Name: TED】James B. Glattfelder:誰控制了世界？(James B. Glattfelder：Who controls the world？) (【TED】James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world? (James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world?))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:53:00.000Z
Duration: 14 min 11 s

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

the serious limitations of existing economic

嚴重的侷限性會馬上顯露出來。"

and financial models immediately became apparent."

"社會上還有一種強烈的共識， 我在這裡和各位分享

"There is also a strong belief, which I share,

就是錯誤的或是過於簡化 和過度自信的經濟

that bad or oversimplistic and overconfident economics

Now, you've probably all heard of similar criticism

特別是從質疑資本主義者的口中聽到

coming from people who are skeptical of capitalism.

我剛才所說的，是發自金融體系的核心

This is coming from the heart of finance.

第一句話是來自尚．克勞德特里謝 (Jean-Claude Trichet)

The first quote is from Jean-Claude Trichet

當他還是歐洲中央銀行總裁時所說的

when he was governor of the European Central Bank.

of the U.K. Financial Services Authority.

that we don't understand the economic systems

trying to understand the origins of the universe

while we still don't understand the conditions

一個穩定的社會、正常運作的 經濟或是和平所需要的條件

for a stable society, a functioning economy, or peace."

到底發生了甚麼事? 怎會這樣呢?

What's happening here? How can this be possible?

Do we really understand more about the fabric of reality

人類的互動所交織而成的 社會了解的更多嗎?

which emerges from our human interactions?

但是，現在有個耐人尋味的解決方案

But there's an intriguing solution which is coming

from what is known as the science of complexity.

為了說明這是什麼東西 還有這代表甚麼意思

To explain what this means and what this thing is,

please let me quickly take a couple of steps back.

在偶然之下，我選擇了物理這條路

It was a random encounter when I was young,

它描述了我們每天生活的 現實世界運作的方式

in describing the reality we wake up in every day.

簡單來說，你可以把 物理想像成以下這樣子

In a nutshell, you can think of physics as follows.

你拿走了一塊你想要 了解的現實世界

So you take a chunk of reality you want to understand

如此，你可以預期結果並且測試它

我們真的很幸運這樣的方式是可行的

We're actually really lucky that this works,

因為沒有人真正了解我們腦中的想法

because no one really knows why the thoughts in our heads

實際上和宇宙運行的基本法則是有關聯的

should actually relate to the fundamental workings of the universe.

儘管有如此的成就 物理仍然有它的侷限性

Despite the success, physics has its limits.

如同德克．海爾賓在剛剛最後一段引言所指出的 (Dirk Helbing瑞士一名物理學和社會學家)

As Dirk Helbing pointed out in the last quote,

we don't really understand the complexity

和我們有關並且環繞著在我們的複雜性

這個悖論讓我對於這樣複雜系統產生了興趣

This paradox is what got me interested in complex systems.

是由許多部分相互關聯 和相互作用所引起的

of many interconnected or interacting parts:

一整群的鳥或是魚、螞蟻的地盤

Interestingly, complex systems are very hard to map

用數學方程式描繪出來是非常困難的

所以慣用的物理方法 在這裡無用武之地

so the usual physics approach doesn't really work here.

So what do we know about complex systems?

實際上，我們在複雜行為的外表所看到的

Well, it turns out that what looks like complex behavior

其實就是它那少數且簡單的規則

This means you can forget about the equations

所以你真的可以不用再管那些方程式了

so you can actually forget about the equations

and you just start to look at the interactions.

而這讓一切變得更順利 因為絕大多數的複雜系統

And it gets even better, because most complex systems

都有一個了不起的特性，叫做突現性 (Emergence)

have this amazing property called emergence.

而這個現象是無法被了解或預測的

如果你只注意這整個系統的一小部分的話

by looking at the components of the system.

所以系統的整體，實際上 比它所有部分的總合還要多

So the whole is literally more than the sum of its parts.

而這也意味著，你可以 不管系統那些個別的部分

And all of this also means that you can forget about

the individual parts of the system, how complex they are.

假設這個系統是個細胞、是白蟻或是一隻鳥

So if it's a cell or a termite or a bird,

你只要專注在它們互動的規則上

you just focus on the rules of interaction.

結論就是，網絡是代表複雜系統

As a result, networks are ideal representations

and the links are given by the interactions.

就像複雜網絡之於複雜系統一樣

complex networks are for the study of complex systems.

This approach has been very successfully applied

許多的複雜系統，像是物理學、生物學

to many complex systems in physics, biology,

在相關文獻中，這是一個驚人且顯而易見的鴻溝

This is a surprising and prominent gap in the literature.

"The Network of Global Corporate Control"

是第一個大規模分析經濟網絡的研究

was the first extensive analysis of economic networks.

這個研究在網路上像病毒般的傳播出去

並吸引了非常多國際媒體的目光

and it attracted a lot of attention from the international media.

這是很值得關注的，因為再一次地

This is quite remarkable, because, again,

為什麼之前從來沒有人關注過這件事?

類似的資料在很久以前就唾手可得了

Similar data has been around for quite some time.

我們研究的是，所有權網絡的詳細訊息

What we looked at in detail was ownership networks.

在這圖上，結點代表公司行號、人、政府機關

TED】James B. Glattfelder:誰控制了世界？(James B. Glattfelder：Who controls the world？) (【TED】James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world? (James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world?))

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TED】James B. Glattfelder:誰控制了世界？(James B. Glattfelder：Who controls the world？) (【TED】James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world? (James B. Glattfelder: Who controls the world?))

reality

complex

result

company