That's a scientist who works in the rainforest

是在雨林工作的科學家，

to document how people use local plants.

記載人們如何使用當地植物。

I've been doing this for a long time,

我從事這項工作很久了，

and I want to tell you,

我想告訴你們，

these people know these forests and these medicinal treasures

這些人對這片森林 及這些藥用寶藏的瞭解

better than we do and better than we ever will.

比我們還多，比我們將來所知還多。

But also, these cultures,

但同時，這些文化，

these indigenous cultures,

這些原住民文化，

are disappearing much faster than the forests themselves.

正在消失，比森林本身消失還快。

And the greatest and most endangered species

而最偉大又幾乎瀕臨絕種的物種，

in the Amazon Rainforest

在亞馬遜雨林中，

is not the jaguar,

不是美洲豹，

it's not the harpy eagle,

也不是角鵰，

it's the isolated and uncontacted tribes.

而是那些與世隔絕、未被接觸的部落。

Now four years ago, I injured my foot in a climbing accident

四年前， 我在一次登山意外中弄傷了腳，

and I went to the doctor.

我去看醫師。

She gave me heat,

她給我熱敷、

she gave me cold, aspirin,

她給我冷敷、阿斯匹靈、

narcotic painkillers, anti-inflammatories,

麻醉止痛劑、消炎劑、

cortisone shots.

可體松針。

It didn't work.

都沒有用。

Several months later,

幾個月後，

I was in the northeast Amazon,

我在亞馬遜東北區，

walked into a village,

徒步走進一座村落，

and the shaman said, "You're limping."

有個巫醫說：「你跛腳了。」

And I'll never forget this as long as I live.

只要我活著， 我永遠也不會忘記這件事。

He looked me in the face and he said,

他看看我的臉然後他說：

"Take off your shoe and give me your machete."

「脫掉鞋子，給我你那隻大腳丫。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

He walked over to a palm tree

他走到一棵棕櫚樹旁

and carved off a fern,

切下一塊蕨類，

threw it in the fire,

丟進火裡，

applied it to my foot,

然後敷在我的腳上，

threw it in a pot of water,

又把它丟進一碗水中，

and had me drink the tea.

然後要我喝了那碗藥茶。

The pain disappeared for seven months.

腳痛消失了七個月。

When it came back, I went to see the shaman again.

又痛起來的時候， 我又回去看那位巫醫。

He gave me the same treatment,

他給我同樣的療法，

and I've been cured for three years now.

我現在已經治好有三年了。

Who would you rather be treated by?

那你寧願給誰醫呢？

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now, make no mistake — Western medicine

那麼，不要搞錯，西醫

is the most successful system of healing ever devised,

是有史以來設計最成功的醫療系統，

but there's plenty of holes in it.

但是還是有很多漏洞。

Where's the cure for breast cancer?

乳腺癌的治療法在哪？

Where's the cure for schizophrenia?

精神分裂症的治療法在哪？

Where's the cure for acid reflux?

胃酸倒流的治療法又在哪？

Where's the cure for insomnia?

失眠的治療法呢？

The fact is that these people

事實是這些人

can sometimes, sometimes, sometimes

時不時，一次又一次，

cure things we cannot.

的確可以治好我們治不好的病。

Here you see a medicine man in the northeast Amazon

這裡你看到亞馬遜東北區的巫醫

treating leishmaniasis,

治療利什曼病，

a really nasty protozoal disease

一種非常討厭的原蟲疾病，

that afflicts 12 million people around the world.

全世界有一千二百萬人為之折磨。

Western treatment are injections of antimony.

西醫的療法是注射銻。

They're painful, they're expensive,

注射銻很痛，很貴，

and they're probably not good for your heart;

對你的心臟也不太好。

it's a heavy metal.

它是重金屬。

This man cures it with three plants from the Amazon Rainforest.

這個人用三種取自 亞馬遜雨林的植物治療它。

This is the magic frog.

這是魔法青蛙。

My colleague, the late great Loren McIntyre,

我的同事， 已故的偉人羅倫‧麥肯泰爾，

discoverer of the source lake of the Amazon,

亞馬遜源頭的發現者，

Laguna McIntyre in the Peruvian Andes,

即秘魯境內安地斯山的 麥肯泰爾小湖，

was lost on the Peru-Brazil border about 30 years ago.

在約三十年前 於秘魯巴西邊境迷路。

He was rescued by a group of isolated Indians called the Matsés.

他被一群稱為馬策斯人的 隱世印地安人救起。

They beckoned for him to follow them into the forest, which he did.

他們召喚他跟著他們進入森林， 他跟去了。

There, they took out palm leaf baskets.

在那裡，他們拿出棕櫚葉籃。

There, they took out these green monkey frogs —

在那裡，他們拿出幾隻 這種綠色的猴樹蛙，

these are big suckers, they're like this —

這些可是大吸蟲，牠們就像這樣，

and they began licking them.

牠們開始舔舐。

It turns out, they're highly hallucinogenic.

結果，牠們居然是高度迷幻藥！

McIntyre wrote about this and it was read by the editor of High Times magazine.

麥肯泰爾寫下了這件事，還被 《嗨翻天》毒品雜誌的編輯看到。

You see that ethnobotanists have friends in all sorts of strange cultures.

你看民族植物學家 有很多三教九流的朋友。

This guy decided he would go down to the Amazon and give it a whirl,

這傢伙決定要去一趟亞馬遜， 親自試一下，

or give it a lick, and he did, and he wrote,

或說舔一下，他的確也舔了， 然後他寫道：

"My blood pressure went through the roof,

「我的血壓飆到最高點，

I lost full control of my bodily functions,

我的身體完全不聽使喚，

I passed out in a heap,

我崩倒在地，

I woke up in a hammock six hours later,

六個小時後我在吊床上醒來，

felt like God for two days."

之後兩天覺得像神一樣！」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

An Italian chemist read this and said,

一位義大利化學家讀了這段之後說：

"I'm not really interested in the theological aspects of the green monkey frog.

「我對綠猴樹蛙的 神學方面沒什麼興趣，

What's this about the change in blood pressure?"

但是這個血壓變化是怎麼回事？」

Now, this is an Italian chemist

這位義大利化學家

who's working on a new treatment for high blood pressure

正在研發治療高血壓的新療法，

based on peptides in the skin of the green monkey frog,

以綠猴樹蛙皮膚上的肽類為基礎，

and other scientists are looking

其他科學家也在研究

at a cure for drug-resistant Staph aureus.

抗藥性金黃色葡萄球菌的新解方。

How ironic if these isolated Indians and their magic frog

多諷刺啊！如果這些隱世的 印地安人及他們的魔蛙

prove to be one of the cures.

證明的確是解方。

Here's an ayahuasca shaman

這是位煮死藤水的巫師，

in the northwest Amazon, in the middle of a yage ceremony.

在亞馬遜西北區， 正在舉行通靈儀式。

I took him to Los Angeles to meet a foundation officer

我帶他到洛杉磯 去見一位基金會的幹事，

looking for support for monies to protect their culture.

他正在尋求金援 以保護他們的文化。

This fellow looked at the medicine man, and he said,

這傢伙看著這名巫醫，他說：

"You didn't go to medical school, did you?"

「你沒上過醫學院，對吧？」

The shaman said, "No, I did not."

這巫師說：「沒有，沒上過。」

He said, "Well, then what can you know about healing?"

他又說：「嗯， 那你怎麼知道醫療過程？」

The shaman looked at him and he said,

這巫師看看他，然後他說：

"You know what? If you have an infection, go to a doctor.

「你知道嗎？如果你受感染， 你會去看醫生。

But many human afflictions are diseases of the heart, the mind and the spirit.

但是人類很多的苦惱 是心智靈的疾病。

Western medicine can't touch those. I cure them."

西醫束手無策。我卻可以醫好。」

(Applause)

（掌聲）

But all is not rosy in learning from nature about new medicines.

但從大自然學習新醫藥 可不是一片光明。

This is a viper from Brazil,

這是一條巴西毒蛇，

the venom of which was studied at the Universidade de São Paulo here.

這裡的聖保羅大學研究其毒液。

It was later developed into ACE inhibitors.

後來研發成血管張力素 轉化酶抑制劑。

This is a frontline treatment for hypertension.

這是高血壓的第一線藥物。

Hypertension causes over 10 percent

高血壓每天在全世界

of all deaths on the planet every day.

導致超過百分之十的死亡。

This is a $4 billion industry

這是四十億美金的產業，

based on venom from a Brazilian snake,

以巴西蛇毒為研發基礎，

and the Brazilians did not get a nickel.

巴西人卻一毛錢也拿不到。

This is not an acceptable way of doing business.

這可不是能令人接受的經商之道。

The rainforest has been called the greatest expression of life on Earth.

雨林被稱為地球上 最偉大的生命表現。

There's a saying in Suriname that I dearly love:

蘇利南國有句我非常愛的話：

"The rainforests hold answers to questions we have yet to ask."

「雨林擁有我們還沒問的 問題的答案。」

But as you all know, it's rapidly disappearing.

但是你們都知道， 雨林正在快速消失。

Here in Brazil, in the Amazon,

在巴西這裡，在亞馬遜，

around the world.

在全世界都是如此。

I took this picture from a small plane

我從小飛機上照下這張相片，

flying over the eastern border of the Xingu indigenous reserve

飛越巴西申谷河 原住民保留區的東疆，

in the state of Mato Grosso to the northwest of here.

在巴西的馬托格羅索州 到西北這裡。

The top half of the picture,

相片的上半部

you see where the Indians live.

是印地安人住的地方。

The line through the middle

中間這條線，

is the eastern border of the reserve.

是保留區的東疆。

Top half Indians, bottom half white guys.

上半部是印地安人， 下半部是白人。

Top half wonder drugs,

上半是奇妙的藥物，

bottom half just a bunch of skinny-ass cows.

下半不過就是一群瘦巴巴的牛。

Top half carbon sequestered in the forest where it belongs,

上半的碳隱蔽在所屬的森林中，

bottom half carbon in the atmosphere

下半的碳則排到大氣層，

where it's driving climate change.

造成氣候變遷。

In fact, the number two cause

實際上，第二大

of carbon being released into the atmosphere

造成碳排放到大氣層的成因

is forest destruction.

是森林破壞。

But in talking about destruction,

但是要談到破壞，

it's important to keep in mind

要記住這一點很重要，

that the Amazon is the mightiest landscape of all.

就是亞馬遜是世上最偉大的景觀。

It's a place of beauty and wonder.

它是美麗與奇妙共存的地方。

The biggest anteater in the world

世上最大的食蟻獸

lives in the rain forest,

就生活在這片雨林裡，

tips the scale at 90 pounds.

體重重達 90 磅 （41 公斤）。

The goliath bird-eating spider

巨人食鳥蛛

is the world's largest spider.

是世界上最大的蜘蛛，

It's found in the Amazon as well.

也能在亞馬遜找到。

The harpy eagle wingspan is over seven feet.

角鵰展翼可以超過七呎（二公尺）。

And the black cayman —

而黑鱷

these monsters can tip the scale at over half a ton.

這些怪物可以超過半噸重。

They're known to be man-eaters.

人稱這些為食人獸。

The anaconda, the largest snake,

森蚺，最大的蛇，

the capybara, the largest rodent.

水豚，最大的齧齒類。

A specimen from here in Brazil

從巴西這裡來的一副標本

tipped the scale at 201 pounds.

重達 201 磅（91 公斤）。

Let's visit where these creatures live,

讓我們探訪一下這些生物住的地方，

the northeast Amazon,

亞馬遜東北區，

home to the Akuriyo tribe.

阿庫里優部落的家鄉。

Uncontacted peoples hold a mystical and iconic role

未接觸部落在我們的想像中

in our imagination.

總給人一種神秘與定型的印象。

These are the people who know nature best.

他們是最瞭解大自然的人。

These are the people who truly live

他們是真正與大自然

in total harmony with nature.

和諧共存的人。

By our standards, some would dismiss these people as primitive.

按照我們的標準， 有些人會視他們為原始人。

"They don't know how to make fire,

他們不知道如何生火，

or they didn't when they were first contacted."

或說在首次接觸外界前 他們不知道如何生火。

But they know the forest far better than we do.

但是他們比我們更了解森林。

The Akuriyos have 35 words for honey,

阿庫里優人對蜂蜜 有 35 種叫不同的方法，

and other Indians look up to them

其它的印地安人景仰他們，

as being the true masters of the emerald realm.

因為他們是這片 翡翠大地真正的主人。

Here you see the face of my friend Pohnay.

這是我的朋友波奈的臉。

When I was a teenager rocking out

當我還是青少年在老家紐奧良

to the Rolling Stones in my hometown of New Orleans,

隨著滾石樂團搖頭晃腦時，

Pohnay was a forest nomad

波奈已經是個森林遊牧人，

roaming the jungles of the northeast Amazon

在亞馬遜東北的叢林中漫遊，

in a small band, looking for game,

與一小群人為伍，找尋獵物，

looking for medicinal plants,

找尋藥用植物，

looking for a wife,

找老婆，

in other small nomadic bands.

在外族中找。

But it's people like these

但是就是這樣的人

that know things that we don't,

瞭解我們不了解的東西，

and they have lots of lessons to teach us.

而且他們能教我們很多功課。

However, if you go into most of the forests of the Amazon,

然而，如果你進入 亞馬遜森林大部分的地方，

there are no indigenous peoples.

都看不到原住民。

This is what you find:

而這是你會看到的：

rock carvings which indigenous peoples,

石刻，為原住民，

uncontacted peoples, used to sharpen the edge of the stone axe.

未接觸之民 拿來磨利石斧之刃留下的。

These cultures that once danced,

這些原本舞蹈、

made love, sang to the gods,

交合、向諸神歌頌、

worshipped the forest,

信奉森林的文化，

all that's left is an imprint in stone, as you see here.

只剩下石頭上的印記留存， 如你現在所見。

Let's move to the western Amazon,

再來看亞馬遜西區，

which is really the epicenter of isolated peoples.

那裡真的是隱世之民的中心。

Each of these dots represents

這裡每一個點都代表了

a small, uncontacted tribe,

一個小小的、未接觸部落。

and the big reveal today is we believe there are 14 or 15 isolated groups

今天的大揭密是我們相信 光是在哥倫比亞屬的亞馬遜

in the Colombian Amazon alone.

就有 14 或 15 個隱世的部落。

Why are these people isolated?

為什麼這些人要隱世獨立？

They know we exist, they know there's an outside world.

他們知道我們的存在， 他們知道有外面的世界。

This is a form of resistance.

這是一種反抗的形式。

They have chosen to remain isolated,

他們選擇繼續隱世，

and I think it is their human right to remain so.

而我認為繼續如此是他們的人權。

Why are these the tribes that hide from man?

為什麼這些部落要躲人？

Here's why.

我告訴你為什麼。

Obviously, some of this was set off in 1492.

很明顯，這從 1492 年就開始了。

But at the turn of the last century

但就在上世紀之初，

was the rubber trade.

橡膠貿易興起。

The demand for natural rubber,

人們對天然橡膠的需求，

which came from the Amazon,

天然橡膠來自亞馬遜，

set off the botanical equivalent of a gold rush.

爆發了橡膠的淘金潮。

Rubber for bicycle tires,

橡膠能做自行車輪胎，

rubber for automobile tires,

橡膠能做車胎，

rubber for zeppelins.

橡膠還能做齊柏林飛船。

It was a mad race to get that rubber,

那是一場瘋狂的橡膠大戰，

and the man on the left, Julio Arana,

而左邊的那位，胡利歐·阿拉納，

is one of the true thugs of the story.

則是這個故事裡真正的惡棍。

His people, his company,

他的人，他的公司，

and other companies like them

及其他跟他們一樣的公司，

killed, massacred, tortured, butchered Indians

殘殺、屠殺、虐待、宰殺印地安人，

like the Witotos you see on the right hand side of the slide.

像你在照片右手邊看到的維多多人。

Even today, when people come out of the forest,

即使在今天， 他們離開森林與外界接觸，

the story seldom has a happy ending.

也很少有好下場。

These are Nukaks. They were contacted in the '80s.

這些是努卡人。 他們於 80 年代開始與外界接觸。

Within a year, everybody over 40 was dead.

不到一年，每一個 超過 40 歲的人都死了。

And remember, these are preliterate societies.

你要記得，這些是文前社會。

The elders are the libraries.

耆老就是圖書館。

Every time a shaman dies,

每次有巫師死亡，

it's as if a library has burned down.

就好像有圖書館被燒掉了一樣。

They have been forced off their lands.

他們被迫離開他們的土地。

The drug traffickers have taken over the Nukak lands,

毒品販子占領了努卡人的地，

and the Nukaks live as beggars

努卡人則成了乞丐，

in public parks in eastern Colombia.

在東哥倫比亞的公園裡行乞為生。

From the Nukak lands, I want to take you to the southwest,

我要帶你們從 努卡人的土地到西南區，

to the most spectacular landscape in the world:

到全世界最壯麗的地景上：

Chiribiquete National Park.

奇里比格達國家公園。

It was surrounded by three isolated tribes

它被三個遺世的部落環繞，

and thanks to the Colombian government and Colombian colleagues,

感謝哥倫比亞政府 及哥倫比亞的同僚，

it has now expanded.

現在公園的範圍擴大了。

It's bigger than the state of Maryland.

它比馬里蘭州還大。

It is a treasure trove of botanical diversity.

它是植物多樣性的寶庫。

It was first explored botanically in 1943

1943 年首次在當地探勘植物，

by my mentor, Richard Schultes,

由我的導師理查·舒爾茲帶領，

seen here atop the Bell Mountain,

照片上看到在鐘山頂上，

the sacred mountains of the Karijonas.

卡里荷那人的聖山。