One: nuclear weapons proliferation.

1. 核子武器擴散

Nuclear technology made a violent entrance onto the world stage:

核能技術以一種暴力式的方式登上世界舞台。

just one year after the world’s first ever nuclear test explosion in 1944,

在1944年世界第一次核彈試爆後，短短一年後

two large cities were destroyed by just two single bombs.

兩個大型城市被僅僅兩顆核彈摧毀。

After that, reactor technology slowly evolved

之後，反應爐技術慢慢地發展成一種產生電力的方法

as a means of generating electricity,

成為一種產生電力的方法

but it’s always been intimately connected with nuclear weapons technology.

但它仍緊密地連結到核武科技

It’s nearly impossible to develop nuclear weapons

要發展核武

without access to reactor technology.

幾乎不可能缺少使用反應爐技術

In fact, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty serves the purpose of

事實上，不擴散核武器條約對於散播核能反應爐技術

spreading nuclear reactor technology without spreading nuclear weapons

而不擴散核武的成功

with limited success.

只是有限地

In 40 years, five countries have developed their own weapons

四十年內，五個國家發展了核武技術

with the help of reactor technology.

其得益於反應爐技術

The fact of the matter is that it can be very hard to distinguish

實際上從一個和平用途的核能發電中

a covert nuclear weapons program from the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

分辨出一個隱蔽的核武計畫是非常困難的

In the 1970s, the big nuclear powers were happily selling peaceful technology

在1970年代，大型核能勢力非常開心地販售和平用途技術

to smaller countries, which then developed weapons of their own.

給小型國家，但該技術卻在之後被那些國家用來自主發展核武

The road to deadly nuclear weapons is always paved with peaceful reactors.

通往死亡核武的道路都是由和平的核反應爐所鋪設

Two: nuclear waste and pollution.

2.核廢料與汙染

Spent nuclear fuel is not only radioactive, but also contains

用過核燃料不只有放射性

extremely poisonous chemical elements like plutonium.

也包含了極具化學毒性的物質，如:鈽

It loses its harmfulness only slowly over several tens of thousands of years.

它的傷害唯有經過數萬年緩慢地衰減

And there is also a process called reprocessing, which means

有個程序叫做再處理

the extraction of plutonium from spent nuclear fuel.

顧名思義，從用過核燃料中提煉鈽

It can be used for two purposes:

它可用在兩個地方

to build nuclear weapons or to use it as new fuel.

核武或是新的核燃料

But hardly any of it is used as fuel, because we don’t have

但因為我們沒有適當的反應爐使用再處理過的核燃料

the right kind of reactors for that.

所以它是難以被使用的

A milligram will kill you; a few kilograms make an atomic bomb; and even

一微克可以要你的命；幾公斤可以製造一個核彈

an inconspicuous country like Germany literally has tons of the stuff

而即使是不顯眼的國家，如德國，也有數噸的鈽散布於國內

just lying around, because reprocessing sounded like a good idea decades ago.

因為數十年前再處理似乎是個好主意。

And where will all the waste go?

而核廢料最後都去哪了呢?

After dumping it into the ocean was forbidden, we’ve tried to bury it—

在海拋被禁止後，我們嘗試掩埋它

but we can’t find a place where it will definitely stay secure

但我們無法找到一個可以肯定地維持數萬年安全的地方

for tens of thousands of years.

在這幾十年之間

Over 30 countries operate nearly 400 reactors, managing

超過三十個國家、400部以上核反應爐

several hundred thousands of tons of nuclear waste

產生數十萬噸的核廢料

and only one is currently serious about opening

而只有一個國家現在認真地設立

a permanent civilian waste storage: tiny Finland.

一個永久核廢料貯存場，就是芬蘭這個小國

Three: accidents and disasters.

3.意外與災害

Over 60 years of nuclear power usage, there have been seven major accidents

60年以上的核能史上

in reactors or facilities dealing with nuclear waste.

核反應爐或核廢料處理設施曾經有7次主要的意外

Three of those were mostly contained, but four of them released significant

其中有三件被控制住

amounts of radioactivity into the environment.

但有四件意外釋放出可觀的放射性物質到周遭環境

In 1957, 1987, and 2011, large areas of land in Russia, Ukraine, and Japan

在1957、1987、2001，俄羅斯、烏克蘭、日本

were rendered unfit for human habitation for decades to come.

大片土地因此在未來數十年內不適合人類居住

The number of deaths is highly disputed, but probably lies in the thousands.

雖然死亡人數各方仍爭執不休，但在數千人左右

These disasters happened with nuclear reactors of very different types,

這些災害發生在各種不同的核反應爐

in very different countries, and several decades apart.

各個不同的國家、各自不同的時間

Looking at the numbers, we may as well ask ourselves,

看著這些數字，我們可能可以這樣問我們自己

“Are 10% of the world’s energy supply

為了這十幾%全球能源供應，

worth a devastating disaster every 30 years?

是否值得用每三十年一次毀滅性災難來換?

Would 30% be worth another Fukushima or Chernobyl

30~40%的能源供應是否值得

somewhere on Earth every 10 years?

每十年地球上就有一處新的福島或車諾比?

What area would have to be contaminated so we say ‘no more’?

什麼地方要被封鎖我們才會說：不要再更多了?

Where is the line?”

底線在哪裡?

So, should we use nuclear energy?

所以，我們應該使用核能嗎?

The risks may outweigh the benefits, and maybe we should

風險可能超過它的好處，所以為了我們好

stop looking into this direction and drop this technology for good.

也許我們應該停止在這個方向上追尋，並且放棄這項技術。

If you want to hear the other side of the argument

如果你想聽這個議題上另外一邊的看法

or a short introduction to nuclear energy, click here.

或是核能簡短的介紹，請點這邊。

Our channel has a new sponsor: Audible.com.

我們頻道有一個新的贊助商：Audible.com

If you use the URL <http://audible.com/nutshell>,

如果你使用這URL &lt;http://audible.com/nutshell&gt;

you can get a free audiobook and support our channel.

你可以免費獲得一個有聲書，還有支持我們的頻道

Producing our videos takes a lot of time,

製作這些影片花了我們許多時間

and we fill a lot of it by listening to audiobooks.

還有我們完成許多部份，就是藉由聽著有聲書

For a really entertaining book, we recommend

所以我們推薦一本很有趣的有聲書

“Into Thin Air” by Jon Krakauer.

Jon Krakauer所寫的&quot;Into Thin Air&quot;

He’s a great writer, and the story is really absorbing and true.

他是一位很棒的作家，其中的故事也很吸引人並真實

Go to <http://audible.com/nutshell> to get the book for free.

請到 &lt;http://audible.com/nutshell&gt; 去免費獲得此書

Thanks a lot to Audible for supporting our channel

非常感謝 Audible 支持我們頻道

and to you for watching!

還有謝謝你的收看

Subtitles by the Amara.org community

字幕是由Amara.org 所提供