where did I get my passion for human rights and justice?

就是我對人權及正義的 熱情從何而來？

It started early.

這從很早就開始了。

I grew up in the west of Ireland,

我在西愛爾蘭長大，

wedged between four brothers,

夾在四個兄弟之間，

two older than me and two younger than me.

兩個哥哥、兩個弟弟。

So of course I had to be interested in human rights,

所以想當然爾我對人權、

and equality and justice,

平等及正義產生興趣，

and using my elbows!

當然還要會用我的手肘！

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And those issues stayed with me and guided me,

這些議題隨著我、帶領我成長，

and in particular,

特別是在

when I was elected the first woman President of Ireland,

我當選為愛爾蘭第一位女總統，

from 1990 to 1997.

任期在 1990 到 1997 年間。

I dedicated my presidency

我在位期間，

to having a space for those who felt marginalized on the island of Ireland,

致力給予愛爾蘭島上 覺得被邊緣化的人生存空間，

and bringing together communities from Northern Ireland

並促使北愛爾蘭社群

with those from the Republic,

與共和國社群和解，

trying to build peace.

試著建立和平。

And I went as the first Irish president to the United Kingdom

我是第一位拜訪英國的 愛爾蘭總統，

and met with Queen Elizabeth II,

會晤女王伊莉莎白二世，

and also welcomed to my official residence --

並在我的官邸──

which we call "Áras an Uachtaráin," the house of the president --

我們稱之為「總統的房子」──

members of the royal family,

接待皇室成員，

including, notably, the Prince of Wales.

特別包括王儲查爾斯王子。

And I was aware that at the time of my presidency,

我知道在我當總統期間，

Ireland was a country beginning a rapid economic progress.

愛爾蘭的經濟開始快速發展。

We were a country that was benefiting from the solidarity of the European Union.

我們是歐盟團結的受益者。

Indeed, when Ireland first joined the European Union in 1973,

確實，愛爾蘭於 1973 年 首次加入歐盟時，

there were parts of the country that were considered developing,

部分地區可說是正在發展，

including my own beloved native county, County Mayo.

包括我心愛的家鄉，梅奧郡。

I led trade delegations here to the United States,

我曾領導商務代表團來訪美國，

to Japan, to India,

還有日本、印度，

to encourage investment, to help to create jobs,

鼓勵投資、幫助創造就業機會、

to build up our economy,

增進經濟發展，

to build up our health system, our education --

加強醫療系統、教育──

our development.

各種發展。

What I didn't have to do as president

但我身為總統不用做的

was buy land on mainland Europe,

是去歐洲大陸買塊地，

so that Irish citizens could go there because our island was going underwater.

讓愛爾蘭公民去那裡， 因為我們的島就要沉到水裡去了。

What I didn't have to think about,

我都不用考慮──

either as president or as a constitutional lawyer,

無論我是總統 還是憲法專門律師──

was the implications for the sovereignty of the territory

因為氣候變遷的影響 造成的領土主權問題。

because of the impact of climate change.

但那是吉里巴斯共和國 湯安諾總統

But that is what President Tong, of the Republic of Kiribati,

每天早上醒來都要考慮的問題。

has to wake up every morning thinking about.

他必須在斐濟買塊地當保單，

He has bought land in Fiji as an insurance policy,

他稱之為「有尊嚴的遷移」，

what he calls, "migration with dignity,"

因為他知道他的人民有一天 必須棄島而去。

because he knows that his people may have to leave their islands.

我在聽湯總統描述情況的時候，

As I listened to President Tong describing the situation,

我真的覺得這不是 領導人應該面對的問題。

I really felt that this was a problem that no leader should have to face.

我在聽他訴說這個問題 帶來的痛苦時，

And as I heard him speak about the pain of his problems,

我就想到愛蓮娜·羅斯福。

I thought about Eleanor Roosevelt.

我想到她和與她一同在

I thought about her and those who worked with her

聯合國人權委員會工作的人， 她於 1948 年當主席，

on the Commission on Human Rights, which she chaired in 1948,

並起草《世界人權宣言》。

and drew up the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

他們大概無法想像

For them, it would have been unimaginable

一整個國家

that a whole country could go out of existence

會因為人為的氣候變遷而消失。

because of human-induced climate change.

我不是以科學家或環境律師 開始關注氣候變遷，

I came to climate change not as a scientist or an environmental lawyer,

北極熊或冰河融化的照片 也沒有特別打動我。

and I wasn't really impressed by the images of polar bears

我是因為這對人民的衝擊，

or melting glaciers.

對他們權力的衝擊──

It was because of the impact on people,

他們有權力獲得食物、乾淨的水、 健康、教育及安身之處。

and the impact on their rights --

我以謙卑的心說出這些，

their rights to food and safe water, health, education and shelter.

因為我太晚關注 氣候變遷這個議題。

And I say this with humility,

我擔任

because I came late to the issue of climate change.

聯合國人權事務高級專員

When I served

是在 1997 到 2002 年間，

as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

當時氣候變遷在我心中 沒什麼地位，

from 1997 to 2002,

我不記得我針對氣候變遷 說過任何一場演講。

climate change wasn't at the front of my mind.

我知道聯合國有另一個部分──

I don't remember making a single speech on climate change.

聯合國氣候變化綱要公約──

I knew that there was another part of the United Nations --

專門處理氣候變遷議題。

the UN Convention on Climate Change --

我是在之後，開始在非洲國家

that was dealing with the issue of climate change.

處理發展及人權問題時， 才開始注意到。

It was later when I started to work in African countries

我一直聽到大家都在說這句話：

on issues of development and human rights.

「噢！但現在情況更糟了，更糟了！」

And I kept hearing this pervasive sentence:

所以我就探究了背後的情況；

"Oh, but things are so much worse now, things are so much worse."

原來是氣候變化──

And then I explored what was behind that;

氣候衝擊，天氣改變。

it was about changes in the climate --

我遇見康絲坦，

climate shocks, changes in the weather.

她在東烏干達組織了 一個婦女團體，

I met Constance Okollet,

她告訴我她成長的年代，

who had formed a women's group in Eastern Uganda,

她在村莊裡過著相當正常的生活， 而且都不會挨餓，

and she told me that when she was growing up,

他們很確定四季會變化如常，

she had a very normal life in her village and they didn't go hungry,

他們知道何時播種、何時收割，

they knew that the seasons would come as they were predicted to come,

所以他們有充足的食物。

they knew when to sow and they knew when to harvest,

但是最近幾年，

and so they had enough food.

就是我們對談的時候，

But, in recent years,

他們什麼都沒有， 只有長期的旱災，

at the time of this conversation,

及隨之而來的暴洪，

they had nothing but long periods of drought,

然後就是更多的旱災。

and then flash flooding,

學校被摧毀，

and then more drought.

生活被摧毀，

The school had been destroyed,

他們的收穫也被摧毀。

livelihoods had been destroyed,

她成立了這個婦女團體， 試著不讓她的社區分崩離析。

their harvest had been destroyed.

這個事實真的給我重重的一擊，

She forms this women's group to try to keep her community together.

因為當然，康絲坦無須

And this was a reality that really struck me,

為排放溫室氣體 造成這個問題負上責任。

because of course, Constance Okollet wasn't responsible

真的，我對今年一月 馬拉威的情況甚感驚訝。

for the greenhouse gas emissions that were causing this problem.

這個國家發生了一場空前的洪水，

Indeed, I was very struck about the situation in Malawi

淹沒了三分之一的國土，

in January of this year.

300 餘人因此喪命，

There was an unprecedented flooding in the country,

成千上萬人流離失所。

it covered about a third of the country,

普通馬拉威人

over 300 people were killed,

每年排放約 80 公斤的二氧化碳。

and hundreds of thousands lost their livelihoods.

普通美國人的排放量 則約 17.5 噸。

And the average person in Malawi

所以為此受到無比痛苦的人，

emits about 80 kg of CO2 a year.

不開車、不用電、也不怎麼消費，

The average US citizen emits about 17.5 metric tons.

然而他們卻覺得愈來愈受

So those who are suffering disproportionately

氣候變遷的衝擊。

don't drive cars, don't have electricity, don't consume very significantly,

這樣的變遷讓他們不知道 該如何適當種植食物，

and yet they are feeling more and more

該如何展望未來。

the impacts of the changes in the climate,

我想真的是不公義的重要性

the changes that are preventing them from knowing how to grow food properly,

強烈的衝擊我。

and knowing how to look after their future.

我知道我們無法解決那些不公義，

I think it was really the importance of the injustice

因為我們沒有走向安全的世界。

that really struck me very forcibly.

全世界的政府都在 哥本哈根大會上同意，

And I know that we're not able to address some of that injustice

也在每一場氣候變遷 會議上不斷看到，

because we're not on course for a safe world.

我們的暖化程度

Governments around the world agreed at the conference in Copenhagen,

與工業革命前的標準相比， 不可超過攝氏 2 度。

and have repeated it at every conference on climate,

我們卻朝著上升 4 度去。

that we have to stay below two degrees Celsius

所以我們面對著 地球未來的存亡關頭。

of warming above pre-Industrial standards.

這使我瞭解

But we're on course for about four degrees.

氣候變遷的確是 21 世紀 人權最大的威脅。

So we face an existential threat to the future of our planet.

這因而引起我關注氣候正義。

And that made me realize

氣候正義能回答道德爭論──

that climate change is the greatest threat to human rights in the 21st century.

無論是氣候變遷爭論的哪一方。

And that brought me then to climate justice.

首先，

Climate justice responds to the moral argument --

站在最痛苦最受影響的一方。

both sides of the moral argument --

第二，

to address climate change.

我們要確保在開始行動時，

First of all,

開始以氣候行動對付氣候變遷時， 不能再遺忘他們，

to be on the side of those who are suffering most and are most effected.

就像我們現在所為。

And secondly,

今天在這個非常不平等的世界，

to make sure that they're not left behind again, when we start to move

你會很驚訝有多少人被遺忘了。

and start to address climate change with climate action,

世界 72 億人口中， 有 30 億人被遺忘。

as we are doing.

13 億人沒有電可用，

In our very unequal world today,

他們以煤油及蠟燭點亮房屋，

it's very striking how many people are left behind.

這兩者都很危險。

In our world of 7.2 billion people, about 3 billion are left behind.

事實上他們大部分的收入， 都花在這種照明方式上。

1.3 billion don't have access to electricity,

26 億人以露天爐灶煮飯，

and they light their homes with kerosene and candles,

燒煤、木頭或動物糞便。

both of which are dangerous.

這造成每年四百萬人口死亡，

And in fact they spend a lot of their tiny income on that form of lighting.

因為吸入室內煙霧，

2.6 billion people cook on open fires --

當然，大部分的死者是婦女。

on coal, wood and animal dung.

所以我們有個非常不平等的世界，

And this causes about 4 million deaths a year

我們必須改變「一切如常」的想法。

from indoor smoke inhalation,

我們不應該低估

and of course, most of those who die are women.

我們所需的改變規模 及其轉變能力。

So we have a very unequal world,

因為我們的碳排放量 必須在 2050 年達到零，

and we need to change from "business as usual."

才能讓暖化程度如預期 保持低於攝氏 2 度。

And we shouldn't underestimate the scale and the transformative nature

那意味著我們必須停止開採 大約三分之二的已知資源，

of the change which will be needed,

即化石燃料。

because we have to go to zero carbon emissions by about 2050,

這是很大的改變。

if we're going to stay below two degrees Celsius of warming.

而且這意味著，

And that means we have to leave about two-thirds of the known resources

顯然工業化國家必須減少排放量，

of fossil fuels in the ground.

必須變得更加節能，

It's a very big change,

必須盡快發展使用再生能源。

and it means that obviously,

對開發中國家及新興經濟體而言，

industrialized countries must cut their emissions,

問題及挑戰在於零排放成長，

must become much more energy-efficient,

因為他們必須開發， 他們的居民非常貧窮。

and must move as quickly as possible to renewable energy.

所以他們必須開發，又要零排放， 這是不同類型的問題。

For developing countries and emerging economies,

確實，世界上沒有任何一個國家 可以做到零排放成長。

the problem and the challenge is to grow without emissions,

所有國家的開發都靠化石燃料，

because they must develop; they have very poor populations.

然後或許能轉變成依靠再生能源。

So they must develop without emissions, and that is a different kind of problem.

所以這是非常大的挑戰，

Indeed, no country in the world has actually grown without emissions.

這需要國際社會全面支持，

All the countries have developed with fossil fuels,

提供必要的資金和技術， 系統及支援，

and then may be moving to renewable energy.

因為沒有一個國家能在 氣候變遷的危險下自掃門前雪。

So it is a very big challenge,

這個議題需要人類全面團結。

and it requires the total support of the international community,

人類團結，你也可以說是 基於自我利益，

with the necessary finance and technology, and systems and support,

因為我們同在一艘船上，

because no country can make itself safe from the dangers of climate change.

我們必須合作

This is an issue that requires complete human solidarity.

以確保我們在 2050 年 達到零碳排放量。

Human solidarity, if you like, based on self-interest --

好消息是改變已經開始，

because we are all in this together,

而且發展得很快。

and we have to work together

在加州這裡，

to ensure that we reach zero carbon by 2050.

設定非常遠大的目標， 以減少溫室氣體排放。

The good news is that change is happening,

在夏威夷，他們剛剛通過立法，

and it's happening very fast.

要在 2045 年達到 百分之百的再生能源。

Here in California,

全世界的政府也抱著雄心壯志。

there's a very ambitious emissions target to cut emissions.

哥斯大黎加承諾要在 2021 年做到碳中和。

In Hawaii, they're passing legislation

衣索匹亞承諾要在 2027 年達到碳中和。

to have 100 percent renewable energy by 2045.

蘋果公司誓言要讓 在中國的工廠使用再生能源。

And governments are very ambitious around the world.

目前也有一場競賽，

In Costa Rica, they have committed to being carbon-neutral by 2021.

要從潮汐能發電，

In Ethiopia, the commitment is to be carbon-neutral by 2027.

如此我們才能停止開採煤炭。

Apple have pledged that their factories in China will use renewable energy.

這樣的改變既受歡迎也發展快速。

And there is a race on at the moment

但這還不夠，

to convert electricity from tidal and wave power,

而且光有政治決心還是不夠。

in order that we can leave the coal in the ground.

讓我再回頭談談湯總統 及吉里巴斯的人民。

And that change is both welcome and is happening very rapidly.

他們還是可以在他們的島上生活， 而且有解決方案，

But it's still not enough,

但是這要下很大的政治決心。

and the political will is still not enough.

湯總統告訴我他的雄心壯志，

Let me come back to President Tong and his people in Kiribati.

要把民眾住的小島加高， 甚至讓島漂起來。

They actually could be able to live on their island and have a solution,

想當然爾，這絕非吉里巴斯 憑一國之力就能做到。

but it would take a lot of political will.

這需要其他國家的大團結及支援，

President Tong told me about his ambitious idea

這也需要那種富有想像力的構想，

to either build up or even float the little islands where his people live.

如同我們想在空中 建造太空站時的集思廣義。

This, of course, is beyond the resources of Kiribati itself.

但這不是很棒嗎？ 創造這種工程奇景，

It would require great solidarity and support from other countries,

讓一個國家的人民 能留在他們獨立自主的領土上，

and it would require the kind of imaginative idea

並成為國際社會的一部分？

that we bring together when we want to have a space station in the air.

這才是我們應該思索的計畫。

But wouldn't it be wonderful to have this engineering wonder

的確，我們所需的變革挑戰很大。

and to allow a people to remain in their sovereign territory,

但是我們可以克服這樣的挑戰。

and be part of the community of nations?

我們身為人，

That is the kind of idea that we should be thinking about.

其實很有能力一同解決問題。

Yes, the challenges of the transformation we need are big,

我對此非常清楚， 因為我今年參加了

but they can be solved.

1945 年二次世界大戰結束 70 周年紀念。

We are actually, as a people,

1945 年是非常不平凡的一年。

very capable of coming together to solve problems.

那年，全世界面對了幾項

I was very conscious of this as I took part this year

看似幾乎無法解決的問題──

in commemoration of the 70th anniversary

兩次世界大戰的蹂躪， 尤其是二次世界大戰；

of the end of the Second World War in 1945.

隨之而來不穩固的和平；

1945 was an extraordinary year.

整體經濟復興的需求。

It was a year when the world faced

但是當時的領導人 並不因此而退縮。

what must have seemed almost insoluble problems --

他們有能力， 他們的動力來自於

the devastation of the world wars, particularly the Second World War;

絕不容許世界再發生相同的問題。

the fragile peace that had been brought about;

他們必須為和平及安全建立架構。

the need for a whole economic regeneration.

我們因此得到什麼？ 他們完成了什麼？

But the leaders of that time didn't flinch from this.

聯合國憲章，

They had the capacity, they had a sense of being driven by

及一般說的布雷頓森林協定， 世界銀行，

never again must the world have this kind of problem.

國際貨幣基金。

And they had to build structures for peace and security.

歐洲的馬歇爾計劃， 滿目瘡痍的歐洲，

And what did we get? What did they achieve?

他們要重建此地。

The Charter of the United Nations,

甚至在數年之後，

the Bretton Woods institutions, as they're called, The World Bank,