Since then, the Internet has transformed the way we communicate,

自此之後，網路改變了我們溝通、

the way we do business, and even the way we live.

做生意，甚至是生活的方式。

In many ways,

從很多方面來說，

the ideas that gave birth to Google, Facebook, Twitter, and so many others,

這個概念也催生了谷歌、 臉書、推特和無數網站，

have now really transformed our lives,

同時也改變了我們的生活，

and this has brought us many real benefits such as a more connected society.

並帶給我們許多實質上的助益， 例如關係更緊密的社會。

However, there are also some downsides to this.

然而，網路也有些壞處。

Today, the average person has an astounding amount

現在一般人放在 網路上的個資多得嚇人，

of personal information online,

只要我們每次在臉書貼文、

and we add to this online information every single time we post on Facebook,

在谷歌上搜尋，

each time we search on Google,

或是寄封信 都會在網路上添加一筆個資。

and each time we send an email.

大多數人可能會想，

Now, many of us probably think,

一封電子郵件而已， 裡面沒什麼資料吧？

well, one email, there's nothing in there, right?

但是如果你評估一整年的電郵，

But if you consider a year's worth of emails,

或甚至是一輩子的電郵，

or maybe even a lifetime of email,

加總起來透露的訊息非常多。

collectively, this tells a lot.

可以透露我們去了哪裡、 和誰見了面，

It tells where we have been, who we have met,

甚至能從許多方面了解 我們在想什麼。

and in many ways, even what we're thinking about.

更恐怖的是現在 我們的資料會永存於世，

And the more scary part about this is our data now lasts forever,

所以你的資料能夠也將會 比你活得還要久。

so your data can and will outlive you.

現況是我們幾乎無法控制

What has happened is that we've largely lost control over our data

自己的資料和隱私。

and also our privacy.

因此網路誕生滿 25 年的今年，

So this year, as the web turns 25,

很重要的是我們應該要花點時間

it's very important for us to take a moment

思考這代表了什麼意義。

and think about the implications of this.

我們必須認真思考。

We have to really think.

我們失去了隱私，沒錯，

We've lost privacy, yes,

但其實我們也失去了 「隱私」這個概念。

but actually what we've also lost is the idea of privacy itself.

如果你仔細一想，

If you think about it,

在座大多數人應該都記得 還沒有網路的生活是什麼樣子，

most of us here today probably remember what life was like before the Internet,

但現在有一群新世代

but today, there's a new generation

從很小的時候就學會上網分享大小事，

that is being taught from a very young age to share everything online,

這個世代不會記得 有隱私資料的年代是什麼樣子。

and this is a generation that is not going to remember when data was private.

再這樣下去二十年後，

So we keep going down this road, 20 years from now,

「隱私」兩字就會有全然不同的意義，

the word 'privacy' is going to have a completely different meaning

與你我所知的大不相同。

from what it means to you and I.

因此現在我們該花點時間思考，

So, it's time for us to take a moment and think,

有辦法能改變現況嗎？

is there anything we can do about this?

我相信有辦法。

And I believe there is.

我們來看看現在世界上 最普遍的溝通方式：

Let's take a look at one of the most widely used forms of communication

電子郵件。

in the world today: email.

在電子郵件發明前， 我們大多靠信件連繫，

Before the invention of email, we largely communicated using letters,

過程很簡單。

and the process was quite simple.

你會先在一張紙上寫些訊息，

You would first start by writing your message on a piece of paper,

然後放進信封中密封，

then you would place it into a sealed envelope,

在寄出前

and from there, you would go ahead and send it

你只要貼郵票、寫地址就可以了。

after you put a stamp and address on it.

不幸的是，現在

Unfortunately, today,

我們寄的其實是電郵，而非信函。

when we actually send an email, we're not sending a letter.

從多方面來看， 你寄的其實是明信片，

What you are sending, in many ways, is actually a postcard,

這張明信片每個人都看得到，

and it's a postcard in the sense that everybody that sees it

從你的電腦寄出 到收信人收到的這段時間，

from the time it leaves your computer to when it gets to the recipient

每個人都看得到全文。

can actually read the entire contents.

解決方式已廣為人知一段時間了，

So, the solution to this has been known for some time,

還有許多嘗試處理的方法。

and there's many attempts to do it.

最基本的解決方式是加密，

The most basic solution is to use encryption,

道理很簡單。

and the idea is quite simple.

首先，將你的電腦 和電郵伺服器間的連結加密，

First, you encrypt the connection

然後資料擱在伺服器的時候 也要加密資料。

between your computer and the email server.

但會出現一個問題是

Then, you also encrypt the data as it sits on the server itself.

電郵伺服器也有加密金鑰，

But there's a problem with this,

因此你有個超級大鎖， 鑰匙就放在旁邊。

and that is, the email servers also hold the encryption keys,

不只是這樣，所有政府都能依法要求

so now you have a really big lock with a key placed right next to it.

並取得資料的鑰匙，

But not only that, any government could lawfully ask for

而且你完全不會察覺。

and get the key to your data,

我們解決這個問題的方法 其實很簡單，從理論上講，

and this is all without you being aware of it.

你給每個人專屬鑰匙，

So the way we fix this problem is actually relatively easy, in principle:

然後確保伺服器沒有鑰匙。

You give everybody their own keys,

這看起來就像常識，對吧？

and then you make sure the server doesn't actually have the keys.

問題來了， 為何到現在都還做不到？

This seems like common sense, right?

如果我們仔細想想，

So the question that comes up is, why hasn't this been done yet?

會發現當代的網路商業模式

Well, if we really think about it,

其實無法和隱私共存。

we see that the business model of the Internet today

只要看網路上最大的幾個網站，

really isn't compatible with privacy.

你就會發現廣告扮演極大的角色。

Just take a look at some of the biggest names on the web,

事實上，它們光是今年 廣告費就花了 1370 億美元，

and you see that advertising plays a huge role.

為了讓我們看到的廣告 效果發揮最大功效，

In fact, this year alone, advertising is 137 billion dollars,

廠商就要對我們無所不知。

and to optimize the ads that are shown to us,

他們必須知道我們住在哪、

companies have to know everything about us.

年紀多大、喜歡什麼、討厭什麼，

They need to know where we live,

還有他們能得手的所有訊息。

how old we are, what we like, what we don't like,

仔細想想，

and anything else they can get their hands on.

要得到這些訊息的最好方法 其實就是侵犯我們的隱私。

And if you think about it,

所以這些公司才不會給我們隱私。

the best way to get this information is really just to invade our privacy.

如果你想要在網路上擁有隱私，

So these companies aren't going to give us our privacy.

就必須自己挺身而出、去爭取。

If we want to have privacy online,

多年來，談到電子郵件隱私的時候，

what we have to do is we've got to go out and get it ourselves.

解決方式就只有 良好隱私密碼法 (PGP)，

For many years, when it came to email,

不僅十分複雜， 而且只有科技達人才會懂。

the only solution was something known as PGP,

這份圖表基本上顯示出

which was quite complicated and only accessible to the tech-savvy.

加密與解密訊息的過程。

Here's a diagram that basically shows

不用說，這個方法不是人人適用，

the process for encrypting and decrypting messages.

而且其實還是問題的一部分，

So needless to say, this is not a solution for everybody,

因為當你思考「溝通」，

and this actually is part of the problem,

定義上來說， 就是要和另一個人溝通。

because if you think about communication,

因此良好隱私密碼法 如期發揮強大功效的同時，

by definition, it involves having someone to communicate with.

對方卻不知道該怎麼使用，

So while PGP does a great job of what it's designed to do,

那麼私下溝通就根本不存在。

for the people out there who can't understand how to use it,

這是我們必須解決的問題。

the option to communicate privately simply does not exist.

如果我們想要在網路上擁有隱私，

And this is a problem that we need to solve.

唯一可行的方法 就是讓全世界都參與，

So if we want to have privacy online,

而唯一可能的方式 就是我們打破入門的藩籬。

the only way we can succeed is if we get the whole world on board,

我想這正是科技界的關鍵挑戰。

and this is only possible if we bring down the barrier to entry.

我們該做的是付出行動， 並讓隱私不再遙不可及。

I think this is actually the key challenge that lies in the tech community.

因此去年夏天， 愛德華．史諾登事件爆發，

What we really have to do is work and make privacy more accessible.

我和幾位同事決定看看 我們能不能讓這件事成真。

So last summer, when the Edward Snowden story came out,

當時我們在歐洲核子研究組織工作，

several colleagues and I decided to see if we could make this happen.

在世界上最大的粒子對撞機裡， 附帶一提，那會撞擊質子。

At that time, we were working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research

我們都是科學家， 所以我們運用自己的科學創造力

at the world's largest particle collider, which collides protons, by the way.

為我們的計畫想出非常有創意的名稱：

We were all scientists, so we used our scientific creativity

質子信箱 (ProtonMail)。 （笑聲）

and came up with a very creative name for our project:

當代許多新創公司 都是從某個人的車庫

ProtonMail. (Laughter)

或地下室起步。

Many startups these days actually begin in people's garages

我們不太一樣。

or people's basements.

我們起步的地方是在 歐洲核子研究組織的自助餐廳，

We were a bit different.

其實這很讚，因為你看，

We started out at the CERN cafeteria,

你想要的食物和水這裡都有。

which actually is great, because look,

而且更棒的是

you have all the food and water you could ever want.

每天中午十二點到下午兩點， 不用收費，就能與

But even better than this is that every day

歐洲核子研究組織自助餐廳裡 幾千個科學家和工程師談話，

between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m., free of charge,

這些人基本上知道所有問題的解答。

the CERN cafeteria comes with several thousand scientists and engineers,

我們就在這樣的環境中開始工作。

and these guys basically know the answers to everything.

其實我們想要做的是將你的電子郵件

So it was in this environment that we began working.

轉變為某種看起來像這樣的東西，

What we actually want to do is we want to take your email

但更重要的是，

and turn it into something that looks more like this,

我們想採取你察覺不到的方式。

but more importantly, we want to do it in a way

要實現這個，

that you can't even tell that it's happened.

我們需要結合科技和設計。

So to do this, we actually need a combination of technology

我們要怎麼做才能做到這樣？

and also design.

不把鑰匙放在伺服器上 大概是個好主意。

So how do we go about doing something like this?

因此我們做的是 在你的電腦上產生加密金鑰，

Well, it's probably a good idea not to put the keys on the server.

不只是一把鑰匙，而是一對鑰匙，

So what we do is we generate encryption keys on your computer,

所以會有一把 RSA 私密金鑰 和一把 RSA 公開金鑰，

and we don't generate a single key, but actually a pair of keys,

這些金鑰都完全相連。

so there's an RSA private key and an RSA public key,

我們來看看多人溝通時的運作過程。

and these keys are mathematically connected.

鮑勃和艾莉絲想要私下聯絡，

So let's have a look and see how this works

關鍵挑戰是如何取得鮑勃的訊息，

when multiple people communicate.

並在交給艾莉絲的過程中， 讓伺服器無法讀取訊息。

So here we have Bob and Alice, who want to communicate privately.

因此我們要做的是加密，

So the key challenge is to take Bob's message

甚至在鮑勃送出前就加密，

and to get it to Alice in such a way that the server cannot read that message.

有個招術是我們用艾莉絲的公鑰加密。

So what we have to do is we have to encrypt it

這份加密資料 透過伺服器送給艾莉絲，

before it even leaves Bob's computer,

因為訊息是用艾莉絲的公鑰加密，

and one of the tricks is, we encrypt it using the public key from Alice.

現在唯一能解密的就是艾莉絲的私鑰，

Now this encrypted data is sent through the server to Alice,

而艾莉絲就是唯一擁有這把鑰匙的人。

and because the message was encrypted using Alice's public key,

所以現在我們已經完成這項目標，

the only key that can now decrypt it is a private key that belongs to Alice,

就是讓訊息在鮑勃 送給艾莉絲的過程中，

and it turns out Alice is the only person that actually has this key.

伺服器無法讀取內容。

So we've now accomplished the objective,

其實我在這裡放的是非常簡化的圖片。

which is to get the message from Bob to Alice

真實情況複雜多了，

without the server being able to read what's going on.

需要很多軟體，看起來有點像這樣。

Actually, what I've shown here is a highly simplified picture.

真正關鍵的設計挑戰在於：

The reality is much more complex

我們如何把這些複雜性和軟體，

and it requires a lot of software that looks a bit like this.

以使用者看不到的方式操作。

And that's actually the key design challenge:

我想在質子信箱上， 我們已經做到非常接近的程度了。

How do we take all this complexity, all this software,

我們來看實務操作的情況。

and implement it in a way that the user cannot see it.

這裡同樣是鮑勃和艾莉絲，

I think with ProtonMail, we have gotten pretty close to doing this.

他們也想要對話有保障。

So let's see how it works in practice.

他們只要在質子信箱上建立帳號，

Here, we've got Bob and Alice again,

很簡單，只要一下子就好了，

who also want to communicate securely.

所有的金鑰加密和產生

They simply create accounts on ProtonMail,

就在鮑勃建立帳號的同時， 會自動在後臺啟動。

which is quite simple and takes a few moments,

帳號建立好後，他只要點選「寫信」，

and all the key encryption and generation

現在他就可以像平常一樣寫信。

is happening automatically in the background

他輸入訊息後，

as Bob is creating his account.

只要再點選「送出」，

Once his account is created, he just clicks "compose,"

就像那樣，不需要了解密碼學，

and now he can write his email like he does today.

只要用和現在完全一樣的方式寫信，

So he fills in his information,

鮑勃就能送出加密訊息。

and then after that, all he has to do is click "send,"

現在這只是第一步，

and just like that, without understanding cryptography,

但是我們就能看到：只要改良科技，

and without doing anything different from how he writes email today,

擁有隱私就不會太難， 也不需要搞破壞。

Bob has just sent an encrypted message.

如果我們改變目標， 將增加廣告收益改為保護資料，

What we have here is really just the first step,

我們就真的能擁有隱私。

but it shows that with improving technology,

我知道每個人心裡都有一個疑問，

privacy doesn't have to be difficult, it doesn't have to be disruptive.

好啦，保護隱私，這是遠大目標，

If we change the goal from maximizing ad revenue to protecting data,

但是沒有廣告給你的大筆收入，

we can actually make it accessible.

你還能不能做到？

Now, I know a question on everybody's minds is,

我想答案是肯定的，

okay, protecting privacy, this is a great goal,

因為現在我們已經做到

but can you actually do this

讓世界各地的人都了解隱私有多重要，

without the tons of money that advertisements give you?

當你擁有了這樣的觀念， 任何事都可能。

And I think the answer is actually yes,

今年初，

because today, we've reached a point

質子信箱的使用者多到 讓我們耗盡資源，

where people around the world really understand how important privacy is,

因此，我們的使用者共同

and when you have that, anything is possible.

捐了五十萬美元。

Earlier this year,

這只是一個案例，讓你看見

ProtonMail actually had so many users that we ran out of resources,

當你帶領社群一起實現共同目標 會有什麼可能。

and when this happened, our community of users got together

我們也能影響世界。

and donated half a million dollars.

現在，

So this is just an example of what can happen

有 25 萬人在質子信箱註冊，

when you bring the community together towards a common goal.

這些人來自世界各地，

We can also leverage the world.

顯示了隱私

Right now,

不只是歐美的議題，

we have a quarter of a million people that have signed up for ProtonMail,

而是影響我們每個人的全球議題。

and these people come from everywhere,

這是我們確實必須關心並實踐的問題。

and this really shows that privacy

那麼我們應該怎麼解決這個問題？

is not just an American or a European issue,

首先，

it's a global issue that impacts all of us.

我們要支持不同的網路商業模式，

It's something that we really have to pay attention to going forward.

支持不完全依賴廣告

So what do we have to do to solve this problem?

收益和成長的模式。

Well, first of all,

我們確實需要建立新網路，

we need to support a different business model for the Internet,

將我們的隱私與管控資料的能力 擺在第一順位的新網路。

one that does not rely entirely on advertisements

但更重要的是

for revenue and for growth.

我們必須建立新網路， 其中隱私不再只是一個選項，

We actually need to build a new Internet

而是預設值。

where our privacy and our ability to control our data is first and foremost.

我們已經用質子信箱完成第一步，

But even more importantly,

但這其實只是漫長旅程的第一步。

we have to build an Internet where privacy is no longer just an option

今天我可以和大家分享的好消息，

but is also the default.

這個讓人興奮的消息是 這條路上我們不孤獨。

We have done the first step with ProtonMail,

保護大眾隱私和網路自由的運動

but this is really just the first step in a very, very long journey.

日益壯大，

The good news I can share with you guys today,

現在世界各地都有許多計畫

the exciting news, is that we're not traveling alone.

共同協助強化我們的隱私。

The movement to protect people's privacy and freedom online

這些計畫保護的範圍 從網路聊天室到語音通話，

is really gaining momentum,

也包含了我們檔案儲存、線上搜尋，