through the magnifying glass of science,

透過科學之放大鏡，

designers extract principles, processes and materials

設計者對自然的本質、過程及材料

that are forming the very basis of design methodology.

進行提取，

From synthetic constructs that resemble biological materials,

這三者形成設計方法論之基石。

to computational methods that emulate neural processes,

從使用合成技術

nature is driving design.

來模仿生物材料，

Design is also driving nature.

到利用計算機方式來模仿神經傳導，

In realms of genetics, regenerative medicine and synthetic biology,

自然都是在駕馭設計。

designers are growing novel technologies,

而設計本身亦在驅使自然。

not foreseen or anticipated by nature.

在基因學、再生醫學、

Bionics explores the interplay between biology and design.

及合成生物學領域中，

As you can see, my legs are bionic.

設計者不斷發展

Today, I will tell human stories of bionic integration;

自然從未預測到或預料到的創新技術。

how electromechanics attached to the body, and implanted inside the body

仿生學研究的，

are beginning to bridge the gap between disability and ability,

是生物學與設計之間的互動。

between human limitation and human potential.

大家可見，我的雙腿為仿生所造。

Bionics has defined my physicality.

今日我要講的是，

In 1982, both of my legs were amputated

仿生學與人類相融合的故事，

due to tissue damage from frostbite,

電機機械系與人體相結合的方式、

incurred during a mountain-climbing accident.

植入人體內的方式，

At that time, I didn't view my body as broken.

正正開始

I reasoned that a human being can never be "broken."

縮小殘疾人與健全人之間的距離、

Technology is broken.

縮小人類局限性

Technology is inadequate.

與人類潛能之間的距離。

This simple but powerful idea was a call to arms,

仿生學給我的身體帶來新的定義。

to advance technology for the elimination of my own disability,

一九八二年，我雙腿截肢，

and ultimately, the disability of others.

因為在一次登山事故中

I began by developing specialized limbs

我的雙腿組織被凍傷。

that allowed me to return to the vertical world

那時候，我並無將自己的身體

of rock and ice climbing.

視為殘疾。

I quickly realized that the artificial part of my body is malleable;

我的邏輯是，一個人

able to take on any form, any function --

永遠不會殘疾。

a blank slate for which to create,

科技才是殘疾的。

perhaps, structures that could extend beyond biological capability.

科技是有缺陷的。

I made my height adjustable.

這個簡單但強大的念頭

I could be as short as five feet or as tall as I'd like.

是對行動的召喚，

(Laughter)

召喚改善科技，

So when I was feeling bad about myself,

消除我自身的缺陷，

insecure, I would jack my height up.

最終亦都解決他人之缺陷。

(Laughter)

我開始設計特殊肢臂，

But when I was feeling confident and suave,

這樣的設計允許我

I would knock my height down a notch, just to give the competition a chance.

重返岩石冰川的攀登世界。

(Laughter)

我很快意識到，我身體中的人造部分

(Applause)

具有可塑性，

Narrow-edged feet allowed me to climb steep rock fissures,

可以以各種形狀功能出現，

where the human foot cannot penetrate,

如同一塊白板，

and spiked feet enabled me to climb vertical ice walls,

可被延伸塑造成

without ever experiencing muscle leg fatigue.

超越生物性能的結構。

Through technological innovation,

我可以調節我的身高。

I returned to my sport, stronger and better.

我可以變成五寸釘，亦可以變成六尺高。

Technology had eliminated my disability,

（笑聲）

and allowed me a new climbing prowess.

所以當我為自己難過時、

As a young man, I imagined a future world where technology so advanced

缺乏安全感時，我就會增加身高；

could rid the world of disability,

到我覺得自信嫻雅的時候，

a world in which neural implants would allow

我就會調低一節高度，

the visually impaired to see.

就當系一個競賽。

A world in which the paralyzed could walk, via body exoskeletons.

（笑聲）（掌聲）

Sadly, because of deficiencies in technology,

狹窄楔形的雙腳

disability is rampant in the world.

令我攀登陡峭岩石裂紋時游刃有餘，

This gentleman is missing three limbs.

但是一般的人腳則不能做到，

As a testimony to current technology, he is out of the wheelchair,

帶尖刺的脚

but we need to do a better job in bionics, to allow, one day, full rehabilitation

允許我攀登垂直冰牆時，

for a person with this level of injury.

不會出現雙腿肌肉疲勞。

At the MIT Media Lab, we've established the Center for Extreme Bionics.

通過技術創新，

The mission of the center is to put forth fundamental science

我以更強勁的姿態重返運動。

and technological capability

技術抹去我身體的缺陷，

that will allow the biomechatronic and regenerative repair of humans,

賦予我嶄新的攀登潛能。

across a broad range of brain and body disabilities.

作為年少之人，我想像在未來的世界裡，

Today, I'm going to tell you how my legs function, how they work,

科技會相當先進，

as a case in point for this center.

足以擺脫殘疾的世界，

Now, I made sure to shave my legs last night,

在那個世界，神經植入

because I knew I'd be showing them off.

可以幫助視障人士重見光明，

(Laughter)

身體癱瘓的人

Bionics entails the engineering of extreme interfaces.

可以借助身體外骨骼重新步行。

There's three extreme interfaces in my bionic limbs:

可惜，因為科技是有缺陷的，

mechanical, how my limbs are attached to my biological body;

殘疾還是遍布全球。

dynamic, how they move like flesh and bone;

這位先生缺少三條肢臂。

and electrical, how they communicate with my nervous system.

這是給現代科技的證明，

I'll begin with mechanical interface.

這位先生已經擺脫了輪椅，

In the area of design, we still do not understand

但我們需要進一步完善仿生學，

how to attach devices to the body mechanically.

允許將來有一天

It's extraordinary to me that in this day and age,

受到如此創傷的人亦可以完全恢復。

one of the most mature, oldest technologies

我們在 MIT 媒體實驗室建立了

in the human timeline, the shoe, still gives us blisters.

高端仿生學中心。

How can this be?

該中心的使命，

We have no idea how to attach things to our bodies.

是發展基礎科學

This is the beautifully lyrical design work

以及科技能力，

of Professor Neri Oxman at the MIT Media Lab,

使得人類可以利用 生物機械仿生學和再生學

showing spatially varying exoskeletal impedances,

在大範圍內修復

shown here by color variation in this 3D-printed model.

大腦和身體的殘疾問題。

Imagine a future where clothing is stiff and soft where you need it,

今日我要跟大家講解 我雙腿的功能、

when you need it, for optimal support and flexibility,

我雙腿的運作方式，

without ever causing discomfort.

以此作為該中心的說明案例。

My bionic limbs are attached to my biological body

現在我確定我昨晚剃了腳毛，

via synthetic skins with stiffness variations,

因為我知道今日我要 把雙腿展示給大家。

that mirror my underlying tissue biomechanics.

仿生學需要高端層面工程。

To achieve that mirroring, we first developed a mathematical model

我的仿生肢上有三個高端層面；

of my biological limb.

機械層面上，

To that end, we used imaging tools such as MRI,

我的雙腿是如何與我的肉體結合；

to look inside my body,

動態層面，兩者如何像 同肉與骨那樣靈活運動；

to figure out the geometries and locations of various tissues.

電子層面上，兩者又是如何

We also took robotic tools --

與我的神經系統溝通。

here's a 14-actuator circle that goes around the biological limb.

我會先從機械層面開始講。

The actuators come in, find the surface of the limb,

在設計領域，我們尚不清楚

measure its unloaded shape,

如何將設備機械安裝在人體上。

and then they push on the tissues

對於我來說，不可置信的是，今時今日，

to measure tissue compliances at each anatomical point.

人類歷史中最為長久成熟的技術

We combine these imaging and robotic data

——鞋子——

to build a mathematical description of my biological limb, shown on the left.

依然會令我們雙腳生水泡。

You see a bunch of points, or nodes?

為什麼會這樣？

At each node, there's a color that represents tissue compliance.

我們不知道怎樣 在我們的身體上安裝東西。

We then do a mathematical transformation to the design of the synthetic skin,

這裡是一件漂亮得意的設計作品，

shown on the right.

是 MIT 媒體實驗室的 內日·奧斯曼的作品。

And we've discovered optimality is:

展示的是人体外骨骼抗阻空间，

where the body is stiff, the synthetic skin should be soft,

是利用立體打印模型

where the body is soft, the synthetic skin is stiff,

通過色差顯示出來的。

and this mirroring occurs across all tissue compliances.

想像一下，在未來

With this framework, we've produced bionic limbs

衣服的柔軟硬挺由你而定，

that are the most comfortable limbs I've ever worn.

任何時候都可以 提供最佳的支持和靈活性，

Clearly, in the future, our clothing, our shoes, our braces, our prostheses,

絲毫不會引起不適。

will no longer be designed and manufactured using artisan strategies,

我的仿生肢安裝在我的體內，

but rather, data-driven quantitative frameworks.

用的是人造皮膚，

In that future, our shoes will no longer give us blisters.

這種人造皮膚有不同柔軟度，

We're also embedding sensing and smart materials

來適用我體內的組織生物機械。

into the synthetic skins.

要取得這樣的適用能力，

This is a material developed by SRI International, California.

我們首先為我的生物肢臂

Under electrostatic effect, it changes stiffness.

建立了一個數學模型。

So under zero voltage, the material is compliant,

到了最後，我們使用成像工具，譬如 MRI，

it's floppy like paper.

觀察我的體內，

Then the button's pushed, a voltage is applied,

找出不同組織的

and it becomes stiff as a board.

幾何形狀和位置。

(Tapping sounds)

我們亦使用了機器人工具。

We embed this material into the synthetic skin

這是14—執行器循環裝置，

that attaches my bionic limb to my biological body.

用來測量我的生物肢體。

When I walk here, it's no voltage.

這些執行器進去找出肢體的表面，

My interface is soft and compliant.

測量缺失部分的形狀，

The button's pushed, voltage is applied, and it stiffens,

然後按壓組織，

offering me a greater maneuverability over the bionic limb.

從解剖學的角度，

We're also building exoskeletons.

測量組織的順從性。

This exoskeleton becomes stiff and soft

我們結合這些成像和機器人數據，

in just the right areas of the running cycle,

給我的生物肢體 建立一個數學描述，

to protect the biological joints from high impacts and degradation.

也就是左邊的這些。

In the future, we'll all be wearing exoskeletons

大家可以看見一些點或節點。

in common activities, such as running.

每一個節點都有 不同顏色標識組織的順從性。

Next, dynamic interface.

然後我們做一個數學轉換，

How do my bionic limbs move like flesh and bone?

轉換為人造皮膚的設計，

At my MIT lab, we study how humans with normal physiologies

如右圖

stand, walk and run.

我們討論發現，最佳狀態是，

What are the muscles doing,

人體剛硬的時候，人造皮膚應該要柔軟，

and how are they controlled by the spinal cord?

人體柔軟的時候，人體皮膚應該要剛硬。

This basic science motivates what we build.

這種適應能力

We're building bionic ankles, knees and hips.

應該體現在所有組織的服從性。

We're building body parts from the ground up.

有了這個框架，

The bionic limbs that I'm wearing are called BiOMs.

我們製造出仿生肢體，

They've been fitted to nearly 1,000 patients,

這是我有生以來 穿過的最舒服的義肢。

400 of which have been wounded U.S. soldiers.

很明顯，在將來，

How does it work?

我們的衣服、鞋子、背帶、

At heel strike, under computer control,

還有我們的義肢要設計製造時，

the system controls stiffness,

用的不再是手工藝方式，

to attenuate the shock of the limb hitting the ground.

而是資料提取的數據框架。

Then at mid-stance, the bionic limb outputs high torques and powers

在未來，我們的鞋子

to lift the person into the walking stride,

不會再要我們長水泡。

comparable to how muscles work in the calf region.

現在我們也在人造皮膚裡

This bionic propulsion is very important clinically to patients.

植入感應和智能材料。

So on the left, you see the bionic device worn by a lady,

這種材料

on the right, a passive device worn by the same lady,

是由 SRI 國際（加州）研發。

that fails to emulate normal muscle function,

這種材料利用靜電作用，改變柔軟度。

enabling her to do something everyone should be able to do:

所以材料無需電壓也具有服從性。

go up and down their steps at home.

這種材料像紙張那樣輕軟。

Bionics also allows for extraordinary athletic feats.

按鈕按下去，啟動一伏特，

Here's a gentleman running up a rocky pathway.

這種材料就會變得像板那樣硬。

This is Steve Martin -- not the comedian --

我們把這種材料植入到人造皮膚，

who lost his legs in a bomb blast in Afghanistan.

用來連接我的仿生肢和肉體。

We're also building exoskeletal structures using these same principles,

在我走路的時候，

that wrap around the biological limb.

沒有電壓。

This gentleman does not have any leg condition, any disability.

我的觸面是柔軟服從的。

He has a normal physiology,

按鈕按下去，用到一伏特，

so these exoskeletons are applying muscle-like torques and powers,

就會變硬，

so that his own muscles need not apply those torques and powers.

令我更自如地

This is the first exoskeleton in history that actually augments human walking.

操作我的仿生肢。

It significantly reduces metabolic cost.

我們亦都研發外骨骼。

It's so profound in its augmentation,

外骨骼可以變硬變軟，

that when a normal, healthy person wears the device for 40 minutes

隨著運動的節奏

and then takes it off,

在正確的地方保護生物關節，

their own biological legs feel ridiculously heavy and awkward.

使其不受高衝擊和退化的影響。

We're beginning the age in which machines attached to our bodies

在未來，我們在平常的活動中，

will make us stronger and faster and more efficient.

譬如跑步時，都會使用外骨骼。

Moving on to electrical interface:

下一個，動態層面。

How do my bionic limbs communicate with my nervous system?

我的仿生肢是如何 像肉與骨那樣靈活活動？

Across my residual limb are electrodes

我們在我的 MIT 實驗室研究

that measure the electrical pulse of my muscles.

人類是如何使用一般的 生理機能站立、走動和奔跑。

That's communicated to the bionic limb,

肌肉如何作用，

so when I think about moving my phantom limb,

肌肉又是如何受脊髓控制。

the robot tracks those movement desires.

這類基礎科學促進我們的發展。

This diagram shows fundamentally how the bionic limb is controlled.

我們在發展仿生腳踝、膝蓋、臀。

So we model the missing biological limb,

我們在從頭開始 建立身體的各個部分。

and we've discovered what reflexes occurred,

我現在所穿的義肢，叫 BiOMs。

how the reflexes of the spinal cord are controlling the muscles.

這種義肢已經使用在 將近一千個病人身上。

And that capability is embedded in the chips of the bionic limb.

其中四百人是美國傷兵。

What we've done, then, is we modulate the sensitivity of the reflex,

這是怎樣使用？當腳跟著地時，

the modeled spinal reflex, with the neural signal,

系統會通過電腦的控制控制柔軟度，

so when I relax my muscles in my residual limb,

以降低肢體著地的衝擊。

I get very little torque and power,

然後在走姿之間時，仿生肢會發出

but the more I fire my muscles, the more torque I get,

高扭矩和高能量來把人提高，

and I can even run.

完成步伐，

And that was the first demonstration of a running gait under neural command.

這與肌肉在小腿位置的移動相似。

Feels great.

這個仿生推進力

(Applause)

對臨床病人來說相當重要。

We want to go a step further.

在左邊，大家看見仿生設備，

We want to actually close the loop

穿的人是一位女士——

between the human and the bionic external limb.

在右邊，同一位女士在使用不同的設備，

We're doing experiments

這個設備不能模仿正常的肌肉功能——

where we're growing nerves, transected nerves,

她穿上之後，

through channels, or micro-channel arrays.

可以做常人能夠做到的事，

On the other side of the channel,

在家裡面走上走落。

the nerve then attaches to cells,

仿生肢同樣可以進行 出眾的體育運動競賽。

skin cells and muscle cells.

這是一位先生在石路上往上跑。

In the motor channels, we can sense how the person wishes to move.

這是斯提夫•馬丁，他不是喜劇演員，

That can be sent out wirelessly to the bionic limb,

而是一位在阿富汗的 炸彈爆炸中失去雙腿的先生。

then [sensory information] on the bionic limb

我們也在利用同樣的原理，

can be converted to stimulations in adjacent channels,

發展可以包圍生物肢體的

sensory channels.

外骨骼結構，

So when this is fully developed and for human use,

這位先生

persons like myself will not only have

並沒有腿傷或殘疾。

synthetic limbs that move like flesh and bone,

他的身體很正常，

but actually feel like flesh and bone.

因此，這些外骨骼

This video shows Lisa Mallette,

正在利用與肌肉相仿的扭矩和力量，

shortly after being fitted with two bionic limbs.

這樣他自己的肌肉

Indeed, bionics is making a profound difference in people's lives.

就不需要用到那些扭矩和力量。

(Video) Lisa Mallette: Oh my God.

這是外骨骼首次在歷史上

LM: Oh my God, I can't believe it!

協助人類步行。

(Video) (Laughter)

這樣能夠大量地降低代謝值。

LM: It's just like I've got a real leg!

外骨骼的使用效果相當顯著，

Woman: Now, don't start running.