Name: 【TEDx】即將失傳的語言的未來 (Back to the Future of Endangered Languages | Colleen Fitzgerald | TEDxUTA)
Uploaded: 2016-01-24T22:00:00.000Z
Duration: 13 min 21 s

基礎被動語態

Linguists estimate 6,000-7,000 languages are spoken worldwide,

語言學家估計，有6000到7000種語言仍在世界上流通

and so that sounds like a tremendous amount of languages,

is that many, many languages have few numbers of speakers,

代表有很多很多語言，僅少數人會說

and in fact in many countries, as many as 90% or more of the people in that country

而事實上在很多國家，約有百分之九十或更多人

other than the national or official language of that country.

30 languages including English, Arabic, Hindi, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese,

包括英語、阿拉伯語、北印語、西班牙語、中文等30種語言

include more than 4 billion people speaking the language

so if there's 7 billion people worldwide,

that doesn't leave a lot of speakers left for the remaining 6,970 languages.

那麼就沒剩多少人，來說其餘的6,970種

And in fact, more than half of the world's languages

事實上，世界上有超過一半的語言

are in critical situations for their survival.

that outline how a language is doing in terms of its survival.

if there's no children in the home learning the language,

如果小孩在家沒有學習這些語言

if there are only elderly speakers remaining,

those languages are in severely threatened states.

and in a few years, a few decades, the speakers will go,

但幾年之後，幾十年後，說這些語言的人會凋零

but many languages are in a critically endangered situation

which means their very survival is threatened.

In fact, every continent in our global world

Endangered languages are found worldwide,

So, these critically endangered languages are on every continent,

所以，這些瀕臨絕種的語言遍及每塊大陸

but tiny languages are fighting back for their survival.

但這些規模極小的語言，努力地為其生存奮鬥

In Europe, the example of Irish is an amazing story,

在歐洲，愛爾蘭的例子，十分令人驚艷

and inspiring story of language revitalization and reclamation.

在語言的復興和回歸的層面上，具有啟發性

In the 19th century, as speakers started to realize

there were fewer and fewer Irish speakers and English was taking over,

越來越少人會說愛爾蘭語，而英語正大舉入侵

in order to see that their languages survived.

In the Gaeltacht, those are the parts of Ireland

在 Gaeltacht，屬於愛爾蘭地區的一部分

where the most number of speakers are found,

說愛爾蘭居爾特語的人，在此地區數量最眾

the most dense areas of Irish Gaelic speakers.

是以愛爾蘭居爾特語為母語者，居住密度最高的地區

In the 20th century, we saw things like radio,

在20世紀，有了像廣播電台的科技

and so new media offered places for speakers to regenerate and revive.

新媒體工具提供人們平台來重建、復興母語

The indigenous language, Maori, spoken in New Zealand,

有一種土語，毛利語，在紐西蘭流通的語言

and that language has had a very vary lots of challenges that it's faced.

In the 1970s, the communities started to realize

that the survival of the language was threatened,

and so what happened in the 1980s is that Maori community members sought to

recreate that environment where language is best learnt :

重新建構一個適合學語言的環境：

where parents, and grandparents, and children

engage in daily activities, immersed in their language.

從日常生活起居，融入到母語裡  (註：浸沒式語言教學)

This is the place where children best learn the language.

這就是小孩學習語言的最佳環境

And so in the 1980s, the Maori created "language nests,"

於是，在1980年代，毛利人建立了「語言巢」

trying to recreate that environment which was not possible at that time

試著要重新創造在當時是不可能達到的環境，

because the parent generation, the childbearing generation,

因為父母那一代，生兒育女的這一代

did not speak the language, and as a consequence,

根本不說這個語言了，然而結果是

the Maori language nest model has taken over in many communities worldwide,

毛利人的語言巢模型，被世界各地許多地方採用

seeking to revive and revitalize their language use that model.

回到我們的德州，阿靈頓來談 (註：講者為德州大學阿靈頓分校教授)

only three hours down the road in Ada, Oklahoma

只距離俄克拉荷馬州的艾達三個小時路程的地方

is the Chickasaw Language Revitalization Program.

And this program is vigorously engaged in making sure its language survives

這個計畫正積極有力的推行，確保語言能留存

Chickasaw, at best, has 60 to 65 speakers of the Chickasaw language,

契卡索語，充其量也只有60到65個人能說

You can see that's a challenging situation for the Chickasaw tribal members.

可見契卡索部落的成員們，面臨的是多麼有挑戰性的處境

But what the Chickasaw Language Program does

但是，契卡索語復興計畫的內容

is they create lots of opportunities for their citizens

playing cards with the language allow the grandparents, parents, and children

玩字卡，讓祖父母、父母親和兒童

to engage in games, and have the language there.

where there's tremendous diversity in Aboriginal languages,

當地的原住民語言有龐大的多樣性

we find an inspiring example of a sleeping language being reawakened.

有個鼓舞人心的例子，是有關一個沉睡中的語言被喚醒

has been instrumental in bringing his language back.

With the help of linguist Rob Amery, and archival materials in the language,

在語言學家Rob Amery 的幫助之下，以及 Kaurna 語的資料典藏

Jack Buckskin learnt his language, he teaches his language,

Jack Buckskin 學會了他們的語言，並教授這個語言

and now his little girl speaks the language

現在他的小女兒也會說 Kaurna 語

So once again, thanks to Jack Buckskin and his efforts,

因此我們要再次感謝 Jack Buckskin 和他的努力

what we see is the Kaurna language again spoken by children.

我們看到孩童再度說起了 Kaurna 語

Tremendous amounts of information is stored and encoded in language　:

大量的訊息被儲存、編譯在這個語言裡：

knowledge about the seasons, climate, plants, and animals.

關於季節的知識、氣候、植栽和動物

事實上，如果我們只看澳洲的話

among a number of different aboriginal people

that there was a time when the sea level was low,

曾經有段時間海平面是比較低的

and what is now island was then connected land

如今的島嶼，過去曾與大陸相連

But then the sea levels rose and life changed,

但後來海平面上升，生活隨之改變

and this is something that's found in many aboriginal traditions:the story of the sea level change.

許多原住民傳說裡，都找得到有關海平面改變的故事

And if fact, there's parallels in western science for climate change

而事實上，這和西方科學的氣候改變紀錄吻合

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【TEDx】即將失傳的語言的未來 (Back to the Future of Endangered Languages | Colleen Fitzgerald | TEDxUTA)

native

engage

learn

tremendous