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  • 1. Cognitive ease. A couple of days ago I put out a video about

  • The Prince by Machiavelli, and every time I make a video like that, I expect a particular

  • type of comment and I’m usually never disappointed. The comment goes more or less something like

  • this, “This is stupid, I don’t like Machiavelli…” NowThe topic of discussion might be something

  • very complex like, “Is it beneficial for a prince to learn how not to be good,” which

  • is a really good and a relevant question, but what do you have to do to answer that

  • question? You have to think a lot, you have to analyze the behavior of the people in power

  • throughout history, and along with endless other considerations you have to dedicate

  • a lot of time and mental energy to it. NowWhy would our brains want to waste energy

  • like that? So what do we do instead? We ask a simpler questionAnd the question is,

  • Do I like Machiavelli or not?” And if the answer to that is, “No, I don’t like

  • Machiavelli,” then well take that answer and turn it into, “Well, it turns out that

  • it’s not beneficial for a prince to learn how not to be good.” But notice how the

  • two questions literally have nothing to do with each other. Whether you like Machiavelli

  • or not has absolutely nothing to do with the original topic of discussion. And we tend

  • to do this with all kinds of complex questions we have to answer in life.

  • So the first big idea is to realize our tendency to replace complex questions with easier,

  • irrelevant questions and thereby reduce our ridiculous biases caused by cognitive ease.

  • 2. Confirmation Bias. A few days ago, I was talking to my friend

  • who’s really into coconut oil. And he started to tell me how great it is, and how it’s

  • the best thing in the world, and I don’t know much about coconut oil so I said, “That’s

  • pretty cool. Why is it so good?” And he just had absolutely no idea. So I said, “Okay,

  • coolWhy don’t we just research it?” So I get on my computer and type in something

  • like, “Is coconut oil good for you?” And I’m not even done typing when he yells,

  • Look! I found a study that says it’s good for you.” So I thought, “HmmThat

  • was pretty fast…” And I go over there and I take a look at the article and it was

  • citing this study that literally had nothing to do with whether coconut oil is good for

  • you or not. But I also clicked on his search tab and guess what he had searched for? He

  • had searched for, “Why coconut oil is good for you.”

  • And that is what we tend to do with everything in our life. If you care about searching for

  • truth and don’t want to live in some fantasy world, instead of typing in, “Why coconut

  • oil is good for you,” type inIs coconut oil good for you?”

  • If youre Mormon and you care about searching for truth, stop typing in, “Why Joseph Smith

  • is the best thing that happened to humanity.” Instead, type in “I would like to learn

  • more about Joseph Smith.” And I guarantee you those two will give you very different

  • results. So remember, if searching for truth is what you care about, realize how susceptible

  • we are to confirmation bias and don’t answer the question before youve even started

  • your research.

  • 3. The endowment effect. Now a lot of people watching this are probably

  • thinking, “Heh, stupid MormonsYeah, let’s all make fun of how easily theyll

  • fall for bullshit and how stupid they are,” but chances are that you yourself might be

  • catholic, or whatever else but let’s just pick the Catholics. For those of us who aren’t

  • catholic, your beliefs are just as childish and ridiculous. For those of us who aren’t

  • catholic, the idea of giving our time and money to some guy wearing a dress and a ridiculous

  • hat because that somehow makes him important is just as crazy.

  • So how can we look at something and think that it’s so ridiculous, but not be able

  • to see it if it’s our own? It’s called the endowment effect. We value things highly

  • just because theyre ours. If you have a car that youre trying to sell, youll

  • think that it should cost a lot more than if you weren’t the owner and you were actually

  • trying to buy it yourself. So the third big idea is to become aware of

  • our endowment bias. So ask yourself with everything in life including religion, do you really

  • think your religion is the best because you actually searched for truth without confirmation

  • bias or all the other biases and came to that conclusion, or is it because it’s just your

  • religion? Do you really think that Nicaragua is the best country in the world because it

  • really is, or could it possibly be due to the fact that you just happened to be born

  • there?

  • So the 3 big ideas are… 1. Cognitive ease. We have to stop replacing

  • complex questions with easier ones that are irrelevant if we want to be less biased.

  • 2. Confirmation bias. We have to stop starting out with an answer before weve even asked

  • the question. 3. And the endowment effect. We have to stop

  • thinking that something is great just because it’s ours. Maybe Nicaragua really is the

  • best country in the world and you just happened to be born there, or maybe it’s a little

  • more likely that youre just biased because of the endowment effect.

1. Cognitive ease. A couple of days ago I put out a video about

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認知性輕鬆,確認偏見,稟賦效應--思維,快與慢(第二部分)。 (COGNITIVE EASE, CONFIRMATION BIAS, ENDOWMENT EFFECT - THINKING, FAST AND SLOW (PART 2))

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    洪小雅 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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