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  • Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace.

    速成的哲學課是由 Squarespace 提供

  • Squarespace: share your passion with the world.

    Squarespace:與全世界分享你的熱忱

  • I'm Hank Green, and you and I are about to embark on a journey.

    我是漢克 ‧ 葛林,我們將展開一段旅程

  • A journey of inquiry, into the whole world. Your world.

    一個探究世界的旅程,尤其是你的世界

  • In an effort to figure out: what gives it meaning, what makes it beautiful, where its

    為了能夠理解:什麼賦予它意義、什麼使它美妙、

  • evils come from, and ultimately, what is the very nature of reality itself.

    邪惡從何而來、以及最後,什麼是自然的最根本

  • And along the way, we're going to question every aspect of your own personal life -- why

    沿途中,我們將針對你人生的每個面向提出問題:

  • you do what you do, why you think what you think, why you feel what you feel.

    為什麼你會這麼做、為什麼你會思考這件事、為什麼你會對你會有所知覺

  • Now, if youve joined me on Crash Course before, you might say, weve learned about

    現在,如果你和我一同參與過速成班,你可能會說,我們已經

  • all that stuff before -- in psychology, and biology, and anatomy and physiology.

    在心理學、生物學、解剖學以及生理學都學過這些東西了

  • And it’s true: Science can definitely help us understand our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

    的確,科學確實能幫助我們去了解我們的思維、感知及行為

  • But on this particular journey, were going to be exploring aspects of the human condition that can’t

    但在這趟旅程中,我們將要探索那些無法解釋的人類行為面向,

  • be explained only by hormones or neurotransmitters, by personal experiences or hereditary conditions.

    像是荷爾蒙和神經傳導物質、個人感受或是遺傳

  • Because all of those chemicals and experiences that make us who we are, can actually raise

    因為那些化學元素和經驗感受造就了現在的我們,針對這些

  • as many questions as they answer.

    實際上可以提出更多的提問和答案

  • Like, if all of my decisions really are just the result of, say, how I was raised, and

    就像說,假如我所有的行為能力是因...我被怎麼撫養、

  • what chemicals I have flowing in my brain, then are any of my choices actually free?

    那些在我腦內的化學物質流動所導致,那麼我還有任何選擇是自由的嗎?

  • And if I’m not truly free to make my own decisions, or choose my own actions, then

    如果我沒辦法自由的做決定,或是決定我的行為,那麼

  • how can I be held accountable for them?

    我要如何對我的行為負責任呢?

  • Yeah. It’s going to be that kind of journey.

    是的,這將會是一場奇幻旅程

  • Rather than just looking at the world and describing what we see, well be evaluating it.

    不只是觀察這世界或是形容我們的所見所聞,我們將會評估一切

  • We will take nothing as a given, set our assumptions aside -- or at least, try really hard to -- and

    我們要從零開始,將我們的所有前提推開,或者至少,努力將其拋開

  • do our best to see the world as if weve never seen it before.

    盡可能用我們從未見過這世界的觀點切入

  • And for what it’s worth, well also be talking about Batman, and what Dick Grayson

    更值得一提的是,我們也會討論蝙蝠俠以及迪克·格雷森 (第一代英雄漫畫羅賓)

  • can teach us about the concept of identity.

    能夠給我們什麼關於「身分」的概念

  • And well learn how The Matrix can help us understand the life and writing of Rene Descartes.

    我們會學到《駭客任務》(1999年的好萊塢電影) 能怎麼幫助我們了解人生,以及勒內 ‧ 笛卡爾的作品

  • Also well try to answer unanswerable questions, and puzzle over paradoxes that have plagued

    同時,我們也會試著對無法回答的問題給予答案,還有數千年來

  • geniuses for thousands of years.

    困擾著天才們的那些相互矛盾的問題

  • It’s going to be hard, and enlightening, and frustrating, and if I do my job properly,

    可能會有點困難而且要絞盡腦汁、富有挫折感。如果我有好好教你們的話,

  • itll stick with you long after you and I have parted ways. Because:

    在局部分析之後,將對你長久都適用,因為呢

  • We are going to dophilosophy!

    我們要做的事就是....哲學!

  • [Theme Music]

    [主題音樂]

  • These days, people use the wordphilosophyto describe some opinion they might have,

    近來,人們用「哲學」來闡述一些他們的想法,

  • or the approach they take to a certain topic.

    或是在特定議題上採取的方法

  • Like, you might have a “philosophywhen it comes to golf. Though...I personally do not.

    就像,當提到高爾夫也包含了「哲學」。雖然...我是不這麼認為

  • But were going to use this word more narrowly, to describe a way of approaching the world

    但是我們要縮小用這詞的範圍,能夠解釋並了解這世間的方法

  • that traces its roots back to ancient Greece, 500 years before the Common Era.

    這要追朔到古希臘,公元前的500年

  • This was a time of great intellectual movement around the world. Buddhism and Jainism were

    這時候是高知識份子相當活耀的時代。佛教與耆那教

  • developing in Asia, at the same time philosophical thought was emerging in Greece.

    正在亞洲發展,同時,哲學的思考正在希臘萌芽。

  • There, scholars were tangled up in a distinction they were just beginning to make -- between

    在希臘,學者正為了哲學與神話

  • philos and mythosor what we’d now roughly call science and storytelling.

    的差異而爭論著,也就是我們現在俗稱的科學與說故事。

  • At that time, there were bards, like Homer, who were trying to understand and explain

    那時,有吟遊詩人,譬如荷馬,他試著用故事來了解與解釋

  • the world through stories, while the earliest philosophers were using methods that were

    這世界,不同於早期哲學家用

  • more analytical and scientific -- although they didn’t really have the concept ofscienceback then.

    分析和科學化的方法。雖然那時他們還沒有「科學」的相關概念

  • So philosophialiterally "the love of wisdom" – was a new way of trying to make sense of the world.

    哲學,字面上的意義是「智慧的愛」,是一個能夠來解釋世界萬物的新方法

  • When the earliest philosophers used the wordphilosophy,” they basically meant, “the

    當早期的哲學家用「哲學」這個字眼,他們基本上是指

  • academic study of anything.”

    「萬物的學術研究」

  • Which, like, I guess could include golf.

    我猜應該可以涵蓋打高爾夫吧!

  • But at what we might call the first universities in the western worldPlato’s Academy,

    但在西方世界我們第一次稱我們的宇宙是用──柏拉圖的研究,

  • and its rival, Aristotle’s Lyceummath, biology, physics, poetry, political science,

    以及他的對手,亞里斯多德的學會資料。因此數學、生物、物理、詩歌、政治學,

  • and astronomy were all considered to be philosophy.

    和天文學都被視為是哲學的一部分

  • Eventually, scholars began thinking of these fields differently -- as separate disciplines.

    最終,學者們開始去思考他們探討領域的不同,所以分成不一樣的學科

  • Studies that had strong empirical elements came to be considered science -- a search for answers.

    主要由經驗所組成的研究被歸為科學──以為了尋求答案

  • But philosophy came to be understood more as a way of thinking about questions. Big questions.

    可是哲學本身著重於了解,多於去思考問題的本身,尤其是大問題

  • And today, twenty-five hundred years after the ancient Greeks first brought them up,

    然而,在古希臘首次把哲學概念帶起,過了250年後的今天

  • philosophers still love asking questions -- oftentimes, the same questions --

    哲學家們仍喜歡提出問題,很常都是同一個問題

  • and they don’t mind that they never get an answer.

    而且他們不會介意是否真的得到解答

  • So, what are these big questions that have managed to intrigue and stump philosophers for so long?

    到底是哪些重要的問題讓哲學家激起興趣這麼久?

  • One of the first might best be phrased as: What is the world like?

    其中一個經典的問題大概是:世界是什麼樣子?

  • Sounds simple enough to answer, right? Like, just look around! See all the stuff?

    聽起來很簡單容易回答對吧? 就像說,看看你周邊!看到所有的東西了嗎?

  • Well, this is what the world is like.

    這就是世界的樣子

  • But the philosophical approach isn’t just based on observation -- it has other, much

    但是哲學的角度並非只建立在觀察,它還包含了

  • more complex questions packed inside it.

    更深層複雜的問題在裡面

  • When a philosopher wonders what the world is like, she might really be asking: What’s the nature of reality?

    當一個哲學家思索世界是什麼模樣,她可能會這麼問:什麼是自然最根本的本身?

  • Like, is the world just made up of matter and energy, or is there something else going on?

    世界真的只由物質和能量所組成,還是還有其他要素在影響?

  • And if it is just matter and energy, then where did it all come from? Is there a God?

    如果只有物質和能量,那它們是從何而來?是否真的有上帝?

  • And if so, what is he, she, or it like?

    如果有上帝,他或她或祂是什麼模樣?

  • And for that matter, when youre asking about the world, can you also be asking about

    關於你問關於世界的問題,也可以同時提出有關

  • the nature of yourself, as a citizen of the world.

    自然本身的問題,作為你對這世界的觀點

  • Sowhat kind of being am I?

    所以說.....我是一個什麼樣的人類呢?

  • Do I have a soul? Is there something immaterial about me that will survive after I die?

    我有靈魂嗎?是不是有無形的東西讓我在死後還能存在?

  • All of these questions are ways of exploring what philosophers call metaphysics -- one

    這些問題都是能夠探索哲學家稱所謂的「形而上學」,

  • of the three main branches of philosophy -- an effort to understand the fundamental nature

    它是哲學三大分支的其中一支,旨在解釋存在世界、

  • of the world, of the universe, and of being.

    宇宙或是人類身上的基本本質

  • Now, if those questions aren’t heady enough for you, we, as students of philosophy, also

    現在假如那些問題對你還不夠根深蒂固的話,我們身為哲學課的學生,

  • have a whole separate set of questions, that are about how we know the answers to any of this stuff.

    同時也有很多分開不同的問題,可以讓我們去針對這些尋找答案

  • This particular strain of philosophy, which is like knowing about knowing, is epistemology

    這項在哲學中特殊的應變,也就是去知道所要知道的事,叫「認識論」

  • -- literally the study of knowledge -- the second major field of philosophy.

    字面上就是知識的認識,它是哲學領域的第二大分支

  • And it poses questions like: Is the world really what I think it is?

    它會提出假設性的問題像:世界的模樣真的是我所想的這樣嗎?

  • Like, really, is everything I see and think and experienceis it actuallytrue?

    我所見、所想、所經歷的事...真的是真實的嗎?

  • If it isn’t, then, what is true? And what’s the best way to go about figuring out the truth? Is science the best way?

    如果不是的話,那麼什麼才是事實?什麼方法才是探究事實最好的方法?科學會是最好的方法嗎?

  • Or are there more ethereal paths to Truth, paths that science can never really travel?

    或者,有更上層通往真理的道路,是連科學都無法觸及的嗎?

  • And let’s say that, after a lot of searching and question-asking, I begin to develop some

    這麼說吧,經過這麼多探索和問題的提出,我開始發展出

  • ideas -- an inkling about what might be true.

    一些想法,稍稍概略知道什麼才是事實

  • Thenhow do I know if I’m right? How will I ever know I’m wrong?

    那...我怎麼知道我是對的?我又會怎麼知道我是錯的?

  • Can I ever be certain about anything?!

    我能夠肯定任何事情嗎?

  • Now, at this point I wouldn’t blame you if youre thinking: “Am I real?” “Do

    在這時間點,我不會責怪當你開始想:「我是真的嗎?」

  • I...do I know anything?” Well, as questions go, these might not seem superpractical.

    「我真的知道什麼事情嗎?」當這些問題冒出來,可能並不是說非常實際

  • But there’s another area of philosophy that helps frame your thinking around what you

    但有另一個哲學的領域,可以幫助你理出你在思考

  • actually do -- like, how you should act, and what you should attach meaning to.

    實際在做的事,譬如,你該怎麼表現,以及你該採取什麼樣方式

  • It’s called Value Theory. And it’s usually divided into two main branches. The first is Ethics.

    這叫做「價值評估理論」。它可以被分為兩大分支,第一個是倫理

  • Youve heard of it -- it’s the thing that politicians are always said to lack. And Jedi

    你一定聽過,就是政治家們常常被說缺少,而絕地武士 (星際大戰)

  • are supposed to have in great supply. Though, don’t get me started on the prequels.

    一定具有的東西。不過別讓我開始撰述前傳的種種

  • In philosophy, though, ethics isn’t just a code of what’s right and what’s wrong.

    在哲學裡,倫理的核心不只是指什麼是對的、什麼是錯的

  • It’s the study of how humans should live with each other.

    也是一個關於人類應該如何彼此相處的研究

  • Rather than just sitting around and judging people, ethics involves posing questions like: How should I live?

    不會只是坐下來批評人,倫理也包含提出一些問題像是:我該如何生存?

  • Is there any reason that I should treat, say, strangers differently than the people I love?

    基於什麼理由我對陌生人和所愛的人要有差別待遇嗎?

  • And for that matter, do I owe anything to myself? What about animals? Or the earth?

    基於這些,我有虧欠我自己任何東西嗎?那對動物呢?或是對地球?

  • And if I do have any of these obligations at all, where do they come from? Who says?

    如果我對這所有事都有責任,那責任又從何而來?誰這麼規定的?

  • Ultimately, whatever system you use to decide what’s good or evil, as human behavior goes,

    歸根究柢,不管是用什麼樣的系統去定義什麼是美好或邪惡,人類的行為

  • is determined by your values -- that’s why ethics is considered part of Value Theory.

    都是由自身的價值去定奪,這就是為什麼倫理被認為是價值評估理論的一環

  • But the other part of value theory isn’t about what’s right -- it’s about what’s beautiful.

    但價值評估理論的另一部分並非關於什麼是對的,是關於什麼是美好的

  • Aesthetics is the study of beauty, and art.

    「審美觀」是美體和藝術的研究

  • Now, the concept of beauty is talked about practically everywhere, from the media, to art school to barber college.

    現在審美的觀念被很普遍的討論,不論從媒體、藝術學校到美容學院都是

  • But for philosophers, the pursuit of aesthetics involves considering what beauty is, and whether it even exists.

    但是對哲學家來說,對審美感的追求包含去思索什麼是美,以及它是否真的存在

  • Aesthetics is a part of value theory, because beauty, and art, are things we value, and

    審美感是價值評估理論的一部分,因為美感、藝術是我們會注重

  • evaluate. And many people who study this particular kind of philosophy -- known as aestheticians

    以及評估的。很多在探討這類哲學的人──俗稱的美學家,

  • -- believe there is such as thing as The Beautiful. something that doesn’t depend on what

    相信美體本身是存在的。並非建立在

  • you happen to find attractive, but something that’s just objectively true.

    你發現什麼很吸引人,而是真的有一個實際的實體

  • And finally, there’s one more aspect of philosophy that I should mention, because

    最後,還有一個哲學的面向我必須要提到,因為

  • it doesn’t ask questions, so much as help us find answers. Yes, finally, some answers!

    它並不會提出問題,幫助我們找到答案。是的,終於,就是一些解答!

  • And that thing, which I happen to think can be beautiful in its own way, is logic.

    我認為它本身就是個美妙的東西,就是邏輯。

  • Logic is the philosopher’s toolbox. It contains the saws and hammers, the microscopes and

    邏輯就像是哲學家的工具箱,它包含了鋸子和鐵鎚、顯微鏡和

  • beakers, that philosophers use to go about answering their questions in a clear, systematic way.

    燒杯,讓哲學家可以針對他們的問題做一個有條理、有系統的回答

  • Logic is about reasoning, giving strong arguments that don’t fall victim to fallacies, which

    邏輯能夠推論、給出強烈的論點而不會陷入謬論的糾纏,

  • are, as youll learn, the mortal enemies of philosophical precision.

    也就是當你學了哲學,將會面對到哲學最精密的敵人

  • Ok, so metaphysics, epistemology, value theory -- they might all seem pretty airy and abstract.

    好的,所以說形而學上、認識論、價值評估理論呢,都看起來有點夢幻或抽象

  • But don’t worry, because you have already done philosophy, even though you might not realize it.

    但是別擔心,因為你已經做了哲學的探索,也許不是說完全很了解

  • You do it in almost every aspect of your life.

    不過你已經檢視過你人生的每個面向了

  • Every time you argue with your parents, or wonder if you should date someone, or decide

    每次當你與你的父母爭論,或是猶豫是否該跟某人約會、或是

  • to eat a salad instead of a ham and cheese Hot Pocket, you are doing philosophy.

    決定該吃沙拉而非火腿或雞肉口袋餅,你都在做關於哲學的探索

  • Because youre thinking about the world, and your place in it. Youre figuring out

    因為你在思考關於這世界的事情,以及你的立足之地。你都正在理清

  • what you value, why you value it, and what you should do about it.

    你所重視的是什麼、為什麼會因此重視,以及你該怎麼做

  • So here’s our plan. Were going to learn about the major fields of philosophy, posing

    因此以下便是我們的計畫,我們將要學習哲學裡的主要領域,

  • questions and considering possible answers along the way. And each time, we will use a two-step method.

    提出問題並一路思考可能的答案。每一步呢,我們都會用一個兩步驟的方法

  • First, well really try to understand.

    首先,我們要試著去理解

  • Youre not going to agree with all of the ideas that I present to youand I won’t

    你並不會同意我所向你呈現的所有想法,連我也

  • agree with them either! That’s not the point. The point, in step one, is to really try to

    不會同意所有的觀點。這不是重點,重點是第一個步驟,嘗試去

  • get inside of an ideato understand it as charitably as possible.

    深入這問題的想法,盡量去了解的透徹一點

  • Then, in step two, youll subject your understanding to some serious critical evaluationbasically,

    然後第二個步驟,你要將你對事務的了解成為合理的評估。基本上呢,

  • youll try to knock down what you think you know about a particular view of the world.

    你要拆解分析你對這世界的其中一個特定的觀點

  • And youll do this whether you agree with the view or not.

    不管你同意這項觀點與否都要做這事情

  • Why? Because: Only when you challenge your understanding of how some people view the

    為什麼呢?因為,只有當你去理解並挑戰有些人的世界觀點,

  • world, can you decide for yourself if theirs is a view worth having.

    你才能決定這觀點是否具有被擁護的價值。

  • Which leads me to my final point: Philosophy is not your usual field of study.

    這就會導入到我最後的重點:哲學並非普通的研究領域

  • I’m not going to be teaching you a body of knowledge where success means you know a bunch of stuff.

    我將不會教你知識的主要部分,也就是成功對你附有很多意義等等

  • Success, in this course, will mean that you know how to think.

    成就,在這門課裡,將表示你已經知道如何思考

  • All we have are questions. And all you have is a brain. And the goal of philosophy is

    我們現在有的是很多問題,現在你有的是智慧,哲學主要的目標

  • for you to use your brain to come up with the answers that make the most sense to you.

    就是讓你利用大腦產生出答案,使周遭的事物合理化

  • Youll learn how to formulate arguments to support your ideas, so you can explain why you think youre right.

    你將學到如何明確的敘述你的論點來支持你的想法,這樣你就能解釋為什麼你是對的

  • Which, if youve ever been on the Internet, you know is something that not a lot of people are good at.

    就如同你會上網,但你知道並不是所有人都很擅長這事

  • In order to do that, youre going to need to understand philosophical reasoningthe

    因此為了能做到這點,你必須了解哲學推理,

  • tools we use to investigate life's most perplexing questions! And that is where were

    這是一個能夠幫助你調查大部分生活中複雜問題的工具。而這就會是

  • gonna be headed the next time we meet.

    我們下次見面時主要的目標

  • For now youve learned about the historical origins of philosophy in ancient Greece, and

    現在你已經學到了哲學在古希臘的歷史淵源,以及

  • its three main divisions: metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory. We also talked about logic,

    它的三大分支:形而上學、認識論和價值評估理論。我們也談論到邏輯,

  • and how youre going to use it to understand and critically evaluate a whole host of different worldviews.

    還有你要如何用來理解、評論各式不一樣的世界觀點

  • But not about golf.

    但絕對無關高爾夫

  • This episode of Crash Course Philosophy is made possible by Squarespace. Squarespace

    在這一集的速成哲學課是由 Squarespace 授權製作。

  • is a way to create a website, blog or online store for you and your ideas. Squarespace

    Squarespace 是一項建立網站、部落格或是能儲存給你或你擁有的想法的方式。

  • features a user-friendly interface, costume templates and 24/7 customer support. Try Squarespace

    Squarespace 主打容易使用的介面、各式裝飾模板以及全天候的支持使用者。

  • at squarespace.com/crashcourse for a special offer.

    在 squarespace.com/crashcourse 網站上試試 Squarespace 更多的特別服務

  • Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. You can head over

    速成的哲學課是由PBS數位工作室聯合提供,你可以前往

  • to their channel to check out some amazing shows like The Good Stuff, PBS Space Time, and Physics Girl.

    他們的頻道去觀看一些令人驚奇的節目,像是「好物推薦」、「PBS 宇宙探索時間」,以及「醫學女孩」

  • This episode of Crash Course was filmed in theDoctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio

    這集哲學速成課是在 Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney 速成課程工作室進行拍攝

  • with the help of these amazing people and our Graphics Team is Thought Cafe.

    由一群很棒的人們以及我們的製作團隊 Thought Cafe 協助完成

Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace.

速成的哲學課是由 Squarespace 提供

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