Name: 恐龍真的滅絕了嗎？ (Did Dinosaurs Really Go Extinct?)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:09:02.000Z
Duration: 6 min 31 s

Maybe it's the power trying to come back on?

Not as scary, but scientifically speaking, it makes sense.

這並不可怕，而且以科學上來說是有可能的

The Jurassic Park movies are built around a dream: Using science, humans could one day

建造侏儸紀公園是一個夢想。藉由科學，人類總有一天可以

walk among the giant reptiles that used to rule the Earth.

走在這些巨大且曾經統治過地球的爬行動物

Spoiler alert: We already do. Thanks to science, we know our planet is home to 10,000 or so

劇透警告:來不及了。感謝科學，我們知道這個星球對於上萬種

species of living dinosaurs. We just call them birds.

活生生的恐龍也是個家。只是我們稱他們為鳥。

How do we know this is true? Let’s leave the nest, and bring birds’ place on the

我們如何知道這是真的呢? 放下鳥巢，來觀察鳥類

Everything on Earth with this sort of four-limbed, belly in the front, spine in the back,head

地球上的四足動物都有四肢，腹部在前，脊髓在後，

on top arrangement is a tetrapod. Last year we did a whole series on why tetrapod bodies

頭在上方。去年我們有一整個系列關於為什麼四足動物的身體

are shaped this way, so check that out here or down in the description.

會長這個樣子，所以我們可以在接下來的描述中印證。

Now, starting with a common ancestor of all tetrapods, amphibians branched off first,

現在，起始於所有四足動物的祖先，兩棲動物先演化出來

then us mammals, followed by turtles, lizards and snakes, and then the group we call archosaurs,

然後才是我們哺乳動物，像是烏龜，蜥蜴跟蛇，以及我們稱為祖龍類的族群，

which contains crocodilians, pterosaurs, and finally dinosaurs. Birds are in here.

包含了鱷魚目，翼龍目，以及最終的恐龍目。鳥類也包括在裡面。

Zoom in on the dinosaurs and we start to see some familiar faces from John Hammond’s

從John Hammond的島上放大檢視恐龍，我們會開始發現一些熟悉的角色。

island. There’s a lot there, but the important part is that the birds we know today didn’t

那裏有許多生物，但重要的是，恐龍目裡的鳥類還沒有

I don’t know about you, but when I look at a cassowary, I don’t need any convincing

我不知道你的看法如何，但是當我看著一隻鶴鴕，就使我確信

that birds are dinosaurs, but let’s assemble the evidence anyway.

鳥是恐龍的一種，但是還是讓我們收集一些證據吧。

When most of us think of dinosaurs, we think of bones. By comparing the skeletons of things

當我們想到恐龍時，我們會想到骨頭。藉由比較恐龍的骨頭，

that are very dinosaur-ish to things that are very bird-ish to the sort of dino-bird-ish

以及鳥類的骨頭，會發現他們都屬於

things in between, well, you’re about to look at chickens in a very different way.

龍鳥類的骨頭，從這個觀點出發，你也會覺得那雞也不是那麼簡單就是一隻雞而已

The most famous dinobird is our friend Archaeopteryx. Its fossils give us a look at the transition

最有名的龍鳥是我們的朋友始祖鳥。因為始祖鳥有鳥跟恐龍的特徵，

between scaly-reptiles and birdy-birds, because they share features from both.

我們可以由他的化石知道如何從有鱗的爬蟲類變成像鳥的鳥。

Like birds, its forelimbs were enlarged like wings, its pubic bone pointed toward its tail,

就像鳥類一樣，牠的前肢可以伸展到像翅膀一樣，恥骨指向尾巴

along with one of its toes, and it had fused clavicles. That’s right, just like your

並有一個腳趾沿著這個方向生長，而且有一個交叉的鎖骨。沒錯，就像你的

Thanksgiving turkey, dinos from T. rex to Archaeopteryx had wishbones.

感恩節火雞一樣，恐龍裡從暴龍到始祖鳥都有叉骨。

Now in the reptile column, these dinobirds had long tails, ribs around their belly, claws

在爬蟲類裡，這些龍鳥有長尾巴，腹部旁有肋骨，

on their fingers, and teeth. I’m so glad birds don’t have teeth anymore. Nightmare

指頭上面有爪，以及牙齒。我對鳥類不再具有牙齒感到欣慰。真恐怖

Dinosaurs became pretty front-heavy as their forelimbs got bigger, and later as they lost

恐龍因為前肢變大而重心向前，後來又失去他們的尾巴

their tails, so in order to not topple over they adopted a sort of crouching posture.

尾巴，所以為了不跌倒，只好去習慣蹲伏的姿勢。

We see it in birds from sparrows to ostriches today.

不管是從麻雀或是鴕鳥都可以看到這種現象

In one of the most hilarious experiments ever recorded, scientists attached prosthetic tails

曾有個有趣的實驗記錄，科學家在雞後面裝了

to chickens and sure enough, with the added weight in back, they adopted a more dino-like

假尾巴，並且增加雞的負重，雞就會像恐龍一樣

We think that how birds move their wings during flight even matches how Velociraptors and

我們認為鳥類在飛行中使用翅膀的方法，跟迅猛龍及

their relatives would snap their forelimbs out to grab prey, but don’t worry, despite

他的親戚們用前肢獵捕獵物的方法一樣，不過別擔心，儘管

what the movies say, they were only about knee-high.

電影是那樣演，他們也只有膝蓋那麼高。

Oh, and those clever girls should have been covered in feathers!

噢，而且那些聰明的女孩們應該擁有羽毛的。

Scientists have unearthed dozens of fossils showing evidence of feathered dinosaurs, but

科學家發現了數十件的化石可以證明恐龍是有羽毛的，但是

for some reason Jurassic Park and other dino movies have a strict no-plumage policy.

因為某些原因，侏儸紀公園跟其他的恐龍電影施行了嚴格的「沒羽毛」政策。

Feather forms ranged from simple quills with just a few branches, like what we see in baby

羽毛範圍從單純的鵝毛筆上的一些羽毛，就像我們在看小小鳥一樣，到

birds, to full-fledged fabulous feathers. Some fossil feathers even tell us what color

到羽翼豐滿那樣都是。一些化石羽毛甚至可以告訴我們

他是什麼顏色，噢，真是毛茸茸!

We’re not quite sure when birds took to the air, but extinct dinosaurs were were too

我們還不太確定鳥是何時可以飛行的，但是已絕種的恐龍是

heavy to have used feathers for flight. They probably served other colorful purposes instead.

因為太重而不能使用牠們的羽毛飛行。他們應該有彩色羽毛的其他用途。

Birds today are tetrachromats, meaning they have four color receptors compared to our

現代鳥類擁有四色視覺，意味者他們擁有四種顏色的受器而不是我們的

three. Many of them can see down in the ultraviolet range, meaning they see colored plumage, like

三種。大部分的鳥類可以察覺紫外光以下的所有光線，代表他們可以看見更色彩斑斕的羽毛，

these beautiful painted buntings, in ways that we can’t even imagine.

就像這些可愛的頰白鳥，以一種我們無法想像的方法。

Today, birds use that exotic plumage and their ultra-vision to put on some pretty amazing

現在，鳥類利用特別的羽毛及他們的紫外視覺，去完成他們相當令人驚艷的

mating rituals. Extinct dinosaurs definitely had feathers,

求偶儀式。 已經滅絕的恐龍絕對擁有羽毛，

and they probably shared this tetrachromacy, so what’s to say that we wouldn’t find

並且也可能擁有四色視覺，為什麼會說我們無法在侏儸紀公園

In a previous video, I talked about how the T. rex roar in Jurassic park was made from

在之前的影片裡，我有說明過如何合成小象，老虎跟鱷魚的叫聲

a mixture of a baby elephant, a tiger, and an alligator, but what did dinosaurs really

來當成暴龍的吼聲，但是真的恐龍叫聲

sound like? Birds today create their symphonies using an organ called a syrinx, and their

聽起來又是什麼樣子的呢? 現代鳥類利用鳴管這個器官來發出「交響曲」，而他們的大腦

brains have evolved specially to create and decode those complex songs.

也特化成可以製造及解讀這些複雜的歌曲。

Unfortunately, dinosaurs lacked both of these adaptations. So while we couldn’t teach

不幸的是，恐龍缺乏這兩種演化器官。所以當我們可以象教鸚鵡一樣

a dinosaur to talk like a parrot, it’s likely that they made some interesting noises.

教恐龍說話時，他們很有可能會發出一些有趣的叫聲。

The large hollow crest of Parasaurolophus could have been used as a sort of resonator.

擁有大型中空頭冠的櫛龍也許會使用類似共振器的器官。

Scientists from Sandia Labs reconstructed what that might have sounded like.

Sandia實驗室的科學家再現了那個聲音聽起來是怎麼樣的。

Why did birds survive as the rest of their reptilian cousins drifted off into the great

為什麼鳥類可以在天空中存活，而他的爬蟲類表親們都

fossil pit in the sky? Why don’t we have T. rex-sized parrots?

變成巨大化石了呢? 為什麼我們沒有像暴龍一樣大的鸚鵡呢?

Well, after the meteor strike in the Yucatan, plants became more scarce, and without enough

呃，在隕石撞擊猶加敦半島之後，植物變得很罕見，在沒有足夠

food, big-bodied herbivores went extinct along with the large carnivores that ate them. But

食物的情況下，大型食草動物及獵食食草動物的肉食動物一一走向滅亡。但是

smaller meat-eating dinosaurs, the same lineages that led to birds, were able to survive with

小型的食肉恐龍，跟鳥類有相同血統的那些，可以以

較小的身體及較少的食物來生存。

From fossil to feathers, it’s clear that birds make their nest in the tree of life

從化石到羽毛，很明顯的，鳥類在樹上築巢的生活模式，

right next to creatures that haven’t walked the Earth for 65 million years. They aren’t

就像那些已經六千五百萬年未在地球上行走的生物。他們不是

relatives of dinosaurs, they are dinosaurs.