Name: 【TED】丹．艾瑞利: 我們期待世界有多平等？答案讓人大吃一驚 (How equal do we want the world to be? You'd be surprised | Dan Ariely)
Uploaded: 2015-04-18T16:00:06.000Z
Duration: 8 min 58 s

to 不定詞

It would be nice to be objective in life,

如果我們能客觀面對生活和各方面

The problem is that we have these color-tinted glasses

For example, think about something as simple as beer.

拿啤酒這種簡單的例子來說吧。

and I asked you to rate them on intensity and bitterness,

請你評比每一種酒的烈度和苦味，

different beers would occupy different space.

不同的啤酒會落在不同的位置。

But what if we tried to be objective about it?

但如果我們試著客觀面對會怎麼樣？

In the case of beer, it would be very simple.

如果我們不看啤酒廠牌會怎麼樣？

Well, if we did the same thing, you tasted the same beer,

如果我們做同樣的事，你嚐同樣的啤酒，

now in the blind taste, things would look slightly different.

但現在你不知道是哪種啤酒，結果就會不太一樣。

Most of the beers will go into one place.

大部分的啤酒會落在同一個位置，

You will basically not be able to distinguish them,

and the exception, of course, will be Guinness.

Similarly, we can think about physiology.

同樣我們也能來看看生理機能。

What happens when people expect something from their physiology?

大家在預期自己的生理機能時會出現什麼情況？

For example, we sold people pain medications.

Some people, we told them the medications were expensive.

我們跟某些人說的價格比較昂貴，

And the expensive pain medication worked better.

結果昂貴止痛藥的效果比較好，

because expectations do change our physiology.

因為預期會改變我們的身體機能。

And of course, we all know that in sports,

當然，我們都知道看運動賽的時候，

develop from the perspective of your team.

從你支持隊伍的觀點去看比賽。

So all of those are cases in which our preconceived notions

因此這些案例都顯示了我們先入為主的念頭和期待

But what happened in more important questions?

但是在更重要的問題上出現什麼情況？

What happened with questions that had to do with social justice?

在和社會正義有關的問題上出現什麼情況？

So we wanted to think about what is the blind tasting version

思考不平等的盲測試版本是什麼？

Do people know what kind of level of inequality we have?

大家「知道」我們現今社會不平等的程度如何嗎？

And then, what level of inequality do we want to have?

第二，我們「希望」的不平等程度又是如何？

Imagine I took all the people in the U.S.

and I sorted them from the poorest on the right

and then I divided them into five buckets:

the poorest 20 percent, the next 20 percent,

the next, the next, and the richest 20 percent.

接著 20%、20%，以及最富有的 20%。

And then I asked you to tell me how much wealth do you think

is concentrated in each of those buckets.

你認為每一群人擁有的財富比例是多少。

So to make it simpler, imagine I ask you to tell me,

how much wealth do you think is concentrated

Take a second. Think about it and have a number.

Think for a second, have a real number in your mind.

只要花點時間，心裡得出一個數字。

Okay, here's what lots of Americans tell us.

好，這是大多數美國人給我們的答案。

so together it's slightly more than nine.

The next group, they say, has 12 percent,

他們說下一群人有 12% 的財富，

and the richest 20 percent, people think has 58 percent of the wealth.

大家認為最富有的 20% 人口擁有 58% 的財富。

You can see how this relates to what you thought.

你可以看到這和你想像中數字的差異。

The bottom 20 percent has 0.1 percent of the wealth.

底層 20% 的人擁有 0.1% 的財富。

The next 20 percent has 0.2 percent of the wealth.

接下來 20% 的人有 0.2% 的財富。

and the richest group has 84-85 percent of the wealth.

最富有的這群人有 84% 到 85% 的財富。

So what we actually have and what we think we have

we thought about the philosopher John Rawls.

我們想到哲學家約翰．羅爾斯。

如果你記得約翰．羅爾斯的話，

he had this notion of what's a just society.

你會知道他說「什麼是正義的社會」這個概念。

is a society that if you knew everything about it,

是一個如果你知道其中的一切，

you would be willing to enter it in a random place.

你會願意在這個社會的任何一個位置。

because if you're wealthy, you might want the wealthy

因為如果你很富有，你也許會希望

to have more money, the poor to have less.

If you're poor, you might want more equality.

如果你是窮人，你應該會希望更平等。

But if you're going to go into that society

in every possible situation, and you don't know,

可能待在任何的位置上，你不知道是哪一個，

It's a little bit like blind tasting in which you don't know

what the outcome will be when you make a decision,

你不知道自己做的決定會有什麼結果，

and Rawls called this the "veil of ignorance."

約翰．羅爾斯稱此為「無知之幕」。

So, we took another group, a large group of Americans,

我們拿另一組人，一大群美國人，

and we asked them the question in the veil of ignorance.

套用「無知之幕」的情況問他們這個問題。

What are the characteristics of a country that would make you want to join it,

一個有什麼特質的國家會讓你想成為國民？

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【TED】丹．艾瑞利: 我們期待世界有多平等？答案讓人大吃一驚 (How equal do we want the world to be? You'd be surprised | Dan Ariely)

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