to to welcome you to Crash Course: World History. Over the next 40 weeks, together we will learn

歡迎你來到速成班。世界歷史。在接下來的40周裡，我們將一起學習

how in a mere 15,000 years, humans went—

如何在短短的15000年內，人類就... ...

MR. GREEN, MR GREEN! WILL THIS BE ON THE TEST?

先生，綠色，綠色先生！綠色，綠色先生！這將是對測試？

Sigh.

嘆息。

Right, about the test. Listen closely: The test will measure whether you are an informed,

對，關於考試。仔細聽。測試將衡量你是否是一個知情者。

engaged, and productive citizen of the world, and it will be administered in bars and offices

在酒吧和辦公室進行管理。

and dorm rooms and places of worship and hospitals and yes, even schools. You will be tested

和宿舍和禮拜場所和醫院，是的，甚至學校。你將接受考驗

on first dates, in job interviews, while watching football, while scrolling through your twitter

在第一次約會時，在工作面試時，在看足球時，在翻看你的twitter時。

feed. The test will judge your ability to think

飼料。該測試將判斷你的思維能力

about things other than celebrity marriages, whether you’ll be easily persuaded by empty

關於名人婚姻之外的事情，你是否會輕易被空洞的

rhetoric, and whether you’ll be able to place your life and your community in a broader

言論，以及你是否能把你的生活和你的社會放在一個更廣闊的

context. The test will last your entire life, and it

語境。這個測試將持續你的一生，而且它

will be comprised of millions of decisions which, taken together, will make your life

將由數以百萬計的決定組成，這些決定加在一起，將使你的生活

yours. And everything—everything—will be on it.

你的。所有的一切... 所有的一切... 都會在上面。

Oh. Crap.

糟了 Oh.糟糕

I know, right? So listen up: In just 15,000 years, humans went from hunting and gathering

我知道，對吧？所以聽好了在短短的15000年裡 人類從狩獵和採集開始

to create such improbabilities as the airplane, the Internet, and the 99 cent double cheeseburger.

以創造出飛機、互聯網、99分的雙份芝士漢堡等即興象。

It’s an extraordinary journey, one that I will now symbolize by embarking upon a journey

這是一個不平凡的旅程，我現在將象徵性地踏上一段旅程。

of my own—over to camera 2.

我自己的，在相機2。

Hi, there Camera 2. It’s me, John Green. Let’s start with that double cheeseburger,

嗨，有相機2。這是我，約翰・格林。讓我們開始與雙芝士漢堡。

which contains 490 calories.

其中含有490卡路里的熱量。

To get that cheeseburger, you have to feed raise and slaughter cows, then grind their

為了得到那個漢堡，你必須餵養和屠宰奶牛，然後磨碎他們的

meat, then freeze it and ship it to its destination.

肉，然後冷凍起來，運到目的地。

You also have to grow some wheat and then process the living hell out of it until it

你還得種些小麥，然後把它加工成活生生的東西，直到它變成

tastes like unsweetened marshmallow,

味道像不加糖的棉花糖。

milk some cows and turn their milk into cheese,

擠一些牛的奶，把它們的奶變成奶酪。

which isn’t even to mention the growing and pickling of cucumbers or the sweeting

這還沒有提到黃瓜的種植和醃製，或者是甜食

of tomatoes or grinding of mustard seeds, etc.

番茄或磨碎芥菜籽等。

How in the sweet name of everything holy did we ever come to live in a world where such

我們怎麼會生活在這樣一個世界裡？

a thing can even be created? And how is it possible that those 490 calories can be served

一件東西甚至可以被創造出來？而且這490卡路里的熱量怎麼可能會被提供給

to me for—assuming I make the federal minimum wage here in the United States—

對我來說，假設我在美國賺取聯邦最低工資，

And most importantly, should I be delighted or alarmed to live in this strange world of

而最重要的是，生活在這個陌生的世界裡，我是該高興還是該驚慌？

relative abundance? Well, this may not strictly be history, since we don’t have much of

相對豐富？好吧，這可能不是嚴格意義上的歷史，因為我們沒有太多的...

a written record, but thanks to archaeology and paleobiology, we do have some idea of

但由於考古學和古生物學的發展，我們確實有了一些想法。

the prehistoric world. let’s go to the thought bubble.

史前世界，讓我們進入思想的保麗龍。

15,000 years ago, humans were foragers and hunters. Foraging meant gathering fruits,

15000年前，人類是覓食者和獵人。覓食意味著收集水果。

nuts, and also wild grains and grasses. Hunting allowed for a protein-rich diet, so long as

堅果，還有野生穀物和草類。狩獵可以提供富含蛋白質的食物，只要是

you could find something with meat to kill. By far the best hunting gig in the prehistoric

你可以找到有肉的東西來殺。到目前為止，史前時代最好的狩獵工作。

world was fishing, which is one of the reasons that, if you look at the history of people

全世界都在捕魚，這也是原因之一，如果你看看人們的歷史

populating the planet, we tended to run for the coasts and stay there.

在這個星球上，我們傾向於奔向海岸，並留在那裡。

Marine life was A. abundant, and B. relatively unlikely to eat you. While we tend to think

海洋生物A.豐富，B.相對不可能吃你。當我們傾向於認為

that the lives of foragers (hunter/gatherers) was pretty bad, fossil evidence suggests that

覓食者（獵人/採集者）的生活相當糟糕，化石證據表明，他們的生活很糟糕。

they actually had it pretty good. Their bones and teeth are healthier than those of agriculturalists,

他們其實過得很好。他們的骨骼和牙齒都比農家的健康。

and anthropologists who have studied the remaining forager peoples have noted that they actually

和研究其餘覓食者的人類學家指出，他們實際上

work a lot fewer hours than the rest of us, and spend more time on art, music, storytelling—and

工作時間比我們其他人少得多，花更多的時間在藝術、音樂、講故事上------。

if you believe the classic of anthropology Nisa, they also have more time for skoodilypooping.

如果你相信人類學的經典之作Nisa，他們也有更多的時間去skoodilypooping。

What? I call it skoodilypooping. Is that so wrong?

我叫它 "skoodilypooping"。這有什麼不對嗎？

It’s important to note that cultivation of crops seems to have arisen independently

值得注意的是，農作物的種植似乎是獨立產生的。

over the course of millennia in a number of places, from Africa to China to the Americas.

在幾千年的時間裡，從非洲到中國再到美洲的一些地方。

Using crops that naturally grew nearby—rice in Southeast Asia, maize in Mexico, potatoes

利用附近自然生長的農作物--東南亞的大米、墨西哥的玉米、馬鈴薯

in the Andes, wheat in the fertile crescent, yams in West Africa —people around the world

安第斯山脈的小麥，新月沃土的小麥，西非的山藥--世界各地的人們

began to abandon their foraging for agriculture. Since so many communities made this choice

開始放棄覓食從事農業。由於許多社區做出了這樣的選擇

independently, it must have been a good choice, right, even though it meant less music and

獨立，這一定是一個不錯的選擇，對吧，儘管這意味著少了音樂和

skoodilypooping?

skoodilypooping?

Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, to answer that question, let’s first take a look at the

謝謝你，思維泡泡。好吧，為了回答這個問題，我們先來看看... ...

advantages and disadvantages of agrictulture.

農耕的優缺點；

Advantage: Controllable food supply. You might have droughts or floods but if you’re growing

優勢。可控的食物供應。你可能會遇到乾旱或洪水，但如果你種植的是

the crops and breeding them to be healthier and heartier, you get a bit more say in whether

農作物，並將它們培育得更健康、更豐盛，你就有了更多的發言權。

you starve.

你餓死了。

Disadvantage: In order to keep feeding people as population grows, you have to radically

缺點：隨著人口的增長，為了繼續養活人們，你必須從根本上。

change the landscape of the planet.

改變地球的面貌。

Advantage: You can create a food surplus, especially if you grow grain, which makes

優勢。你可以創造一個糧食過剩，特別是如果你種植糧食，這使得。

cities possible. As long as you’re hunting and gathering

城市的可能。只要你在打獵和採集。

food that will quickly become inedible, it’s impossible to create large population centers.

的食物，很快就會無法食用，不可能建立大型人口中心。

But if you have a surplus, agriculture can support people not directly involved in the

但如果你有盈餘，農業可以支持不直接參與的人。

production of food, like, say, tradesmen who can devote their lives to creating better

比如說，商人們可以把自己的一生都投入到創造更好的食品生產中去。

farming equipment, which in turns makes it possible for you to produce more food more

農業設備，這反過來使你有可能生產更多的糧食更

efficiently, which in turn eventually makes it possible for a corporation to turn a profit

效益，從而最終使企業有可能實現盈利。

on a 99 cent double cheeseburger.

在99分的雙份芝士漢堡上。

Disadvantage: Some would argue the whole complexity of large and complex agricultural communities

劣勢。有人會認為，大型複雜的農業社區的整體複雜性。

that can support cities and eventually inexpensive meat sandwiches is not actually beneficial

可以支持城市，最終廉價的肉類三明治，其實並沒有什麼好處。

to the planet or even necessarily its human inhabitants, although that is a tough argument

對地球甚至人類居民的影響，儘管這是個艱難的論證。

to make coming to you, as I am, as a series of 1s and 0s.

讓來到你身邊的我，就像一連串的1和0一樣。

Advantage: Agriculture can be practiced in many places all over the world, although in

優勢。世界上許多地方都可以進行農業生產，雖然在農業生產中

lots of places it requires extensive manipulation of the environment; e.g., irrigation or controlled

很多地方需要對環境進行廣泛的操縱，例如，灌溉或控制。

flooding or terracing.

淹沒或梯田；

Disadvantage: Farming is hard work—so hard that one is tempted to for instance claim

缺點。

ownership over other humans and then force them to till the land on your behalf—which

對其他人類的所有權，然後強迫他們替你耕種土地--這是

is the kind of non-ideal social order that has tended to emerge again and again in agriculturalist

是一種非理想的社會秩序，這種社會秩序往往在農業主

communities.

社區。

So why did agriculture happen when it—wait, I haven’t talked about herders. HERDERS,

那麼，為什麼農業發生時，它 - 等待，我還沒有談到牧民。牧民：

man, always getting the short end of the stick.

男人，總是得到短的一端棒。

Herding is a very good and interesting alternative to foraging: Domesticate some animals, and

放牧是一種非常好的、有趣的替代覓食的方式。馴化一些動物，然後

then take them on the road with you. The upsides of herding are obvious: You get

然後帶著它們上路放牧的好處是顯而易見的：你可以得到... ...

to be a cowboy, and animals are not only steady sources of meat and milk, they also help out

做一個牛仔，動物不僅是肉和奶的穩定來源，它們還能幫助

with shelter by providing wool and leather. On the downside, you have to move around a

通過提供羊毛和皮革來提供庇護。缺點是，你必須四處走動。

lot because your herds always need new grass to eat, and it’s hard to build cities when

因為你的牛群總是需要新的草來吃，而當你的牛群需要新的草來吃的時候，就很難建設城市了

you’re constantly moving, unless you are the Mongols.

除非你是蒙古人，否則你會不停地移動。

By the way, over the next 40 weeks, you will frequently hear generalizations followed by

順便說一下，在接下來的40周裡，你會經常聽到一些籠統的說法，然後就是

the caveat “Unless you are the Mongols.”

"除非你是蒙古人 "的警告。

But one of the main reasons herding only caught on in certain parts of the world is that there

但放牧只在世界某些地區流行的主要原因之一是，有

aren’t that many animals that really lend themselves to domestication:

並沒有那麼多動物真正適合被馴化。

Like, you have sheep goats cattle pigs horses camels donkeys reindeer water buffalo yaks

比如，你有綿羊 山羊 牛 豬 馬 駱駝 驢 馴鹿 水牛 犛牛

all of which have something in common: They aren’t native to the Americas.

所有這些都有一些共同點：它們不是美洲原產的。

Llamas are the only halfway useful herding animals native to the Americas, and lots of

喇嘛是美洲原產的唯一半路出家的有用牧畜，很多

animals just don’t work for domestication.

動物只是不工作的馴化。

Hippos are large and provide lots of meat, and they mostly eat plants, but they also

河馬體型龐大，能提供大量的肉食，它們主要吃植物，但它們也有

like to kill us, which makes them bad for herding. Zebras are too ornery; grizzlies’s

喜歡殺死我們，這使得它們不適合放牧。斑馬太過暴躁；灰熊的。

wild hearts can’t be broken; elephants are too slow to breed. Which reminds me…it’s

野心難斷，大象繁殖太慢。這讓我想起了......這是

time for the open letter.

公開信的時間。

An Open Letter to Elephants:

給大象的一封公開信。

Hey, Elephants. You’re so cute and smart and awesome; why you gotta be pregnant for

嘿，大象。你這麼可愛聰明又厲害，為什麼你一定要懷孕呢？

22 months? That’s crazy! And then you only have one kid! If you were more like cows,

22個月？太瘋狂了！然後你只有一個孩子！如果你更像牛的話

you might have taken us over by now.

你可能已經採取了我們現在。

Like, here is the graph of cow population and here is the graph of cow population.

就像，這裡是牛的人口圖，這裡是牛的人口圖。

Elephants, if you’d just inserted yourself into human life the way cows did, you could

大象，如果你像牛一樣把自己插入到人類的生活中去，你就可以...

have used your intelligence and power to form secret societies conspiring against the humans

利用你們的智慧和力量成立了祕密組織，密謀反人類。

and then you could have risen up and destroyed us and made an awesome elephant world with

然後你就可以崛起並摧毀我們，並創造了一個可怕的大象世界與

elephant cars and elephant planes, but nooooo you’ve gotta have 22-month pregnancies with

大象的汽車和大象的飛機，但nooooo你必須有22個月的懷孕與。

one offspring and tusks that people want to kill you for. It’s so depressing.

一個後代和人們想殺你的獠牙。真讓人鬱悶。

Best wishes, John

最良好的祝願，約翰

Right so but back to why the Agricultural Revolution occurred. We don’t have records,

對，所以但回到農業革命為什麼會發生。我們沒有記錄。

but historians love to make guesses: Maybe population pressure necessitated agriculture

但歷史學家喜歡做猜測。也許人口的壓力使農業成為必要

even though it was more work, or abundance gave people leisure time to experiment with

即使它是更多的工作，或豐富的給了人們閒暇的時間，以試驗與

domestication or planting originated as a fertility right or—as some historians have

馴化或種植起源於一種生育權，或者--正如一些歷史學家所言

argued—people needed to domesticate grains in order to produce more alcohol. Darwin,

認為--人們需要馴化穀物，以生產更多的酒精。達爾文。

like most 19th century scientists, believed agriculture was an accident, saying:

像大多數19世紀的科學家一樣，認為農業是一個意外，說：。

“a wild and unusually good variety of native plant might attract the attention of some

"一種野生的、異常優良的在地植物品種可能會吸引一些人的注意，但這並不意味著它是一個好品種。

wise old savage.”

聰明的老野人。"

Off-topic, but you will come to note that the definition of ‘savage’ tends to be

離題，但你會注意到 "野蠻 "的定義往往是：

‘not me.’

"不是我。

Maybe the best theory is that there wasn’t really an agricultural revolution at all but

也許最好的理論是，根本沒有真正的農業革命，而是

that it was part of an evolutionary desire to produce more to eat. After all, hunter

這是進化過程中生產更多食物的願望的一部分。畢竟，狩獵者

gatherers know that seeds germinate when planted and some groups will plant crops if the weather

採集者都知道，種子播種後會發芽，如果天氣好，有些群體會種植農作物。

and climate permit, while otherwise preferring to forage (since it’s less work, after all).

和氣候允許的情況下，而在其他方面則更傾向於覓食（因為畢竟工作量少）。

When you find something that’s edible, you try to get more of it. So early farmers would

當你發現一些可以吃的東西時，你就會嘗試著多吃一些。所以早期的農民會

take the most easily accessible seeds of einkorn and emmer wheat plants and plant those, hoping

把最容易獲得的英克朗和埃默爾小麥植物的種子拿出來種上，希望

that the results would become strains wheat that were easier to eat.

的結果將成為更容易食用的小麥品系。

Like, for instance: We have evidence that as early as 13000 years ago humans in southern

比如說我們有證據表明，早在13000年前，南部的人類

Greece were domesticating snails for food. In a cave at Frankthi is a huge pile of snail

希臘人在馴化蝸牛作為食物。在Frankthi的一個山洞裡，有一大堆蝸牛。

shells. Most of them are larger than current snails, suggesting that the people who ate

殼。它們中的大部分比現在的蝸牛大，說明吃過的人。

them were selectively breeding them to be bigger and more nutritious. Snails, btw, make

他們有選擇地培育他們，使其更大，更有營養。蝸牛，順便說一下，使

excellent domesticated food sources because A. they are nutritious, and

優秀的家養食物來源，因為A.它們營養豐富，而且．

B. they’re easy to carry, since they come with their own suitcases, and

B. 他們很容易攜帶，因為他們自帶行李箱，而且

C. you can imprison them just be scratching a small ditch around their living quarters.

C.你只要在他們的生活區周圍劃一條小溝，就可以把他們關起來。

That’s not exactly a revolution. That’s just people wanting to increase the number

這不完全是一場革命。這只是人們想增加的數量

of their available calories.

其可用熱量的。

But one non-revolution needs to another, and pretty soon you have this as far as the eye

但是，一個不革命需要另一個，很快你就有了這個，只要眼球

can see. No doubt that the impact of the discovery and adoption of agriculture is probably the

可以看到。毫無疑問，農業的發現和採用的影響可能是

most momentous “event” in human and the planet’s history.

人類和地球歷史上最重大的 "事件"。

I’m cold; let’s go inside. Without agriculture we couldn’t have large

我很冷，我們進去吧。沒有農業，我們就不可能有大

groups of people in the same place (they’d starve) and therefore no complex societies,

群人在同一個地方（他們會餓死），是以沒有複雜的社會。

cities, religions, writing, metalworking, all that good stuff.

城市，宗教，寫作，金屬加工，所有這些好東西。

It’s also true that without agriculture we wouldn’t have all the bad things that

同樣的道理，沒有農業，我們就不會有那麼多的壞事。

come with complex civilizations, like inequality, patriarchy, war, and unfortunately, famine.

伴隨著複雜的文明，比如不平等，父權制，戰爭，以及不幸的饑荒。

And as far as the planet is concerned, agriculture has been a big loser – without it humans

而就地球而言，農業一直是個大輸家--沒有了農業，人類

would never have changed the environment so much, clearing forests, moving rivers, building

根本就不會對環境有這麼大的改變，開墾森林，移動河流，建設

dams to create and prevent floods, drilling wells for agriculture, and in the 20th and

築壩造田防洪、打井務農，在20年和20年的時間裡，人們還在不斷地創造新的就業機會。

21st century drilling for oil to process into fertilizer. Many people made these choices

21世紀鑽探石油，加工成肥料。許多人做出了這些選擇

independently from each other, but does that mean it was the right choice? Maybe so, but

彼此獨立，但這是否意味著這是正確的選擇？也許是的，但

it’s impossible to unmake that choice today, which is one of the reasons I think history

今天不可能再做選擇了，這也是我認為歷史的原因之一。

is worth our attention: It reminds us that revolutions are not events so much as processes,

是值得我們關注的。它提醒我們，革命不是事件，而是過程。

that for tens of thousands of years people have been making decisions that irrevocably

幾萬年來，人們一直在做著不可改變的決定

shaped our world, just as today we’re making subtle, irrevocable decisions that the people

塑造了我們的世界，就像今天我們正在做一些微妙的、不可改變的決定，而這些決定是人民

of the future will remember

後人會記得

as revolutions.

作為旋轉。