we believe that images can change the world.

都相信照片可以改變世界

Okay, we're naive, we're bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.

好吧，我們是很天真，而且還不知天高地厚

The truth is that we know that the

事實上我們知道

images themselves don't change the world,

照片本身並不會改變世界

but we're also aware that, since the beginning of photography,

我們也瞭解，自從攝影問世以來

images have provoked reactions in people,

照片開始對人們產生影響

and those reactions have caused change to happen.

而且促使人們採取行動去改變世界

So let's begin with a group of images.

那麼我們先來看一些照片

I'd be extremely surprised

我覺得你們應該都看過這些照片

if you didn't recognize many or most of them.

至少認得其中幾張

They're best described as iconic:

這些都是經典的照片

so iconic, perhaps, they're cliches.

相當經典，或許有人覺得己經過時了

In fact, they're so well-known

事實上，這些經典照片

that you might even recognize them

就算有些小小的改變

in a slightly or somewhat different form.

你還是會認得出來

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But I think we're looking for something more.

但我想談的不只這些照片

We're looking for something more.

還有一些別的東西

We're looking for images that shine

我想要談的是在關鍵時刻

an uncompromising light on crucial issues,

發出堅定光芒的照片

images that transcend borders, that transcend religions,

超越國界的照片、超越宗教的照片

images that provoke us

那些促使我們

to step up and do something --

挺身而出

in other words, to act.

採取行動的照片

Well, this image you've all seen.

嗯，你們一定看過這張照片

It changed our view of the physical world.

它改變了我們觀看世界的角度

We had never seen our planet from this perspective before.

我們以前從來沒有從這個角度看過自己的星球

Many people credit

許多人相信

a lot of the birth of the environmental movement

現在的環保運動之所以會興起

to our seeing the planet like this

是因為這張照片

for the first time --

因為我們第一次

its smallness, its fragility.

看到地球的渺小與脆弱

Forty years later, this group, more than most,

40年之後，這些環保團體開始注意到

are well aware of the destructive power

人類對於自身的環境

that our species can wield over our environment.

具有毁滅性的破壞力

And at last, we appear to be doing something about it.

所以，我們開始對此採取一些行動

This destructive power takes many different forms.

這些毁滅性的破壞力具有不同的面貌

For example, these images taken by Brent Stirton

例如，Brent Stirton在剛果

in the Congo.

所拍攝的這些照片

These gorillas were murdered, some would even say crucified,

這些大猩猩被人類殘殺，有人覺得他們像是被釘在十字架上

and unsurprisingly,

當然

they sparked international outrage.

這些照片引起了國際憤怒

Most recently,

最近

we've been tragically reminded of the destructive power of nature itself

我們目睹大自然所帶來毁滅性的破壞力

with the recent earthquake in Haiti.

在海地地震中所造成的悲劇

Well, I think what is far worse

我則認為

is man's destructive power over man.

這和人類自相殘殺所造成的悲劇比起來，算不上什麼

Samuel Pisar, an Auschwitz survivor, said,

Samuel Pisar是奧許維茲集中營的倖存者

and I'll quote him,

我引用他說的話

"The Holocaust teaches us that nature,

納粹對猶太人的屠殺讓我們瞭解到

even in its cruelest moments,

一旦人類喪失自己的道德準則和行為正義

is benign in comparison with man,

就算和最殘暴的大自然相比

when he loses his moral compass and his reason."

大自然都還算仁慈的多

There's another kind of crucifixion.

人類還有其他的暴行

The horrifying images from Abu Ghraib

伊拉克美軍虐囚案

as well as the images from Guantanamo

及關達納摩監獄裡令人震驚的照片

had a profound impact.

都對世人產生深遠的影響

The publication of those images,

相較於這些照片本身

as opposed to the images themselves,

這些照片公諸於世

caused a government to change its policies.

讓政府改變政策

Some would argue that it is those images

但是有人卻認為這些照片

that did more to fuel the insurgency in Iraq

反而助長了伊拉克的暴動

than virtually any other single act.

是其他的具體行動無法相比

Furthermore, those images forever removed

還有人認為這些照片

the so-called moral high ground of the occupying forces.

摧毁了駐地美軍自以為是的高道德觀

Let's go back a little.

讓我們回顧歷史

In the 1960s and 1970s,

在1960到1970年之間

the Vietnam War was basically shown

越戰的畫面基本上充斥於

in America's living rooms day in, day out.

每天的電視新聞

News photos brought people face to face

新聞迫使每個人去面對

with the victims of the war: a little girl burned by napalm,

戰爭中的受害者，一個小女孩被汽油彈燒傷

a student killed by the National Guard

一個在俄亥俄州Kent州立大學就讀的大學生

at Kent State University in Ohio during a protest.

因為參與抗議而被鎮暴部隊殺害

In fact, these images became

這些照片反而成為

the voices of protest themselves.

最有力的抗議聲音

Now, images have power

某些照片

to shed light of understanding

甚至會散發出光芒

on suspicion, ignorance,

讓我們在猜疑與忽視中產生同理心

and in particular -- I've given a lot of talks on this

尤其是針對愛滋病的議題

but I'll just show one image --

我曾針對這個議題發表過許多演說

the issue of HIV/AIDS.

但我只打算讓你們看這張照片

In the 1980s, the stigmatization of people with the disease

在1980年代人們對愛滋病污名化

was an enormous barrier

造成大部分的人

to even discussing or addressing it.

都不願意討論或提及這個問題

A simple act, in 1987, of the most famous woman in the world,

然而在1987年，世界上最有名的一位女士，她做了一個簡單的動作

the Princess of Wales, touching

黛安娜王妃

an HIV/AIDS infected baby

抱起染上愛滋病的嬰孩

did a great deal, especially in Europe, to stop that.

就讓大部分的人接納了愛滋病，尤其是歐洲人

She, better than most, knew the power of an image.

她比任何人都瞭解影像的力量

So when we are confronted by a powerful image,

當我們面對一張具有影響力的照片時

we all have a choice:

我們可以有所選擇

We can look away, or we can address the image.

我們可以假裝沒看到，或是我們可以讓這張照片曝光

Thankfully, when these photos appeared in

很慶幸的，當這些照片

The Guardian in 1998,

在1998年刊載於英國衛報

they put a lot of focus and attention and, in the end, a lot of money

世人開始注意這個問題，開始投入大量金錢

towards the Sudan famine relief efforts.

援助蘇丹的饑荒難民

Did the images change the world?

這些照片是否改變了世界？

No, but they had a major impact.

不是，但是他們具有極大的影響力

Images often push us to question our core beliefs

照片通常會讓我們質疑自己的中心信念

and our responsibilities to each other.

以及我們對世界的責任

We all saw those images after Katrina,

我們都看過卡崔娜颶風災後的照片

and I think for millions of people

而且我相信看過照片的千百萬民眾

they had a very strong impact.

內心都有強烈的衝擊

And I think it's very unlikely

我深刻認為

that they were far from the minds of Americans

全美民眾的心是一致的

when they went to vote in November 2008.

尤其是他們在2008年十一月前往投票的時候

Unfortunately, some very important images

很不幸的，有些非常重要的照片

are deemed too graphic or disturbing for us to see them.

由於太過寫實而不忍足睹

I'll show you one photo here,

請看看這張照片

and it's a photo by Eugene Richards of an Iraq War veteran

Eugene Richards為一位伊拉克戰爭退伍士兵

from an extraordinary piece of work,

所拍攝的卓越照片

which has never been published, called War Is Personal.

從未對外公開，命名為“我一個人的戰爭”

But images don't need to be graphic

照片並不一定要如此寫實

in order to remind us of the tragedy of war.

才能喚起我們注意到戰爭的悲慘

John Moore set up this photo at Arlington Cemetery.

John Moore在阿靈頓公墓拍攝了這張照片

After all the tense moments of conflict

在所有緊張對峙和衝突之後

in all the conflict zones of the world,

在世界上所有爆發戰爭區域

there's one photograph from a much quieter place

有一張來自寂靜角落的照片

that haunts me still, much more than the others.

一直縈繞在我心頭

Ansel Adams said, and I'm going to disagree with him,

Ansel Adams曾說過，但我並不贊同

"You don't take a photograph, you make it."

你不是在拍攝照片，你是在創造照片

In my view, it's not the photographer who makes the photo,

在我看來，照片並不是由攝影師創造

it's you.

而是由你們創造

We bring to each image

我們為每一張照片

our own values, our own belief systems,

賦予我們自己的價值觀、我們自己的信念

and as a result of that, the image resonates with us.

因此，我們拍攝的照片將反映出自己的想法

My company has 70 million images.

我的公司裡有七千萬張照片

I have one image in my office.

我放了一張在我的辦公室

Here it is.

就是這張

I hope that the next time you see

我希望下次你們在看

an image that sparks something in you,

某張能引發你思考的照片時

you'll better understand why,

你會瞭解其中的原因

and I know that speaking to this audience,

而且我知道，在聽了我的演說之後

you'll definitely do something about it.

你們將會有所行動

And thank you to all the photographers.

我要謝謝所有的攝影師

(Applause)

(掌聲)