I would try to begin by putting in perspective what I try to do

我想比較一下我想達到的成果

and how it fits with what they try to do.

跟他們想達到的成果有多吻合

We live in a world that everyone knows is interdependent,

大家都知道我們生存在一個互相依存的世界

but insufficient in three major ways.

但這世界有三點不足之處

It is, first of all, profoundly unequal:

第一：非常不平等

half the world's people still living on less than two dollars a day;

地球上半數的人靠着少於兩美金一天活着

a billion people with no access to clean water;

十億人没有日常清潔食水

two and a half billion no access to sanitation;

二十五億人無法享用衛生設施

a billion going to bed hungry every night;

十億人每晚空着肚子入睡

one in four deaths every year from AIDS, TB, malaria

每四個人之中有一個會死於愛滋病, 肺結核, 瘧疾

and the variety of infections associated with dirty water --

和其他由不潔食水引起的疾病

80 percent of them under five years of age.

當中百分之八十是五歲以下的小孩。

Even in wealthy countries it is common now to see inequality growing.

就算在富有國家，貧富懸殊的蔓延漸趨普遍

In the United States, since 2001 we've had five years of economic growth,

在美國，自2001年以來我們經歷過五年的經濟增長

five years of productivity growth in the workplace,

和五年的生產力增長

but median wages are stagnant and the percentage of working families

但中位數工資停滯

dropping below the poverty line is up by four percent.

在貧窮線以下的勞動家庭增加了百分之四

The percentage of working families without health care up by four percent.

沒有醫療保障的勞動家庭增加了百分之四

So this interdependent world which has been pretty good to most of us --

對大部分人來說，這個互相依存的世界對待大家不錯

which is why we're all here in Northern California doing what we do

所以我們才有機會在北加州做我們的事

for a living, enjoying this evening -- is profoundly unequal.

享受這個晚會 - 這是十分不平等的

It is also unstable.

也是不穩定的

Unstable because of the threats of terror,

不穩定是因為恐怖主義的威脅

weapons of mass destruction, the spread of global disease

大規模殺傷性武器, 全球性疾病的擴散

and a sense that we are vulnerable to it in a way that we weren't not so many years ago.

我們的脆弱感，比起數年前，明顯多了

And perhaps most important of all, it is unsustainable

最重要的是，這些不穩定

because of climate change, resource depletion and species destruction.

是由於氣候變化，資源消耗和物種滅絕。

When I think about the world I would like to leave to my daughter

當想到我希望留給我女兒

and the grandchildren I hope to have,

和孫兒的世界

it is a world that moves away from unequal, unstable, unsustainable

那世界將會遠離不平等和不穩定

interdependence to integrated communities -- locally, nationally and globally --

接近綜合，聯繫起來的社區 - 在地區，國家，以至全球

that share the characteristics of all successful communities:

分享所有成功社區的特徵

a broadly shared, accessible set of opportunities,

分享平等機會

a shared sense of responsibility for the success of the common enterprise

分擔建立一個成功共同事業的責任

and a genuine sense of belonging.

分享一分真摯的歸宿感

All easier said than done.

談何容易

When the terrorist incidents occurred in the United Kingdom a couple of years ago,

當數年前英國發生恐怖襲擊時

I think even though they didn't claim as many lives as we lost in the United States on 9/11,

雖然死難者人數比美國的九一一恐怖襲擊少

I think the thing that troubled the British most

但最令英國人不安的是

was that the perpetrators were not invaders, but homegrown citizens

這些恐怖分子並不是外來的入侵者，而是在英國土生土長的公民

whose religious and political identities were more important to them

對這些人來說，他們的政冶，宗教身份

than the people they grew up with, went to school with,

比起一同長大，一同上學

worked with, shared weekends with, shared meals with.

一同上班，一同過週末，一同吃飯的人更為重要

In other words, they thought their differences

換句話說，他們覺得人與人之間的差別

were more important than their common humanity.

比人間的共通點重要

It is the central psychological plague of humankind in the 21st century.

這是二十一世紀人類最中心的「心理瘟疫」

Into this mix, people like us, who are not in public office,

在這樣的環境下，像我們這些非公職人員

have more power to do good than at any time in history,

有史無前例最強的力量去作出貢獻

because more than half the world's people

因為半個世界的人

live under governments they voted in and can vote out.

可以投票選出當權的政府，也可以投票趕他們下台

And even non-democratic governments are more sensitive to public opinion.

就算是非民主國家也比以往對民意敏感

Because primarily of the power of the Internet,

主要是因為互聯網的力量

people of modest means can band together and amass vast sums of money

就算只有綿薄之力的人也可以組織起來，積聚金錢

that can change the world for some public good if they all agree.

建立公共利益，改變世界 - 當大家都同意時

When the tsunami hit South Asia, the United States contributed 1.2 billion dollars.

當南亞海嘯發生後，美國政府捐贈了12億美元

30 percent of our households gave.

百分之三十的美國人民捐贈了

Half of them gave over the Internet.

其中一半是通過互聯網捐贈

The median contribution was somewhere around 57 dollars.

中位數捐贈金額大慨是$57美元

And thirdly, because of the rise of non-governmental organizations.

第三點，由於非政府組織的上升

They, businesses, other citizens' groups, have enormous power

它們跟一些商業機構和其他民間團體，擁有龐大力量

to affect the lives of our fellow human beings.

可以影響我們的生活

When I became president in 1993,

當我在1993年當上美國總統時

there were none of these organizations in Russia.

在俄羅斯並無這類組織

There are now a couple of hundred thousand.

現在的俄羅斯有數十萬個這類的組織

None in India. There are now at least a half a million active.

在印度, 當時無這類組織。現在至少有五十萬活躍的非政府組織。

None in China. There are now 250,000 registered with the government,

在中國, 從零增長至二十五萬個有向政府登記的組織

probably twice again that many who are not registered for political reasons.

因為政冶原因而沒登記的可能有兩倍那麽多

When I organized my foundation, and I thought about the world as it is

當我策劃我的基金會時，想起現今的世界

and the world that I hope to leave to the next generation,

和我希望為下一代留下的世界

and I tried to be realistic about what I had cared about all my life

我嘗試切實地想，我還可以為我有生以來熱心的事

that I could still have an impact on.

作出甚麽影響呢?

I wanted to focus on activities

我想著重於

that would help to alleviate poverty, fight disease, combat climate change,

扶貧，打擊疾病，適應氣候變化

bridge the religious, racial and other divides that torment the world,

修補正在折磨着我們世界的宗教和種族分歧

but to do it in a way that would either use

我想可以利用

whatever particular skills we could put together in our group

我們(基金會人員)的綜合技能

to change the way some public good function was performed

去改變一些公益事業的運作

so that it would sweep across the world more.

令它們可以遍布全球

You saw one reference to that in what we were able to do with AIDS drugs.

你們看到之前提及到艾滋病藥物

And I want to say that the head of our AIDS effort,

我們艾滋病工作的領袖

and the person who also is primarily active in the wish I'll make tonight,

對我今晚這「願望」工作的主要人物

Ira Magaziner, is here with me and I want to thank him for everything he's done.

Ira Magaziner - 今晚也在場。我想對他的所有貢獻道謝

He's over there.

他在這裡

(Applause)

[掌聲]

When I got out of office and was asked to work, first in the Caribbean,

當我離任時，我被邀請到加勒比海

to try to help deal with the AIDS crisis,

去應付當地的愛滋病危機

generic drugs were available for about 500 dollars a person a year.

通用的藥物大慨需要每人一年五百元

If you bought them in vast bulks,

如你買入大量的話

you could get them at a little under 400 dollars.

四百元以下便可以買到一盒

The first country we went to work in, the Bahamas,

在我們第一個目的地國家 - 巴哈馬

was paying 3,500 dollars for these drugs.

這些藥物的售價是三千五百元

The market was so terribly disorganized

那裡的市場十分混亂和無規則

that they were buying this medicine through two agents

所以兩家商人

who were gigging them sevenfold.

可以用七倍以上的價格操控着市場½

So the very first week we were working,

在一個星期的時間內

we got the price down to 500 dollars.

我們把那些藥物的價格降至五百元

And all of a sudden, they could save seven times as many lives

忽然間，同一數目的金錢

for the same amount of money.

可解救七倍以上的生命

Then we went to work with the manufacturers of AIDS medicines,

之後，我們跟艾滋病藥物製造商合作

one of whom was cited in the film,

影片中提及到其中一個製造商

and negotiated a whole different change in business strategy,

談判了一套全新的商業策略

because even at 500 dollars, these drugs

因為就算是五百元，這些藥物

were being sold on a high-margin, low-volume, uncertain-payment basis.

的銷售模式是高利潤，低產量，和不明確的付款模式

So we worked on improving the productivity of the operations

所以我們在改善生產力方面做工作

and the supply chain, and went to a low-margin, high-volume,

供應鏈變為低利潤，高產量

absolutely certain-payment business.

付款有保障的生意

I joked that the main contribution we made

我開玩笑地說，我們對打擊愛滋病

to the battle against AIDS was to get the manufacturers

主要的貢獻是令生產商

to change from a jewelry store to a grocery store strategy.

改變它們的商業策略，由珠寶店變成雜貨店

But the price went to 140 dollars from 500.

價格由五百元下降至一百四十元

And pretty soon, the average price was 192 dollars.

很快地，平均價格為一百九十二元

Now we can get it for about 100 dollars.

現在，一百元便可以買到那些藥物了

Children's medicine was 600 dollars,

以往兒童藥物的售價是六百元

because nobody could afford to buy any of it.

因為根本没人可以負擔得起

We negotiated it down to 190.

我們議價至一百九十元

Then, the French imposed their brilliantly conceived airline tax

然後，法國人高明地徵收航空公司稅

to create a something called UNITAID,

去建立UNITAID

got a bunch of other countries to help.

得到一些國家的支持

That children's medicine is now 60 dollars a person a year.

兒童藥物的價格現在是每人六十元一年

The only thing that is keeping us from basically saving the lives

唯一阻礙着我們拯救

of everybody who needs the medicine to stay alive

所有依靠藥物生存的人

are the absence of systems necessary to diagnose, treat and care

是没有所需的體制去診斷，醫治和照顧人們

for people and deliver this medicine.

以及發放這些藥物

We started a childhood obesity initiative with the Heart Association in America.

我們跟美國心臟協會開始了一系列關注兒童肥胖的活動

We tried to do the same thing by negotiating industry-right deals

我們照樣嘗試跟業界談判交易

with the soft drink and the snack food industry to cut the caloric

跟汽水和零食業界商議減少含高卡路里

and other dangerous content of food going to our children in the schools.

和其他有害物質的食品進入兒童的學校

We just reorganized the markets.

我們重組了市場

And it occurred to me that in this whole non-governmental world,

我突然想到在這個非政府世界

somebody needs to be thinking about organizing public goods markets.

我們需要一些人去整理公共物品市場

And that is now what we're trying to do,

這是我們現在想做的事

and working with this large cities group to fight climate change,

和跟這些大城市團體合作對抗氣候變化

to negotiate huge, big, volume deals that will enable cities

談判這類大型交易可以令

which generate 75 percent of the world's greenhouse gases,

排放全球百分之七十五溫室氣體的城市

to drastically and quickly reduce greenhouse gas emissions

急劇和迅速地减少排放溫室氣體

in a way that is good economics.

從經濟上明智的角度實行

And this whole discussion as if it's some sort of economic burden,

當大家議論這課題時常把它當作經濟負擔

is a mystery to me.

這令我感到迷惑

I think it's a bird's nest on the ground.

我覺得對抗氣候變化會帶來垂手可得的益處

When Al Gore won his well-deserved Oscar

當戈爾以電影《難以忽視的真相》

for the "Inconvenient Truth" movie, I was thrilled,

獲得他應得的奥斯卡金像獎，我十分高興

but I had urged him to make a second movie quickly.

我勸他盡快製作第二套電影

For those of you who saw "An Inconvenient Truth,"

看過《難以忽視的真相》的人都知道

the most important slide in the Gore lecture is the last one,

戈爾的講議之中最重要的一段是最後那一段

which shows here's where greenhouse gases are going

顯示出溫室氣體的排放量是這麽多

if we don't do anything, here's where they could go.

如我們甚麽都不做，排放量可能會是這麼多

And then there are six different categories

然後有六個類別的事情

of things we can do to change the trajectory.

我們的行動可以改變未來溫室氣體的排放量

We need a movie on those six categories.

我們需要一套電影去講解這六個類別的事情

And all of you need to have it embedded in your brains

而你們必需把它深印腦海

and to organize yourselves around it.

使它啟發和整理你們的生活

So we're trying to do that.

我們正在這方面工作

So organizing these markets is one thing we try to do.

整理這些市場是我們工作的其中一項

Now we have taken on a second thing, and this gets to my wish.

現時我們展開了第二項工作，進入了「我的願望」這題目

It has been my experience in working in developing countries

從我在發展中國家的工作經驗來說

that while the headlines may all be -- the pessimistic headlines may say,

悲觀的新聞頭條可能會說

well, we can't do this, that or the other thing because of corruption --

由於貪污腐敗這也不行，那也不行

I think incapacity is a far bigger problem in poor countries than corruption,

我覺得在貧窮國家之中，比起貪污腐敗，無能是更嚴重的問題

and feeds corruption.

它能孕育腐敗

We now have the money, given these low prices, to distribute

因為價格下降，我們現在有足夠支金去發放

AIDS drugs all over the world to people we cannot presently reach.

艾滋病藥物給全球有需要的人，包括我們暫時未能延伸到的地方

Today these low prices are available in the 25 countries where we work,

至今，在我們工作的六十二國家當中，二十五個國家

and in a total of 62 countries,

的藥物價格成功地被减低

and about 550,000 people are getting the benefits of them.

大慨五十五萬人受惠

But the money is there to reach others.

但這基金的目的是延伸力量去幫助未能受惠的人

The systems are not there to reach the people.

現有的體制未能有效地接觸到所有有需要的人

So what we have been trying to do,

所以我們至今想做的是

working first in Rwanda and then in Malawi and other places --

首先在盧旺達工作，然後到馬拉維和其他地方

but I want to talk about Rwanda tonight --

今晚我想講在盧旺達的工作

is to develop a model for rural health care in a very poor area

我們正在發展一個貧窮農村地區衛生保健模式

that can be used to deal with AIDS, TB, malaria, other infectious diseases,

去對抗艾滋病，結核病，瘧疾和其他傳染病

maternal and child health, and a whole range of health issues

照顧孕婦和兒童保健，以及解決面對着發展中國家

poor people are grappling with in the developing world,

貧窮人口的一系列的健康問題

that can first be scaled for the whole nation of Rwanda,

這個衛生保健模式首先是以盧旺達這國家作為規模

and then will be a model that could literally

之後我們可以貫徹這個模式

be implemented in any other poor country in the world.

於其他貧窮的國家

And the test is: one, will it do the job?

我們面臨的考驗是，第一: 這能解決問題嗎?

Will it provide high quality care?

這衛生保健模式能提供高質量的保健服務嗎?

And two, will it do it at a price

第二:衛生保健服務的價格

that will enable the country to sustain a health care system

該國是否能夠負擔和維持得到的

without foreign donors after five to 10 years?

五年至十年後仍不需依靠外國捐助者?

Because the longer I deal with these problems,

我在這問題上的工作時間越長

the more convinced I am that we have to --

我越堅信我們必需構建系統

whether it's economics, health, education, whatever --

無論是經濟，衛生，教育

we have to build systems.

或其他方面

And the absence of systems that function

如沒有這些有效地運作的系統

break the connection which got you all in this seat tonight.

恐怕你們今晚便不能來臨這晚會

You think about whatever your life has been,

當你反思你的人生至今

however many obstacles you have faced in your life,

無論你面對過多少挫折

at critical junctures you always knew

在緊要關頭時，你知道

there was a predictable connection between the effort you exerted

你可根據你付出的努力

and the result you achieved.

去預計可達到的結果

In a world with no systems, with chaos,

但在一個沒有系統的混亂世界

everything becomes a guerilla struggle,

所有事情都像打游擊戰

and this predictability is not there.

無法預見將來

And it becomes almost impossible to save lives,

拯救生命，教育孩子

educate kids, develop economies, whatever.

發展經濟等等事情，變得幾乎是不可能的

The person, in my view,

以我之見

who has done the best job of this in the health care area,

有一個人在醫療保健方面作出了最大貢獻

of building a system in a very poor area, is Dr. Paul Farmer,

在貧窮地區建立了醫療保健系統。這人是法默醫師

who, many of you know, has worked for now 20 years with his group,

很多人都知道，他己經在他的組織「健康伙伴」工作了二十年

Partners in Health, primarily in Haiti where he started,

他主要在海地開始

but they've also worked in Russia, in Peru

但他們也在俄羅斯，秘魯

and other places around the world.

和世界上其他國家工作過

As poor as Haiti is, in the area where Farmer's clinic is active --

就算如海地般貧窮，在有法默醫師的診所的地方

and they serve a catchment area far greater

他們的服務的範圍

than the medical professionals they have would indicate they could serve --

遠遠大於他們的醫療專業人士的預想

since 1988, they have not lost one person to tuberculosis, not one.

從1988年起，他們没有一個病人死於肺結核

And they've achieved a lot of other amazing health results.

除此以外，他們其他的醫療成果也十分驚人

So when we decided to work in Rwanda

當我們決定了在盧旺達工作時

on trying to dramatically increase the income of the country and fight the AIDS problem,

我們想幫助這國家增加收入和打擎艾滋病問題

we wanted to build a healthcare network,

我們想造一個醫療保健網絡

because it had been totally destroyed during the genocide in 1994,

因為當地的醫療保健網絡在1994年的種族滅絕中被徹底摧毀

and the per capita income was still under a dollar a day.

而人均收入仍是低至每天1美元