they tend to think of certain things.

都會想到某些事物，

They think of buildings and streets

他們會想到建築、街道、

and skyscrapers, noisy cabs.

摩天大樓和吵雜的計程車。

But when I think about cities,

但是當我想到城市，

I think about people.

我會想到人。

Cities are fundamentally about people,

基本上，城市與人有關，

and where people go

大家上哪去、

and where people meet

在哪碰面

are at the core of what makes a city work.

都是位在城市運作的樞紐位置。

So even more important than buildings in a city

因此在城市中比建築還重要的是

are the public spaces in between them.

在建築之間的公共空間。

And today, some of the most transformative

現今在城市中變化最大的部分

changes in cities

正是發生在這些公共空間中。

are happening in these public spaces.

因此我相信怡人又宜居的公共空間

So I believe that lively, enjoyable public spaces

是設計卓越城市的關鍵。

are the key to planning a great city.

讓城市活躍起來的即是公共空間。

They are what makes it come alive.

那是什麼讓公共空間發揮效用？

But what makes a public space work?

吸引人們到優良公共空間的是什麼？

What attracts people to successful public spaces,

讓人們遠離不良空間的因素又是什麼？

and what is it about unsuccessful places

我想如果我能回答那些問題，

that keeps people away?

我就能為所在城市貢獻良多。

I thought, if I could answer those questions,

但有件較怪的事情是

I could make a huge contribution to my city.

我是動物行為學家，

But one of the more wonky things about me

我運用這些技能 不是為了研究動物行為，

is that I am an animal behaviorist,

而是研究城市中的人類

and I use those skills not to study animal behavior

如何使用城市的公共空間。

but to study how people in cities

我最早期研究的空間之一

use city public spaces.

就是這個袖珍型的公園， 稱為帕里公園，

One of the first spaces that I studied

位在曼哈頓市區。

was this little vest pocket park called Paley Park

這小巧的空間成了一個小奇蹟，

in midtown Manhattan.

而因為它對紐約人 帶來如此深遠的影響，

This little space became a small phenomenon,

因此這座公園讓我印象十分深刻。

and because it had such a profound impact

在我職涯早期， 我便開始研究這座公園，

on New Yorkers,

因為建造它的人剛好是

it made an enormous impression on me.

我的繼父，

I studied this park very early on in my career

因此我知道像帕里公園這樣的地方

because it happened to have been built

並非偶然。

by my stepfather,

我直接看到他們需要

so I knew that places like Paley Park

對細節有無比的投入和關注。

didn't happen by accident.

但是什麼讓這空間

I saw firsthand that they required

如此特別且吸引人前往？

incredible dedication

嗯，我會坐在公園裡仔細觀察，

and enormous attention to detail.

最首要的是

But what was it about this space

舒適的活動座椅。

that made it special and drew people to it?

人們會進入公園，找到自己的座位，

Well, I would sit in the park and watch very carefully,

其實會稍微移動，然後停留一陣子，

and first among other things

接著有趣的是

were the comfortable, movable chairs.

人們會吸引其他人；

People would come in, find their own seat,

而諷刺的是，我會覺得更加平靜，

move it a bit, actually, and then stay a while,

只要身旁還有其他人在。

and then interestingly,

還有綠意。

people themselves attracted other people,

這小巧的公園提供了紐約人所渴求的：

and ironically, I felt more peaceful

舒適與綠色植物。

if there were other people around.

但我的問題是

And it was green.

為什麼沒有更多綠色植物，

This little park provided what New Yorkers crave:

以及能在城市中心安坐的地方，

comfort and greenery.

讓你身在其中不覺得孤單，

But my question was,

或是像個侵入者？

why weren't there more places with greenery

遺憾的是，

and places to sit in the middle of the city

城市並非依此規劃。

where you didn't feel alone,

你可以在這裡看見一個熟悉的畫面。

or like a trespasser?

這是好幾個世代以來 大廈設計的模式。

Unfortunately, that's not how cities

這種流行、簡約的樣貌

were being designed.

讓我們常和現代建築聯想在一塊，

So here you see a familiar sight.

但不意外的是

This is how plazas have been designed for generations.

人們會遠離像這樣的空間。

They have that stylish, Spartan look

那裡看起來人煙稀少，

that we often associate with modern architecture,

感覺十分危險。

but it's not surprising that people

我是說，你在這裡時會坐哪邊？

avoid spaces like this.

你會在這裡做什麼？

They not only look desolate,

但建築師愛那些地方。

they feel downright dangerous.

那是他們的創意基礎。

I mean, where would you sit here?

他們也許要容忍一、兩個雕塑，

What would you do here?

但僅此而已。

But architects love them.

對開發商來說非常完美。

They are plinths for their creations.

不需要澆水、不用維護，

They might tolerate a sculpture or two,

也沒有煩人的討厭鬼。

but that's about it.

但是你不覺得這是種浪費嗎？

And for developers, they are ideal.

對我來說，成為城市規劃師

There's nothing to water, nothing to maintain,

意謂著能真的改變城市，

and no undesirable people to worry about.

我居住和深愛的城市。

But don't you think this is a waste?

我希望打造出的地方

For me, becoming a city planner

也能讓你擁有帕里公園 帶來的同樣感受，

meant being able to truly change the city

並且阻止開發商建造 像這樣冷冰冰的大廈。

that I lived in and loved.

但是經過許多年後，

I wanted to be able to create places

我意識到很難

that would give you the feeling that you got

創造成功、有意義，

in Paley Park,

又怡人的公共空間。

and not allow developers to build bleak plazas like this.

我向繼父學習時，

But over the many years,

這些事發生並非偶然，

I have learned how hard it is

尤其在像紐約這樣的城市，

to create successful, meaningful,

需極力爭取才能打造公共空間，

enjoyable public spaces.

為了讓事情圓滿達成，

As I learned from my stepfather,

得有人絞盡腦汁思考

they certainly do not happen by accident,

每一個細節。

especially in a city like New York,

城市中的開放空間都是機會。

where public space has to be fought for to begin with,

沒錯，它們是商業投資的機會，

and then for them to be successful,

但是這些機會也都是

somebody has to think very hard

這座城市的公共利益，

about every detail.

那兩項目標常背道而馳，

Now, open spaces in cities are opportunities.

衝突就因此而生。

Yes, they are opportunities for commercial investment,

我首次得爭取的機會

but they are also opportunities for the common good

是 1980 年代早期的 一項大型公共開放空間，

of the city,

當時我帶領了一組規劃團隊，

and those two goals are often not aligned with one another,

位於名叫砲台公園城 的巨型垃圾掩埋場，

and therein lies the conflict.

就在曼哈頓的哈德遜河岸邊。

The first opportunity I had to fight

這塊沙質荒地已荒廢了

for a great public open space was in the early 1980s,

十年之久，

when I was leading a team of planners

有人說，除非我們找到開發商，

at a gigantic landfill called Battery Park City

不然在六個月內 這塊地就會完全枯竭了。

in lower Manhattan on the Hudson River.

因此我們想到的是一個極端，

And this sandy wasteland had lain barren

近乎瘋狂的想法。

for 10 years,

與其蓋一座公園

and we were told, unless we found a developer

讓它成為未來發展的一部分，

in six months, it would go bankrupt.

我們何不翻轉那個機制，

So we came up with a radical,

改為先建造小巧、高質感的

almost insane idea.

公共開放空間，

Instead of building a park

看看能不能帶來什麼變化。

as a complement to future development,

我們只能建設兩個街區的大小，

why don't we reverse that equation

──後來成為一哩長的濱海遊憩區──

and build a small but very high-quality

因此不管我們蓋什麼， 都要非常完美才行。

public open space first,

為了確定這件事，

and see if that made a difference.

我堅持要蓋一個木造實體模型，

So we only could afford to build a two-block section

設有欄杆和防波堤。

of what would become a mile-long esplanade,

當我坐在測試的長凳上時，

so whatever we built had to be perfect.

身旁還有漫天飛舞的沙子，

So just to make sure, I insisted

欄杆剛好位在眼睛的高度，

that we build a mock-up

阻礙了我的視線，而且也破壞了

in wood, at scale, of the railing and the sea wall.

我在水岸邊的體驗。

And when I sat down on that test bench

你可以看到細節真的大有影響。

with sand still swirling all around me,

但設計不只是關於 東西看起來的樣子，

the railing hit exactly at eye level,

也關於你在那個空間裡 坐在椅子上的身體感受，

blocking my view and ruining my experience

我相信成功的設計

at the water's edge.

永遠取決於個人的體驗。

So you see, details really do make a difference.

在這張照片中， 每樣東西看起來都完工了，

But design is not just how something looks,

但是花崗岩的邊緣、那些燈光、

it's how your body feels on that seat in that space,

長凳的椅背、

and I believe that successful design always depends

栽植的樹木，

on that very individual experience.

以及在各種地方的座位，

In this photo, everything looks very finished,

都是這些小挑戰讓計畫煥然一新，

but that granite edge, those lights,

成為大家都想去的地方。

the back on that bench,

20 年後，證明了這十分珍貴，

the trees in planting,

當時麥克．彭博邀請我擔任

and the many different kinds of places to sit

都市計劃局長，

were all little battles that turned this project

讓我負責塑造

into a place that people wanted to be.

整座紐約市。

Now, this proved very valuable 20 years later

在那個特別的日子裡，他告訴我，

when Michael Bloomberg asked me to be

過去紐約是設計成

his planning commissioner

讓市民從八百萬人 發展為九百萬人的地方。

and put me in charge of shaping

他問我：

the entire city of New York.

「你打算把那多出來的 一百萬名紐約客放在哪裡？」

And he said to me on that very day,

嗯，我當時毫無頭緒。

he said that New York was projected

你知道紐約

to grow from eight to nine million people.

非常重視吸引外來人口，

And he asked me,

因此，我們對於發展前景非常興奮，

"So where are you going to put

但老實說，我們在哪裡發展

one million additional New Yorkers?"

這座已經建設到邊緣

Well, I didn't have any idea.

且被水環繞的城市？

Now, you know that New York does

我們要怎麼找出

place a high value on attracting immigrants,

新進紐約客的居所？

so we were excited about the prospect of growth,

如果我們不能擴展

but honestly, where were we going to grow

──那大概會是件好事──

in a city that was already built out to its edges

那我們要把新房子安置何處？

and surrounded by water?

那車子怎麼辦？

How were we going to find housing

我們的城市不可能再負擔更多車子了。

for that many new New Yorkers?

那我們要怎麼辦？

And if we couldn't spread out,

如果我們無法擴展，我們就得向上攀伸。

which was probably a good thing,

如果我們得向上攀伸，

where could new housing go?

我們就必須在

And what about cars?

你不需要有車的地方攀伸。

Our city couldn't possibly handle any more cars.

因此那代表了要運用 我們最重要的資產之一：

So what were we going to do?

我們的運輸系統。

If we couldn't spread out, we had to go up.

但我們過去從沒想過

And if we had to go up,

我們能如何充分運用運輸系統。

we had to go up in places

因此，這就是我們拼圖的關鍵。

where you wouldn't need to own a car.

如果我們要重新引導

So that meant using one of our greatest assets:

所有新的開發繞著運輸進行，

our transit system.

我們就能面對人口成長，

But we had never before thought

這是我們的想法。

of how we could make the most of it.

就是這份計畫，

So here was the answer to our puzzle.

我們確實要做的是：

If we were to channel and redirect

我們需要重劃區域，

all new development around transit,

──區域劃分是都市規劃師的管控方式──

we could actually handle that population increase,

基本上要重新塑造整座城市，

we thought.

著眼在新開發能往何處發展，

And so here was the plan,

全面禁止任何開發，

what we really needed to do:

在當前這片以車輛為導向的

We needed to redo our zoning --

郊區風格街坊之中。

and zoning is the city planner's regulatory tool --

這是種非常驚人的雄心壯志，

and basically reshape the entire city,

說雄心壯志，是因為社區

targeting where new development could go

必須認可那些計畫。

and prohibiting any development at all

那我要怎麼完成這件事？

in our car-oriented,

透過聆聽。 我開始聆聽，

suburban-style neighborhoods.

其實我聆聽了上千小時，

Well, this was an unbelievably ambitious idea,

只為了能取得信任。

ambitious because communities

社區可以分辨得出來

had to approve those plans.

你是否真的了解他們的街坊。

So how was I going to get this done?

那是假裝不了的事。

By listening. So I began listening,

因此我開始步行。

in fact, thousands of hours of listening

我不知道自己到底走了多少街區，

just to establish trust.

在汗流浹背的夏天、寒風刺骨的冬日，

You know, communities can tell

年復一年，

whether or not you understand their neighborhoods.

只因為如此一來我才能了解

It's not something you can just fake.

每一個街坊的基因，

And so I began walking.

以及每一條街傳達的感受。

I can't tell you how many blocks I walked,

我變成超神的區域劃分專家，

in sweltering summers, in freezing winters,

並找到方法讓區域劃分能滿足

year after year,

社區所關心的事務。

just so I could get to understand

因此，一點一滴、一個個街坊，

the DNA of each neighborhood

一塊塊街區，

and know what each street felt like.

我們開始限高，

I became an incredibly geeky zoning expert,

如此一來所有新的開發

finding ways that zoning could address

都能在預料之中，並且靠近交通運輸區。

communities' concerns.

這 12 年來，

So little by little, neighborhood by neighborhood,

我們重新劃分了

block by block,

124 個街坊，

we began to set height limits

40% 的城市，

so that all new development

12,500 塊街區，因此到現在，

would be predictable and near transit.

紐約所有新的開發中有 90%

Over the course of 12 years,

都在步行 10 分鐘能抵達地鐵的位置。

we were able to rezone

換句話說，那些新建築裡的居民

124 neighborhoods,

都不需要擁有汽車。

40 percent of the city,

嗯，那些重劃區域的事讓人疲憊不堪，

12,500 blocks, so that now,

而且讓人無力卻又十分重要，

90 percent of all new development of New York

但是重劃區域從來就不是我的任務。

is within a 10-minute walk of a subway.

你看不見區域劃分，無法感受區域劃分。

In other words, nobody in those new buildings

我的任務一向都是打造

needs to own a car.

完美的公共空間。

Well, those rezonings were exhausting

因此，在這些我們劃分為 重大發展的區域中，

and enervating and important,

我決定打造的空間

but rezoning was never my mission.

是能為人們生活帶來重大改變的地方。

You can't see zoning and you can't feel zoning.

你可以在這裡看到

My mission was always to create

兩哩廢棄、破敗的濱水區，

great public spaces.

位在布魯克林區的綠點 與威廉斯堡街坊，

So in the areas where we zoned for significant development,

根本不可能靠近和使用。

I was determined to create places

這裡的區域劃分規模龐大，

that would make a difference in people's lives.

因此我有責任

Here you see what was

在這些濱水區上打造優美的公園，

two miles of abandoned, degraded waterfront

我花了非常多的時間

in the neighborhoods of Greenpoint

在這些計畫中的每一吋土地上。

and Williamsburg in Brooklyn,

我希望能確定那裡會有

impossible to get to and impossible to use.

從高地到水域的林蔭步道，

Now the zoning here was massive,

到處都有樹木和植栽，

so I felt an obligation to create

當然，還要有很多、很多座位。

magnificent parks on these waterfronts,

老實說，我不知道結果會如何。

and I spent an incredible amount of time

我必須有信心。

on every square inch of these plans.

但我放下所有的事， 為了能研究和了解

I wanted to make sure that there were

那些計畫。

tree-lined paths from the upland to the water,

啟用後，

that there were trees and plantings everywhere,

我得告訴你，那非常棒。

and, of course, lots and lots of places to sit.

人們從城市的各個角落

Honestly, I had no idea how it would turn out.

來到這些公園裡。

I had to have faith.

我知道那些公園 改變了當地居民的生活，

But I put everything that I had studied and learned

但它們也改變了紐約客

into those plans.

對所在城市的整體印象。

And then it opened,

我常來這看著人們