mean. In this video I am going to explain and simplify these terms for you.

意思是在本視頻中，我將為您解釋並簡化這些術語。

Before we even get into it you may be asking yourself: Why do we ask students to learn

在我們開始討論之前，你可能會問自己：我們為什麼要求學生學習

this stuff? Students need to learn these terms and how they apply to research so they can

這些東西？學生需要學習這些術語以及它們如何應用於研究，這樣他們才能

look at a study and decide for themselves if it makes sense. Once you understand it

研究報告，然後自己決定是否有意義。一旦你理解了它

you can critique it and make better decisions about what should be applied to your practice.

你可以對其進行批判，並做出更好的決定，確定哪些應用於你的實踐。

Ontology is a fancy word for beliefs about reality. Different kinds of research are founded

本體論是一個花哨的詞，指關於現實的信念。不同類型的研究建立在

on different beliefs about what we think truth is. Do you think that truth even exists? What

我們認為真理是什麼？你認為真理存在嗎？什麼是真理？

is true?

是真的嗎？

What we think reality is will shape what we think we can know about reality. That is why

我們對現實的看法會影響我們對現實的認識。這就是為什麼

it is important to understand ontology when you are learning about and critiquing research.

在學習和評論研究時，瞭解本體論非常重要。

Philosophies about reality can be divided in different ways. When you are just starting

關於現實的哲學可以有不同的劃分。當你剛剛開始

to learn about research it helps to understand the two types of ontology that are essentially

要了解研究，就必須瞭解兩種本體論，它們的本質是

opposites: Realism and Relativism. Once you understand these two types of ontology you

對立面：現實主義和相對主義。一旦你理解了這兩種本體論，你就會

can more easily understand others. In this video I am only going to talk about realism

更容易理解他人。在本視頻中，我只談現實主義

and relativism, but in my book I also talk about critical realism and historical realism

和相對主義，但在我的書中，我也談到了批判現實主義和歷史現實主義

as they apply to different approaches to research.

因為它們適用於不同的研究方法。

First let's talk about realism. In a nutshell realists believe that one truth exists. Truth

首先讓我們談談現實主義。一言以蔽之，現實主義者認為只有一種真理存在。真理

does not change. Realists believe that the truth can be discovered using objective measurements.

不會改變。現實主義者認為，真理可以通過客觀測量來發現。

Once you find out what the truth is you can generalize it to other situations.

一旦你發現了真相，就可以將其推廣到其他情況中。

If you can wrap your head around this view of reality, even if you don’t totally agree

如果你能理解這種對現實的看法，即使你並不完全同意

with it, you will understand why research that is based on this view of reality is designed

有了它，你就會明白為什麼基於這種現實觀點的研究會被設計為

the way that it is. If this is what the researcher thinks about reality it will influence every

的方式。如果這就是研究者對現實的看法，那麼它就會影響每一個人。

single decision that is made in the study.

研究中做出的每一個決定。

The opposite view of reality is called relativism. If you look at what I just said about realism

與之相反的現實主義觀點被稱為相對主義。如果你看看我剛才所說的現實主義

you can probably guess that everything relativists believe is the exact opposite of what realists

你也許能猜到，相對主義者所相信的一切，都與現實主義者所相信的完全相反

believe.

相信。

Using that logic you know that relativists believe in multiple versions of reality - what

按照這種邏輯，你就知道相對論者相信現實有多種版本--什麼？

is real depends on the meaning you attach to truth. Truth does not exist without meaning.

是否真實取決於你賦予真理的意義。沒有意義的真理是不存在的。

Since reality is created by how we see things it evolves and changes depending on your experiences.

既然現實是由我們看待事物的方式所創造的，那麼它就會隨著你的經歷而發展變化。

If reality is context bound it cannot be generalized. It can only be transferred to other similar

如果現實是受環境限制的，那麼它就不能被普遍化。它只能轉移到其他類似的

contexts.

背景。

Epistemology is another fancy word that basically means what relationship the researcher has

認識論是另一個花哨的詞，基本意思是研究者與研究對象之間的關係

with the research. So, how do we get knowledge? How do we discover new things?

與研究。那麼，我們如何獲取知識？我們如何發現新事物？

Ontological beliefs will dictate epistemological beliefs. Let me say that again in another

本體論信念將決定認識論信念。讓我用另一種方式再說一遍

way. What the researcher believes about the nature of reality will dictate the kind of

方式。研究者對現實本質的看法將決定其研究方式。

relationship they think the researcher should have with whatever is being studied.

他們認為研究人員與研究對象之間的關係。

There are two basic sets of beliefs about how we should gather new knowledge.

關於我們應該如何收集新知識，有兩套基本信念。

Some researchers believe that research should be done in an objective way so that the researcher

一些研究人員認為，研究應以客觀的方式進行，以便研究人員

does not influence the data that is gathered. They think that in order to find out what

不影響所收集的數據。他們認為，為了找出

the truth is the researcher needs to stay as far away from the research as they can

事實上，研究人員需要儘可能遠離研究工作

so that they can get an objective measurement.

這樣他們就能得到客觀的測量結果。

This approach is also known as an etic approach to research. The word etic basically means

這種方法也被稱為 etic 研究方法。etic 一詞的基本意思是

taking an outsider’s view of someone else’s situation.

以局外人的眼光看待別人的處境。

So, if you use a fishbowl to represent someone’s situation that is being researched the researcher

是以，如果用魚缸來代表被研究者的情況，研究者就會

taking an etic approach would want to look at the fishbowl from the outside, measure

採用等效方法，就會希望從外部觀察魚缸，測量

it and make observations without ever touching it.

並在不接觸它的情況下進行觀察。

If we go back to look at the two major opposing views of reality, which one do you think leads

如果我們回過頭來看看現實的兩大對立觀點，你認為哪一個會導致

to this etic approach to conducting research?

以這種等式方法開展研究？

That is right, realism! If you think that truth exists that can be objectively measured

沒錯，現實主義！如果你認為真理的存在是可以客觀衡量的

then of course you want to stand back, look at your fishbowl and try to measure it without

然後，你當然要退後一步，看著你的魚缸，試著測量它，而不要

disturbing the reality you are studying.

擾亂你所研究的現實。

The opposite approach to research would be taking an emic approach. An emic approach

與之相反的研究方法是情感研究方法。情感研究法

is used by researchers that believe in a subjective approach to reality. Interacting with people

是由相信主觀現實的研究人員使用的。與人互動

to find out what truth means to them is needed. So these researchers would want to get inside

需要了解真相對他們意味著什麼。是以，這些研究人員希望深入

the fishbowl. The potential influence of the researcher on what is being researched is

魚缸。研究人員對研究內容的潛在影響是

acknowledged, sometimes avoided or sometimes even embraced. Interaction is seen as a necessary

有時被承認，有時被迴避，有時甚至被接受。互動被視為一種必要的

thing to gain in-depth understandings of what is going on.

深入瞭解正在發生的事情。

What ontology do you think leads to this way to approaching research?

您認為是什麼本體論導致了這種研究方法？

That is right, relativism! Remember that relativists believe that the truth is created by meanings

沒錯，相對主義！請記住，相對主義者認為真理是由意義創造的

and experiences. In order to understand someone’s experience and the context that shaped it

和經歷。為了瞭解某人的經歷及其形成背景

you need to dig deep and talk to them.

你需要深入調查並與他們交談。

Methodology is another fancy word that means how knowledge is discovered and analysed in

方法論是另一個花哨的詞，指的是如何發現和分析知識。

a systematic way. Don’t confuse methodology with methods. Yes, they are closely related

有系統的方法。不要混淆方法論和方法。是的，它們密切相關

but the term methodology refers to philosophies that guide how knowledge should be gathered.

但 "方法論 "一詞指的是指導如何收集知識的理念。

The term methods, on the other hand, is specific to a data gathering techniques like interviews

而 "方法"（methods）一詞則專指數據收集技術，如訪談

or surveys.

或調查。

Methodology can be divided based on the ontological and epistemological beliefs that led to them.

方法論可根據其產生的本體論和認識論信念進行劃分。

For the purposes of this video I want you to take a guess what ontology and epistemology

在本視頻中，我想讓你們猜猜什麼是本體論和認識論。

would be linked to an experimental methodology.

將與實驗方法掛鉤。

Let me give you a hint. The purpose of an experiment is to prove that one thing caused

讓我給你一個提示。實驗的目的是證明一件事情導致了

another.

另一個

That is right, experiments are designed to discover the truth so they are based on a

沒錯，實驗的目的是發現真理，是以它們是建立在以下基礎上的

realist ontology and an etic epistemology. How can you tell? Well, they are looking for

現實主義本體論和等價物認識論。怎麼看出來的？那麼，他們正在尋找

one truth. The methodology behind experimental research is built on the idea that data should

一個真理。實驗研究背後的方法論建立在這樣的理念之上，即數據應該

be discovered and analysed in an objective way. Since they are wanting to be objective

客觀地發現和分析。既然他們想要客觀

they are looking at the topic from the outside, which means they are using an etic epistemology.

他們是從外部來看待這一主題的，這意味著他們使用的是一種等式認識論。

The experimental methodology is planned in advance to eliminate the influence of as many

實驗方法是事先計劃好的，以儘可能消除以下因素的影響

contextual factors as possible since the only way these researchers believe that truth can

因為這些研究人員認為，只有這樣，真理才能

be discovered is to remove it from it’s context.

要發現它，就必須將其從上下文中移除。

Quantitative researchers want to make generalizations based on their results. An experiment uses

定量研究人員希望根據研究結果進行歸納總結。實驗使用

a deductive approach to analysis. That means that the study will start with a theory. From

演繹分析法。這意味著研究將從理論開始。從

that theory hypotheses will be developed. You normally see the hypotheses explicitly

理論假設。你通常會看到明確的假設

stated at the beginning of the methodology section or just before it. These hypotheses

在 "方法論 "部分的開頭或之前說明。這些假設

are then tested. Specific data is collected and analysed to either prove or disprove the

然後進行測試。收集和分析具體數據，以證明或反駁

original hypothesis.

最初的假設。

Since the experimental research is designed to be objective the methods in an experiment

由於實驗研究的目的是客觀，是以實驗方法

will likely include surveys and other objective measurements like weight, height, blood pressure

可能包括調查和其他客觀測量，如體重、身高、血壓等

and so on.

等等。

How about another example. What ontological and epistemological beliefs lead to a phenomenological

再舉一個例子如何？什麼樣的本體論和認識論信念會導致現象學的

study? Let me give you another hint … phenomenology is designed to explore lived experiences.

研究？讓我再給你一個提示......現象學旨在探索生活經驗。

Often researchers will do in-depth interviews with people to collect information and understand

研究人員通常會對人們進行深入訪談，以收集資訊並瞭解

the context of the experience.

體驗的背景。

I hope you picked up on the keywords in that question. Experiences, in-depth, interviews,

希望你能注意到問題中的關鍵詞。經歷、深入、採訪、

context … all of these words only make sense if the researcher is using a relativist ontology.

語境......所有這些詞只有在研究者使用相對主義本體論時才有意義。

The fact that interviews are being done to explore and understand the context of a situation

進行訪談是為了探索和了解情況的來龍去脈

means an emic epistemology is being used.

意味著使用的是 emic 認識論。

In a phenomenological methodology research design decisions are made based on complex

在現象學方法中，研究設計決策是基於複雜的

philosophies about how data should be collected and analysed. But basically they start talking

關於如何收集和分析數據的理念。但基本上他們開始談論

to participants to gather as much specific information as they can about a situation.

讓參與者儘可能多地收集有關情況的具體資訊。

Then they look for patterns or common findings in their data. From those patterns tentative

然後，他們從數據中尋找模式或共同發現。從這些模式中初步

hypotheses are created even though they are not usually labeled as hypotheses in the actual

即使在實際操作中，這些假設通常不會被標註為假設，但它們還是會被創建出來。

study because that is a quantitative term. These hypotheses are used to promote more

因為這是一個量化術語。這些假設用於促進更多

research and eventually general conclusions or theories are developed. When results are

研究，最終形成一般性結論或理論。當研究結果

presented they are always linked to the context that was studied. This kind of logic that

它們總是與所研究的背景相關聯。這種邏輯

is most commonly (but not always) associated with qualitative research is called inductive

最常見（但不總是）與定性研究相關的方法被稱為歸納法

reasoning.

推理。

Remember, your ontology dictates your epistemology which dictates your methodology which dictates

記住，本體論決定認識論，認識論決定方法論，方法論決定本體論。

your methods. All of this needs to make sense for the question you are asking since in reality

你的方法。所有這些都需要對您提出的問題有意義，因為實際上

the question drives everything. If you can understand the basics of realism and relativism

問題決定一切。如果你能理解現實主義和相對主義的基本原理

you can use logic to match everything else about research epistemology and methodology

你可以用邏輯來匹配研究認識論和方法論的其他一切內容

to the appropriate paradigm as long as you know what the other terms mean.

只要你知道其他術語的含義，就可以將它們與相應的範例聯繫起來。

Let’s say you are looking at another article and you notice that they are describing patterns

比方說，您在閱讀另一篇文章時，注意到他們正在描述模式

among a large group of people using statistics. If you had to guess, what do you think the

在一大群人中使用統計數據。如果讓您猜測，您認為

ontology and epistemology that lead to this approach is?

導致這種方法的本體論和認識論是什麼？

Most times the article will explicitly tell you if it is quantitative or qualitative , but

大多數情況下，文章會明確告訴你是定量還是定性，但是

sometimes it won’t. Another way to tell if your methodology is quantitative or qualitative

有時不會。判斷方法是定量還是定性的另一種方法是

in nature is to look at the use of statistics and the sample size.

其本質是研究統計數據的使用和樣本量。

Typically quantitative research uses statistics and large sample sizes.

定量研究通常使用統計數據和大樣本量。

Qualitative research on the other hand uses smaller sample sizes and thematic analysis.

定性研究則使用較小的樣本量和專題分析。

Sometimes it is more complicated than that so make sure you look beyond the sample and

有時情況會比這更復雜，是以，請確保您的視線不侷限於樣本，而且

statistics to confirm your guess.

統計數據證實了你的猜測。

Do you think that makes sense based on what we have discussed so far? Please comment below

根據我們目前討論的內容，您認為這合理嗎？請在下面發表評論

to let me know if you can make sense of the reasoning.

讓我知道你是否能理解其中的道理。

I hope you have found this video helpful. For more about the basics of this complex

希望本視頻對您有所幫助。瞭解更多有關這一複雜問題的基礎知識

terminology please read my book and let me know if you have any other questions. I also

術語請閱讀我的書，如有任何其他問題，請告訴我。我還

have a few other videos about research philosophy you might want to check out. Sometimes all

還有一些關於研究哲學的視頻，你可能想看看。有時所有

you need to do to understand something is to hear it explained in a few different ways.

要理解一件事，你需要做的就是多聽幾種不同的解釋。

That is why I have multiple videos on this topic.

這就是為什麼我有多個關於這個主題的視頻。

If you take a moment to explore my channel you will see that I have other videos on this

如果您花點時間瀏覽一下我的頻道，就會發現我還有其他關於這個主題的視頻。

same topic that explain things in other ways. If you like my videos please press the like

同樣的主題，用其他方式來解釋。如果您喜歡我的視頻，請點擊 "喜歡"。

button and subscribe to be notified when new videos are released.

按鈕並訂閱，以便在發佈新視頻時收到通知。