There's something that I'd like you to see.

（影片）記者：以下的故事

(Video) Reporter: It's a story that's deeply unsettled

讓數百萬中國人深感不安：

millions in China:

鏡頭上是一名兩歲的小女孩

footage of a two-year-old girl

遭廂型車撞擊後 路人讓她獨自在街上流血

hit by a van and left bleeding in the street by passersby,

畫面太過震撼，不適合在此播放

footage too graphic to be shown.

整起事故被監視器拍了下來

The entire accident is caught on camera.

駕駛在撞到小孩後停頓了一下

The driver pauses after hitting the child,

車子後輪壓在她身上不止一秒鐘

his back wheels seen resting on her for over a second.

兩分鐘內有三個人 走過這位兩歲小女孩王悅身邊

Within two minutes, three people pass two-year-old Wang Yue by.

第一位完全忽視並繞過 身受重傷的孩子

The first walks around the badly injured toddler completely.

另外兩位離開前看了她一眼

Others look at her before moving off.

彼得．辛格：隨後還有更多人

Peter Singer: There were other people

從王悅身旁走過

who walked past Wang Yue,

第二台廂型車壓過她的腳

and a second van ran over her legs

後來才有一名清潔工發出警報

before a street cleaner raised the alarm.

她被緊急送醫 但為時已晚，她過世了

She was rushed to hospital, but it was too late. She died.

我想知道在座有多少人看到後

I wonder how many of you, looking at that,

對自己說：「我不會這樣，

said to yourselves just now, "I would not have done that.

我會停下來救她。」

I would have stopped to help."

有這種想法的請舉手

Raise your hands if that thought occurred to you.

和我想的一樣，大部份的人都如此

As I thought, that's most of you.

我相信你，我確定你們是對的

And I believe you. I'm sure you're right.

但在各位感到驕傲前

But before you give yourself too much credit,

請看這個

look at this.

聯合國兒童基金會 (UNICEF) 報導 2011 年

UNICEF reports that in 2011,

有 690 萬名兒童在五歲前

6.9 million children under five

死於可預防的、貧窮相關的疾病

died from preventable, poverty-related diseases.

UNICEF 認為這是好消息

UNICEF thinks that that's good news

因為數字逐漸降低

because the figure has been steadily coming down

1990 年時是 1200 萬人 現在好多了

from 12 million in 1990. That is good.

但仍有 690 萬名兒童

But still, 6.9 million

即每天有一萬九千名兒童死亡

is 19,000 children dying every day.

他們是否在我們經過的路上

Does it really matter

真的很重要嗎？

that we're not walking past them in the street?

他們在很遠的地方 真的很重要嗎？

Does it really matter that they're far away?

我不認為在道德上有什麼不同

I don't think it does make a morally relevant difference.

事實是，他們不在我們面前

The fact that they're not right in front of us,

事實是，他們的國籍、種族不同

the fact, of course, that they're of a different nationality

但在道德上，我不認為有什麼不同

or race, none of that seems morally relevant to me.

真正重要的是

What is really important is,

我們能不能降低死亡人數？

can we reduce that death toll? Can we save

我們能不能拯救每天死亡的 一萬九千名兒童？

some of those 19,000 children dying every day?

答案是，我們當然可以！

And the answer is, yes we can.

我們每個人都有把錢花在

Each of us spends money

不太需要的東西上

on things that we do not really need.

你可以想想你的習慣

You can think what your own habit is,

不管是一台新車、一段假期

whether it's a new car, a vacation

或是去買瓶裝水來喝

or just something like buying bottled water

但明明水龍頭的水

when the water that comes out of the tap

就可以生飲

is perfectly safe to drink.

你可以把

You could take the money you're spending

不必要的花費

on those unnecessary things

捐給這個組織：

and give it to this organization,

瘧疾防治基金會 (Against Malaria Foundation)

the Against Malaria Foundation,

它會將你的捐款

which would take the money you had given

用來買這樣的蚊帳

and use it to buy nets like this one

來保護這樣的孩子

to protect children like this one,

我們確實知道，如果提供蚊帳

and we know reliably that if we provide nets,

給他們使用，就能減少

they're used, and they reduce the number of children

兒童死於瘧疾的人數

dying from malaria,

而這只是造成每天

just one of the many preventable diseases

一萬九千名孩童死亡的

that are responsible for some of those 19,000 children

眾多可預防性疾病中的一種

dying every day.

幸運的是，越來越多人

Fortunately, more and more people

了解這個想法

are understanding this idea,

結果形成了一個運動：

and the result is a growing movement:

「有效的利他主義」 (effective altruism)

effective altruism.

這件事很重要 因為它結合了心和腦

It's important because it combines both the heart and the head.

心，當然指的是你的感受

The heart, of course, you felt.

你同情那個孩子

You felt the empathy for that child.

但用腦也一樣重要

But it's really important to use the head as well

才能確保你做的事有效 而且方向正確

to make sure that what you do is effective and well-directed,

不僅如此，我認為理性也能幫我們

and not only that, but also I think reason helps us

了解其他人，無論他們在哪裡

to understand that other people, wherever they are,

就像我們一樣，我們也可能 像他們那樣受苦

are like us, that they can suffer as we can,

那些父母因為孩子過世而悲傷

that parents grieve for the deaths of their children,

就像我們一樣

as we do,

生命和幸福，對我們來說很重要

and that just as our lives and our well-being matter to us,

對這些人來說也一樣重要

it matters just as much to all of these people.

因此我認為理性 不只是個中立的工具

So I think reason is not just some neutral tool

來幫助你達成目標

to help you get whatever you want.

更能幫助我們設身處地

It does help us to put perspective on our situation.

我想這也是為什麼

And I think that's why

「有效的利他主義」 的許多指標性人物

many of the most significant people in effective altruism

有哲學、經濟、

have been people who have had backgrounds

或數學的背景

in philosophy or economics or math.

看來好像很奇怪

And that might seem surprising,

因為很多人認為

because a lot of people think,

「哲學和現實世界很遙遠；

"Philosophy is remote from the real world;

聽說經濟學只會讓我們變得自私

economics, we're told, just makes us more selfish,

而唸數學的都是書呆子。」

and we know that math is for nerds."

但事實上，這些學科真的有影響

But in fact it does make a difference,

而且真的有一位書呆子

and in fact there's one particular nerd

成了特別有效的利他主義者

who has been a particularly effective altruist

因為他成立了這個

because he got this.

這是比爾與梅琳達．蓋茲基金會網站 (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)

This is the website of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,

你可以看到到右上角的字寫著：

and if you look at the words on the top right-hand side,

「所有的生命價值相同。」

it says, "All lives have equal value."

這份了解的心

That's the understanding,

以理性了解我們在世上處境的心

the rational understanding of our situation in the world

引領著以下這三位

that has led to these people

成為史上最有效益的利他主義者：

being the most effective altruists in history,

比爾與梅琳達．蓋茲 以及華倫巴菲特 (Warren Buffett)

Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.

（鼓掌）

(Applause)

卡內基 (Andrew Carnegie) 和 洛克菲勒 (John D. Rockefeller)

No one, not Andrew Carnegie, not John D. Rockefeller,

捐給慈善機構的金額

has ever given as much to charity

也比不上這三位中的任何一位

as each one of these three,

他們用自己的智慧

and they have used their intelligence

確保高度的有效性

to make sure that it is highly effective.

根據一項評估，蓋茲基金會

According to one estimate, the Gates Foundation

已經拯救了 580 萬條人命

has already saved 5.8 million lives

並讓幾百萬人免於身患重病

and many millions more, people, getting diseases

這些疾病本來會讓他們得到重症

that would have made them very sick,

甚至死亡

even if eventually they survived.

未來幾年，毫無疑問

Over the coming years, undoubtably the Gates Foundation

蓋茲基金會將會捐出更多錢

is going to give a lot more,

拯救更多生命

is going to save a lot more lives.

你可能會說 很好，因為你是億萬富翁

Well, you might say, that's fine if you're a billionaire,

才會有那麼大的影響力

you can have that kind of impact.

但我不是，我能做些什麼呢？

But if I'm not, what can I do?

因此，我將討論會影響人們付出

So I'm going to look at four questions that people ask

的四個疑問

that maybe stand in the way of them giving.

他們擔心能造成多大差別

They worry how much of a difference they can make.

其實你不必是億萬富翁

But you don't have to be a billionaire.

這位是托比．歐德 (Toby Ord)

This is Toby Ord. He's a research fellow in philosophy

在牛津大學擔任哲學研究員

at the University of Oxford.

他之所以成為有效的利他主義者

He became an effective altruist when he calculated

是因為他計算了一生的總收入

that with the money that he was likely to earn

他從事學術工作

throughout his career, an academic career,

他有能力付出 讓八萬名開發中國家

he could give enough to cure 80,000 people of blindness

的盲人重見光明

in developing countries

而且還足以維持

and still have enough left

良好的生活品質

for a perfectly adequate standard of living.

因此托比成立了一個組織

So Toby founded an organization

叫「盡已所能」 (Giving What We can) 來傳播這個訊息

called Giving What We Can to spread this information,

召集想捐出部分所得的民眾

to unite people who want to share some of their income,

並請大家承諾捐出

and to ask people to pledge to give 10 percent

10% 的終生所得

of what they earn over their lifetime

來打擊全球的貧窮

to fighting global poverty.

托比自己做得更多

Toby himself does better than that.

他每年只留下一萬八千英鎊

He's pledged to live on 18,000 pounds a year --

少於三萬美元

that's less than 30,000 dollars --

把其餘的所得都捐給這些組織

and to give the rest to those organizations.

沒錯，托比已婚、也有貸款

And yes, Toby is married and he does have a mortgage.

這一對則較為年長

This is a couple at a later stage of life,

查理．布萊斯勒 (Charlie Bresler) 和黛安娜．喬特 (Diana Schott)

Charlie Bresler and Diana Schott,

他們在年輕時相遇

who, when they were young, when they met,

當時都是越戰的反戰人士

were activists against the Vietnam War,

為社會正義而戰

fought for social justice,

之後和大部分人一樣開始工作

and then moved into careers, as most people do,

他們沒做什麼太激進的事

didn't really do anything very active about those values,

但也從未背棄這些價值

although they didn't abandon them.

然後他們到了大部分人

And then, as they got to the age at which many people

開始想要退休的年紀 他們回到這些價值

start to think of retirement, they returned to them,

決定減少消費

and they've decided to cut back on their spending,

簡樸生活，把金錢和時間運用在

to live modestly, and to give both money and time

幫助對抗全球的貧窮

to helping to fight global poverty.

提到時間可能會讓你想說：

Now, mentioning time might lead you to think,

「我該丟下我的工作，將全部時間

"Well, should I abandon my career and put all of my time

奉獻在拯救每天消逝的

into saving some of these 19,000 lives

一萬九千條人命上嗎？」

that are lost every day?"

威爾．克洛其 (Will Crouch) 思考了這個議題

One person who's thought quite a bit about this issue

你要怎麼擁有一份職業

of how you can have a career that will have

能夠帶給全世界最好的影響

the biggest impact for good in the world is Will Crouch.

他是哲學系畢業的學生

He's a graduate student in philosophy,

他設立了一個網站「八萬小時」

and he's set up a website called 80,000 Hours,

這個數字是他計算出

the number of hours he estimates

人們花在自己職業生涯的時間

most people spend on their career,

以建議人們如何選擇最好的、

to advise people on how to have the best,

最有效率的工作

most effective career.

但你可能會很驚訝

But you might be surprised to know

他建議大家可以考慮的工作之一

that one of the careers that he encourages people to consider,

如果能力和個性都適合的話

if they have the right abilities and character,

就是進銀行業或金融業

is to go into banking or finance.

為什麼？因為如果你賺夠多錢

Why? Because if you earn a lot of money,

你就可以捐出這些錢

you can give away a lot of money,

如果你在工作上很成功

and if you're successful in that career,

你可以捐錢給公益團體

you could give enough to an aid organization

讓團體能在發展中國家

so that it could employ, let's say, five aid workers

雇用五位援助工作者

in developing countries, and each one of them

他們每位都可能

would probably do about as much good

像你做得一樣好

as you would have done.

因此你可以藉由從事這類工作

So you can quintuple the impact

來發揮五倍的影響力

by leading that kind of career.

有位年輕人接受了他的建議

Here's one young man who's taken this advice.

他名叫麥特．韋格 (Matt Weiger)

His name is Matt Weiger.

是普林斯頓大學 哲學系和數學系的學生

He was a student at Princeton in philosophy and math,

他去年畢業時

actually won the prize for the best undergraduate philosophy thesis

得到了最佳大學生哲學論文獎

last year when he graduated.

但他到紐約去從事金融業

But he's gone into finance in New York.

他已經賺到夠多的錢

He's already earning enough

所以他的捐款已達十萬美金以上

so that he's giving a six-figure sum to effective charities

而且仍有足夠的生活費

and still leaving himself with enough to live on.

麥特也幫我成立了一個組織

Matt has also helped me to set up an organization

是用我寫的一本書的書名

that I'm working with that has the name taken

「你能拯救的生命」 (The Life You Can Save)

from the title of a book I wrote,

做為此組織的名稱

"The Life You Can Save,"

主要在試著改變我們的文化

which is trying to change our culture

讓更多人思考

so that more people think that

如果想過有道德的人生

if we're going to live an ethical life,

不能只記得

it's not enough just to follow the thou-shalt-nots

不欺騙、不偷竊、不傷人、不殺人

and not cheat, steal, maim, kill,

如果我們擁有的已經足夠

but that if we have enough, we have to share some of that

就應該要分享一些 給那些只有很少的人

with people who have so little.

組織將不同世代的人們

And the organization draws together people

團結起來

of different generations,

像是大學生荷莉．摩根 (Holly Morgan)

like Holly Morgan, who's an undergraduate,

承諾捐出 10%

who's pledged to give 10 percent

她為數不多的存款

of the little amount that she has,

右邊的這位是汪艾達 (Ada Wan)

and on the right, Ada Wan,

她曾直接為窮人服務

who has worked directly for the poor, but has now

但為了能奉獻更多 現在到耶魯唸 MBA

gone to Yale to do an MBA to have more to give.

許多人可能會想

Many people will think, though,

慈善團體不是真的都有效

that charities aren't really all that effective.

所以我們就來談談「有效」

So let's talk about effectiveness.

托比很關心這件事

Toby Ord is very concerned about this,

他計算出某些慈善團體

and he's calculated that some charities

和其他單位相比

are hundreds or even thousands of times

有效幾百、甚至幾千倍

more effective than others,

因此，找到有效的慈善團體很重要

so it's very important to find the effective ones.

舉例說，提供導盲犬給盲人

Take, for example, providing a guide dog for a blind person.

是件好事，對吧？

That's a good thing to do, right?

是的，那是件好事

Well, right, it is a good thing to do,

但你要思考，有了這些資源 你還能做什麼？

but you have to think what else you could do with the resources.

要花四萬美元訓練

It costs about 40,000 dollars to train a guide dog

一隻導盲犬與一位盲人

and train the recipient so that the guide dog

才能讓導盲犬有效幫助盲人

can be an effective help to a blind person.

但僅需約二十到五十美元

It costs somewhere between 20 and 50 dollars

就能治癒一位開發中國家

to cure a blind person in a developing country

因砂眼而視障的盲人

if they have trachoma.

因此計算之後，你就會發現

So you do the sums, and you get something like that.

你可以提供一隻導盲犬

You could provide one guide dog

給一位美國的盲人

for one blind American,

也可以讓四百到

or you could cure between 400

兩千位盲人重見光明

and 2,000 people of blindness.

要怎麼做比較好，顯而易見

I think it's clear what's the better thing to do.

如果你想尋找有效的慈善團體

But if you want to look for effective charities,

這是個很好的網站

this is a good website to go to.