected areas.

這個故事格外獨特的原因是

And what makes the story especially unique

我們學會如何幫助 非裔美籍學生、拉丁裔學生

is that we have learned how to help African-American students, Latino students,

低收入家庭學生

students from low-income backgrounds,

成為世上頂尖的理工人才

to become some of the best in the world in science and engineering.

因此我打算以我童年的故事作為開場白

And so I begin with a story about my childhood.

我們都深受童年經歷影響

We all are products of our childhood experiences.

很難想像這已是50年前的往事

It's hard for me to believe that it's been 50 years

當時我是 阿拉巴馬州伯明罕的九年級學生

since I had the experience of being a ninth grade kid in Birmingham, Alabama,

一位喜愛拿 A 的孩子

a kid who loved getting A's,

一位喜愛數學及閱讀的孩子

a kid who loved math, who loved to read,

一位會對老師這麼說的孩子－

a kid who would say to the teacher --

當老師對全班說 :「作業是10個習題」

when the teacher said, "Here are 10 problems," to the class,

這名胖小子會說 :「再多給我們10個」

this little fat kid would say, "Give us 10 more."

全班同學會說 :「閉嘴，Freeman」

And the whole class would say, "Shut up, Freeman."

每天有一位同學負責踹我椅背

And there was a designated kicker every day.

因此我總是抱著這個疑問：

And so I was always asking this question:

「如何才能使更多孩子真心喜愛學習？」

"Well how could we get more kids to really love to learn?"

令人驚訝的是，某個週末，在教會裡

And amazingly, one week in church,

我根本不想待在那裡

when I really didn't want to be there

我被安置在房間後方做數學習題

and I was in the back of the room being placated by doing math problems,

我聽見某人說：

I heard this man say this:

「如果我們能讓孩子

"If we can get the children

參加伯明罕的和平示威

to participate in this peaceful demonstration here in Birmingham,

就能讓美國人民瞭解 甚至連孩子也明白是非之分

we can show America that even children know the difference between right and wrong

孩子確實希望盡可能獲得最好的教育」

and that children really do want to get the best possible education."

我抬起頭來，問道 :「那個人是誰？」

And I looked up and said, "Who is that man?"

他們說他是馬丁‧路德‧金恩博士

And they said his name was Dr. Martin Luther King.

我對父母說 :「我非去不可」

And I said to my parents, "I've got to go.

「我想去，我想參加」

I want to go. I want to be a part of this."

他們說 :「想都別想」

And they said, "Absolutely not."

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

所以我們發生了一些摩擦

And we had a rough go of it.

坦白說，當時孩子不太跟父母頂嘴

And at that time, quite frankly, you really did not talk back to your parents.

於是我說 :「知道嗎，你們都是偽君子」

And somehow I said, "You know, you guys are hypocrites.

「你們要我上教堂、要我聽話」

You make me go to this. You make me listen.

「那個人希望我參加，你們卻不允許」

The man wants me to go, and now you say no."

他們考慮了一整晚

And they thought about it all night.

隔天早上，他們走進我房間

And they came into my room the next morning.

他們徹夜未眠

They had not slept.

他們整晚哭泣、祈禱和思考

They had been literally crying and praying and thinking,

「我們該讓12歲兒子

"Will we let our 12-year-old

參加這場遊行，搞不好進監獄嗎？」

participate in this march and probably have to go to jail?"

他們決定讓我參加

And they decided to do it.

當他們進房告訴我時

And when they came in to tell me,

起初我十分興奮

I was at first elated.

接著我突然想起警犬和消防水管之類的

And then all of a sudden I began thinking about the dogs and the fire hoses,

我開始害怕起來，嚇得要命

and I got really scared, I really did.

我經常與眾人分享的其中一個領悟是

And one of the points I make to people all the time

有時，當人們做出勇敢的事

is that sometimes when people do things that are courageous,

並不意味著他們真的那麼勇敢

it doesn't really mean that they're that courageous.

只是意味著他們認為這件事十分重要

It simply means that they believe it's important to do it.

我想擁有更好的教育

I wanted a better education.

我不想只能擁有別人剩下不要的書籍

I did not want to have to have hand-me-down books.

我想知道我就讀的學校裡

I wanted to know that the school I attended

不僅有好老師，也有我們所需的資源

not only had good teachers, but the resources we needed.

而因為這場經歷

And as a result of that experience,

我仍在監獄的那週

in the middle of the week, while I was there in jail,

金恩博士對孩子們的父母說 :

Dr. King came and said with our parents,

「你們孩子當天所做的事

"What you children do this day

將影響所有尚未出生的孩子」

will have an impact on children who have not been born."

我最近赫然發覺，目前三分之二的美國人

I recently realized that two-thirds of Americans today

1963年時尚未出生

had not been born at the time of 1963.

因此對他們來說 當他們耳聞伯明罕兒童十字軍運動時

And so for them, when they hear about the Children's Crusade in Birmingham,

以許多方面來說 他們在電視上看見相關報導

in many ways, if they see it on TV,

就像我們觀賞 描述1863年的電影《林肯》一樣

it's like our looking at the 1863 "Lincoln" movie:

這已成為歷史

It's history.

真正的問題是，我們得到什麼教訓？

And the real question is, what lessons did we learn?

令人驚訝地，對我來說，最重要的是 :

Well amazingly, the most important for me was this:

孩子有權主宰他們的教育

That children can be empowered to take ownership of their education.

我們能夠教他們

They can be taught to be passionate

對於學習及提問充滿熱情

about wanting to learn and to love the idea of asking questions.

因此這具有十分重要的意義 :

And so it is especially significant

我目前領導的大學

that the university I now lead,

馬里蘭大學巴爾的摩分校，UMBC

the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC,

成立於我與金恩博士入獄的同年，1963年

was founded the very year I went to jail with Dr. King, in 1963.

創立這間機構格外重要的原因是

And what made that institutional founding especially important

如各位所知，馬里蘭州位於南方

is that Maryland is the South, as you know,

坦白說，它是當時本州第一所

and, quite frankly, it was the first university in our state

所有種族學生都能就讀的大學

founded at a time when students of all races could go there.

因此黑人、白人 及其他人種學生均前來就讀

And so we had black and white students and others who began to attend.

它如同進行了50年的實驗

And it has been for 50 years an experiment.

實驗內容是：

The experiment is this:

我國是否可能成立教育機構及大學

Is it possible to have institutions in our country, universities,

讓不同背景的人前來就讀、學習

where people from all backgrounds can come and learn

學習彼此合作、學習成為領袖

and learn to work together and learn to become leaders

學習互相支持？

and to support each other in that experience?

對我來說，這個經驗格外重要的原因是

Now what is especially important about that experience for me is this:

我們一開始發現可在藝術 人文及社會科學方面下功夫

We found that we could do a lot in the arts and humanities and social sciences.

因此我們於60年代開始致力於這項工作

And so we began to work on that, for years in the '60s.

我們培育了許多法律及人文領域的人才

And we produced a number of people in law, all the way to the humanities.

我們培育出傑出的藝術家 Beckett（著名劇作家）是我們的靈感來源

We produced great artists. Beckett is our muse.

本校許多學生進入劇院工作

A lot of our students get into theater.

這是一項了不起的成就

It's great work.

但我們面臨的問題 即美國長久以來面臨的問題－

The problem that we faced was the same problem America continues to face --

在於學習理工科目

that students in the sciences and engineering,

黑人學生很難順利畢業

black students were not succeeding.

但瀏覽這些數據時

But when I looked at the data,

我發現的是，一般而言

what I found was that, quite frankly, students in general,

大多數學生均無法順利完成這門學科

large numbers were not making it.

因此

And as a result of that,

我們決定做些能提供幫助的事

we decided to do something that would help, first of all,

首先針對弱勢族群－ 非裔美籍學生、西班牙裔學生

the group at the bottom, African-American students, and then Hispanic students.

慈善家 Robert 及 Jane Meyerhoff 說 「我們願意提供協助」

And Robert and Jane Meyerhoff, philanthropists, said, "We'd like to help."

Robert Meyerhoff 說 : 「為何當電視上出現黑人男孩時

Robert Meyerhoff said, "Why is it that everything I see on TV about black boys,

只要跟籃球無關，全是負面的報導？」

if it's not about basketball, is not positive?

「我想改變這一點，提供某些正面影響」

I'd like to make a difference, to do something that's positive."

我們整合所有想法 設立 Meyerhoff 獎學金計畫

We married those ideas, and we created this Meyerhoff Scholars program.

這個計畫讓我們從中學到許多

And what is significant about the program

這個計畫讓我們從中學到許多

is that we learned a number of things.

所以最重要的問題是 :

And the question is this:

我們如何成為引領全國 培育非裔美籍學生

How is it that now we lead the country in producing African-Americans

完成理工博士或醫學博士學位的學校？

who go on to complete Ph.D.'s in science and engineering and M.D./Ph.D.'s?

這是一個大成就 請給我一點掌聲，這是一個大成就

That's a big deal. Give me a hand for that. That's a big deal.

這是一大成就，確實如此

That's a big deal. It really is.

（掌聲）

(Applause)

其實，大多數人並不瞭解

You see, most people don't realize

並非僅有少數族裔學生 無法順利完成理工學業

that it's not just minorities who don't do well in science and engineering.

坦白說，美籍學生之中

Quite frankly, you're talking about Americans.

如果各位不清楚這一點 僅有20%最初主修理工科的

If you don't know it, while 20 percent of blacks and Hispanics

黑人及西班牙裔美國人

who begin with a major in science and engineering

順利取得理工學位

will actually graduate in science and engineering,

主修這些學科的白人，僅有32%

only 32 percent of whites who begin with majors in those areas

順利於這些領域畢業

actually succeed and graduate in those areas,

而僅有42%亞裔美國人能順利畢業

and only 42 percent of Asian-Americans.

因此真正的問題是，其中的挑戰為何？

And so, the real question is, what is the challenge?

其中一部分當然是 K-12 教育 （幼稚園到12年級）

Well a part of it, of course, is K-12.

我們必須加強 K-12 教育

We need to strengthen K-12.

但另一部分

But the other part has to do with the culture

與校園中的理工文化有關

of science and engineering on our campuses.

無論各位是否知道 許多SAT分數極高的學生

Whether you know it or not, large numbers of students with high SAT's

許多 A.P.（先修課程）成績極佳的學生

and large numbers of A.P. credits

就讀我國最負盛名的大學

who go to the most prestigious universities in our country

最初主修醫學或工程預科 最後卻改變主修科目

begin in pre-med or pre-engineering and engineering, and they end up changing their majors.

我們發現主要原因，坦白說

And the number one reason, we find, quite frankly,

在於他們無法順利完成大一科學課程

is they did not do well in first year science courses.

事實上，在美國 我們通常稱大一理工課程為

In fact, we call first year science and engineering, typically around America,

「淘汰課程」或「障礙課程」

weed-out courses or barrier courses.

在座有多少聽眾認識某個

How many of you in this audience know somebody

最初主修醫學或工程預科的人

who started off in pre-med or engineering

於一、兩年後改變主修科目？

and changed their major within a year or two?

這是美國面臨的挑戰，半數聽眾聽說過

It's an American challenge. Half of you in the room.

我瞭解、我瞭解…

I know. I know. I know.

令人感興趣的是

And what is interesting about that

許多學生其實十分聰明，能克服這個障礙

is that so many students are smart and can do it.

我們需要找到幫助他們的方法

We need to find ways of making it happen.

因此我們幫助少數族裔學生的四種方法－

So what are the four things we did to help minority students

現在也對一般學生有所幫助

that now are helping students in general?

第一點 : 高度期望

Number one: high expectations.

我們需要瞭解學生的學習狀況

It takes an understanding of the academic preparation of students --

他們的成績、寫作業的用心程度

their grades, the rigor of the course work,

考試技巧、學習態度

their test-taking skills, their attitude,

瞭解他們對學業的 熱誠及熱情才能做到這一點

the fire in their belly, the passion for the work, to make it.

因此幫助學生達成這個目標十分重要

And so doing things to help students prepare to be in that position, very important.

但同樣重要的是 他們必須瞭解，用功將使情況改觀

But equally important, it takes an understanding that it's hard work that makes the difference.

我不在乎你多聰明或自以為多聰明

I don't care how smart you are or how smart you think you are.

聰明僅意味著你準備開始學習

Smart simply means you're ready to learn.

學習令你興致勃勃，你渴望提出好問題

You're excited about learning and you want to ask good questions.

諾貝爾獎得主 I.I.Rabi 說 他於紐約成長的過程中

I. I. Rabi, a Nobel laureate, said that when he was growing up in New York,

所有朋友的父母都會問孩子 :

all of his friends' parents would ask them

「你在學校學了什麼？」當一天結束後

"What did you learn in school?" at the end of a day.

他說，相反地，他的猶太裔母親會問 :

And he said, in contrast, his Jewish mother would say,

「Izzy，你今天是否問了好問題？」

"Izzy, did you ask a good question today?"

因此高度期望與好奇心

And so high expectations have to do with curiosity

及鼓勵年輕人擁有好奇心有關

and encouraging young people to be curious.

為了達成高度期望的目標

And as a result of those high expectations,

我們開始尋找需要協助的學生

we began to find students we wanted to work with

看看能提供何種幫助

to see what could we do to help them,

不僅使他們克服理工科障礙

not simply to survive in science and engineering,

也使他們成為最棒、最傑出的學生

but to become the very best, to excel.

以下是個有趣的例子

Interestingly enough, an example:

一名在第一學期 拿C的小伙子想繼續唸醫學院

One young man who earned a C in the first course and wanted to go on to med school,

我們說 :「你必須重修這學期課程」

we said, "We need to have you retake the course,

「因為如果你打算進入 下個階段，就需要紮實的基礎」

because you need a strong foundation if you're going to move to the next level."

「每一門基礎課程 對下個階段來說都是關鍵」

Every foundation makes the difference in the next level.

他重修了那個學期

He retook the course.

那名小伙子順利從UMBC畢業

That young man went on to graduate from UMBC,

成為首位獲得賓州大學醫學博士的黑人

to become the first black to get the M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.

他現在任職於哈佛大學

He now works at Harvard.

很棒的故事，也請給他一點掌聲

Nice story. Give him a hand for that too.

（掌聲）

(Applause)

第二點、考試成績並非唯一

Secondly, it's not about test scores only.

考試成績很重要，但並非最重要的事

Test scores are important, but they're not the most important thing.

有位女學生 學習態度很好，但考試分數不高

One young woman had great grades, but test scores were not as high.

但她擁有一項十分重要的特質

But she had a factor that was very important.

K-12 教育過程中，她從未缺課過

She never missed a day of school, K-12.

這是對學習的熱誠

There was fire in that belly.

那名女孩孜孜不倦地學習 現在是約翰‧霍普金斯大學醫學博士

That young woman went on, and she is today with an M.D./Ph.D. from Hopkins.

她擔任教職，擁有精神病學 終身教職及神經科學博士學位

She's on the faculty, tenure track in psychiatry, Ph.D. in neuroscience.

她和她的指導教授擁有治療 糖尿病患者的威而鋼第二用途專利

She and her adviser have a patent on a second use of Viagra for diabetes patients.

請給她熱烈的掌聲…

Big hand for her. Big hand for her.

（掌聲）

(Applause)

因此高度期望十分重要

And so high expectations, very important.

其次是建立學生社群的想法

Secondly, the idea of building community among the students.

你們都知道，以理工科來說

You all know that so often in science and engineering

我們一向認為它十分棘手

we tend to think cutthroat.

我們並未教導學生以團體的方式學習

Students are not taught to work in groups.

這就是我們成立學生社群的原因

And that's what we work to do with that group

使他們瞭解彼此

to get them to understand each other,

建立彼此間的信任，使他們互相支持

to build trust among them, to support each other,

學習如何提出好問題

to learn how to ask good questions,

但同時學習如何清楚解釋自己的想法

but also to learn how to explain concepts with clarity.

如各位所知，靠自己的力量拿 A 是一回事

As you know, it's one thing to earn an A yourself,

協助他人取得好成績則是另一回事

it's another thing to help someone else do well.

因此這種責任感將使整個情況改觀

And so to feel that sense of responsibility makes all the difference in the world.

因此建立學生社群十分重要

So building community among those students, very important.

第三個想法是 藉由研究人員培育研究人員

Third, the idea of, it takes researchers to produce researchers.

無論是藉由藝術家培育藝術家

Whether you're talking about artists producing artists

或鼓勵學生投入社會科學

or you're talking about people getting into the social sciences,

無論哪門學科－ 尤其是理工科，如同藝術