in the category of Medicine and Health Sciences,

來自醫療健康科學領域

(Cheers) (Applause)

(歡呼)(掌聲)

the grand prize winner, Jack Thomas Andraka.

傑克·湯瑪斯·安紮克

(Cheers) (Applause)

(歡呼)(掌聲)

(Trumpets) (Applause)

(音樂)(掌聲)

And, now, ladies and gentlemen,

好的 女士們 先生們

(Applause)

(掌聲)

it is my honor to present to you the top award winners

很榮幸給你們展示2012年

of 2012 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (Applause)

英特爾國際科學工程大會的冠軍 (掌聲)

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Jack Andraka: So there I am.

傑克·安紮克: 我在這裏

No, that was the entire talk, bye.

噢，那不是演說的全部

We have been talking a lot about this thing called cancer.

我們一直在談論癌症

It's really near and dear to all of us.

它離我們很近，治療很昂貴

But, imagine a world without cancer.

但，想像一個沒有癌症的世界

What if there was a sensor that was like a diabetes test strip

那假如有一種像糖尿病檢測條

that could detect cancer for less than 3 cents in 5 minutes.

只用 3 美分，5 分鐘來檢測癌症呢

Imagine a 168 times faster, over 26,000 times less expensive,

想像一下，它能 168 倍更快 便宜 26,000 倍

and over 400 times more sensitive.

而且靈敏 400 多倍

Well, I created such a strip.

我就創造了這樣一個檢測條

Basically, I was motivated to do this

簡單說，一位家人因胰腺癌過世

because I had a close family member that passed due to pancreatic cancer.

激發了我這樣做

It's a really devastating disease. It's the death sentence basically.

這個病很危險，幾乎就是絕症

You can see that, after 5 years,

圖上能看出來，只有百分之 5.5 的病人

only 5.5 percent of people who are initially diagnosed, will survive.

能夠在被診斷 5 年後生還

That is a staggering statistics.

這是個令人沮喪的統計

Why as a society that is so technologically advanced --

科技已經如此發達

should this statistic be acceptable to us.

我們不應該接受這樣的結果

So, then, I got really interested and I started doing a bit of research.

所以我著手做了些調查

What I found is that there are these certain proteins.

我找到了這些蛋白質

They are found in your blood at higher concentrations

當患者有胰腺癌時

when you have pancreatic cancer.

他們在血液中的濃度會更高

I was looking at one, called mesothelin.

我進一步觀察間皮素

It's highly overexpressed by pancreatic cancer as well as [at] the early stages.

(是一種細胞表面糖蛋白) 胰腺癌早期它會很明顯

Where, if you can find it in those stages, then it has close to a 100% survival rate

可以儘早發現，從而獲得接近 100% 的存活率

rather than 5.5%.

而不是原先的 5.5%

But, also a main problem with our current diagnostic test

然而我們現在的診斷測試

for pancreatic cancer -- it's grossly inaccurate.

卻有一個問題——不夠準確

It diagnoses like, for example, inflamation of your pancreas.

它能診斷，譬如，胰腺的炎症

That to me is unacceptable.

但還不夠

A 70% sensitivity and less than that for specificity --

70% 的靈敏度和更低的專一性

[Which] means it gives tons of false positives and false negatives.

這可能會導致錯誤的陰性陽性結果

So then, through these really cool things called carbon nanotubes --

通過這些很酷的碳微管

They are the superheros of material science.

它們是材料科學的成就

There are these atom-thick tube of carbon and they have these fantastic properties.

它們只有一層碳原子厚 而且具有絕佳的性質

So, I am super interested in that.

我對這很有興趣

I began formulating an idea in unlikely place, biology class.

我開始在生物領域制定一個想法

We were learning about antibodies which are basically lock and key molecules

我們瞭解的分子抗體 有點像鎖和鑰匙

that bind specifically to a certain protein.

它們與相關的蛋白質緊密相關

In this case, the cancer biomarker, mesothelin.

在這裏是癌症的製造者間皮素

Then, I had an idea. I was reading this paper

我有了個主意 生物課上

in biology class -- about carbon nanotubes --

我學到一些--有關於碳微管

I knew about this protein, mesothelin, and we were learning about antibodies.

我知道這些蛋白質間皮素 也瞭解分子抗體

It is kind of like a connect-the-dots puzzle where you form a draft

這有點像連點拼圖

where in this case it is like a sensor.

在這裏就是一個感應器

So, here is the idea I came up with.

這就是我的想法：

You have a network of the single walled carbon nanotubes and antibodies.

用網狀的單層碳微管和分子抗體

What happens is -- when you put a blood sample

就是這樣——當你在這種網狀物上

that contains that target protein in it on this network,

放置帶有目標蛋白質的血液樣本

that protein will go into the network and form a larger molecule with that antibody.

目標蛋白質會進入網狀物並 形成帶有分子抗體的更大的分子

This causes an electrical change in the sensor.

感應器中會產生電流

I can actually measure this with a 50 dollar ohmmeter from Home Depot.

在家得寶 (傢俱建材店) 50 美元買的歐姆表就能測量到

And it is really easy to produce.

真的很方便

All you do is to create uniform dispersion out of these.

僅僅需要均勻分散樣本

You mix it up with these carbon nanotubes and this antibody.

要把它和碳微管和分子抗體 混合起來

You just dip stick that is like a piece of filter paper.

就用一張濾紙

It's really, really simple.

確實真的很簡單

Then, you dry it and you use it for a certain time.

然後讓它乾燥 就能用一段時間了

That's not that hard.

這並不是很難

You just measure it with this 50 dollar ohmmeter.

就把它跟 50 美元的歐姆表接起來

It requires less than a sixth of the drop of blood.

只需要一滴血的六分之一那麼多

It is a tiny prick to your finger.

刺一下你的手指就有了

What you have to do for detecting a disease such as pancreatic cancer [is] --

當你檢測疾病例如胰腺癌時

when a protein is overexpressed you have to set a cutoff level.

一種蛋白質的表現有差異 這就需要一個排除門檻

If it's above this, then, it's at an abnormally high level.

如果高於這個 那資料就異常了

If't is below that, then, it's kind of normal and you are OK.

如果低於它 那就沒有問題

So, I choose mine as 10 nano grams per mL.

所以 我把我的排除門檻定為 每毫升 10 納克

A nano gram is a tiny amount.

一納克極其小

Think it of as one billionth.

想像一下十億 (10 的正九次與負九次方對比)

So, pretty small.

對吧，很小

Then, essentially what I did is, I had to test whether my sensor was actualy working.

然後很重要的，我得來檢測 我的感應器對不對

I took about 100 patients

我取了 100 位病人

who had pancreatic cancer ranging in its stage.

在此階段有胰腺癌

You can see they are all above this 20 ng.

你們能看到，他們的資料都超過 20 納克

That's well above the 10 ng per mL cutoff.

這遠超 10 納克的排除門檻

So, I had a 100 percent sensitivity.

它的靈敏度是很高的

Them, I had negative cancer samples, healthy patients.

然後我用了陰性病例，也就是健康人

People who did not have pancreatic cancer, maybe some other condition.

沒有胰腺癌的人 有著各種其他身體情況

Those are all below 10 ng for mL.

他們的資料都在 10 以下

That means that is not giving any false positives or any false negatives.

這表明，這個方法不會產生 錯誤的陰性或陽性檢測結果

That means a 100% accuracy as [its] diagnosis.

它有著 100% 的準確度

This has the potential to save thusands of lives,

它或許可以拯救成千上萬人

reshaping how we think of cancer diagnostics.

重塑我們對於癌症診斷的看法

In addition to this, what happens is this -- also I found we could look at

並且我們來看下

how effective a chemotherapeutic treatment or a regimen

化療或者調養 跟手術比

as well as how effective your surgery is.

有怎樣的效果

You can see it here that

這兒你們能看到

for each of different chemotherapeutic drugs -- I tested five on mouse models --

對於每個不同的化療藥物 我在五個老鼠身上實驗

they all have different levels of mesothelin.

它們有著不同的間皮素水準

So, you could effectively see how effective your cancer drug treatment is.

這樣就能清楚地 看到癌症藥物的效果了

You could look at drug resistance, for example.

例如，能觀察耐藥性

With this, I have created a sensor that can detect pancreatic cancer.

就這樣，我發明了一種 可以檢測到胰腺癌的感應器

It is very simple. It is very rapid -- taking 5 minutes for 3 cents.

它很簡易，很快速——只需要 花 5 分鐘和 3 美分

It's non invasible. It's sensitive and selective.

它不需要進入人體 它靈敏而准確

But in addition, compared to the current gold standard of pancreatic cancer detection,

而且，跟如今的標準探測法比起來

it is a 168 times faster,

快了 168 倍

over 26,000 times less expensive and over 400 times more sensitive.

便宜了 26000 倍，靈敏了 400 多倍

That is not actually, including -- that you need specific practice

不僅僅如此

like a university training in order to conduct that gold standard,

做標準化檢測程式

as well as it requires this expensive bulky machine to read this thing called ELISA.

需要到大學裏使用叫做 ELISA 這樣的笨重的機器

Whilst mine, it's a 50 dollar ohmmeter from Home Depot.

我的呢，只需要一個 50 美元的歐姆表

Also, the protein I am detecting, called mesothelin,

而且我檢查的間皮素

it is overexpressed in both ovarian and lung cancer.

在卵巢癌和肺癌都有症狀

Through this sensor, [that] is a generic sensor for those two cancers,

這個感應器不是唯一的 對這兩種癌症都有用

but also implications are that certain protein is found in 40 different types of cancer.

這種應用指向了 40 多種癌症的蛋白質

This sensor, is detecting nearly every form of cancer.

這件感應器幫助我們 檢測幾乎所有癌症

This has limitless applications.

仿佛有著無窮的應用

What happens is you just change this antibody in the sensor,

只需要改變感應器裏的分子抗體

you can detect anything, any protein.

就能檢測任何物質蛋白質

That means other forms of cancer, other diseases

啟示我們其他疾病

such as E Coli, Rotavirus, Salmonella, and those HIV, AIDS.

例如 E 大腸桿菌、輪狀病毒、 沙門氏菌、愛滋病毒

All those cancers and diseases are plague us.

這些瘟疫一般的癌症與疾病 (都不再那麼可怕)

Thusands, millions, billions of lives can be saved with this technology.

數不清的人們可能因此得救

Also, it can look at how effective our treatment is.

並且可以指示我們的治療效

So, this will reshape how we think of medicine.

它會重塑我們的治療觀

We will now have a simple diabetic test strip

我們將有一個簡單的檢測方法

that can detect your disease in 5 minutes for 3 cents,

在 5 分鐘內花 3 美分就能檢測你的疾病

but also tell you how to optimally cure the disease and treat it.

還能輔助你治療疾病

And, so -- Oh, two slides are missing.

然後——噢，我忘了兩點

My final conclusion, what I am leaving you with,

我的結論，想告訴你們的

is that I am not the only one who can do this.

不是只有我可以做到這樣

Anyone can.

每個人都可以

It just took me 200 emails and a bunch of hardwork to do it,

這只花了我大約 200 封電子郵件 和一些努力就做到了

but that is a different story.

當然那是另一個故事了

But, you just have to ask yourself.

你需要問問你自己

Imagine a world -- or what if --

想像一個世界.....或者 如果....

you can become like me and hopefully have a very happy running up to a stage.

你也可以像我一樣 (拿獎) 然後高高興興地跑去講臺

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)