Name: 【TED】艾蜜莉‧芭絲苔: 為何有些人認為運動很難 (Why some people find exercise harder than others | Emily Balcetis)
Uploaded: 2015-02-16T16:00:03.000Z
Duration: 14 min 9 s

Vision is the most important and prioritized sense that we have.

視力是我們最重要也是最主要的感覺器官。

情態副詞

We are constantly looking at the world around us,

and quickly we identify and make sense of what it is that we see.

並快速地了解和識別我們所看見的東西。

Let's just start with an example of that very fact.

讓我很快地舉例子為大家說明。

I'm going to show you a photograph of a person, just for a second or two,

我會給大家約一至兩秒的時間來看一個人的相片，

and I'd like for you to identify what emotion is on his face.

並且希望你來辨識他臉上的情緒。

Well, we actually surveyed over 120 individuals,

這項調查的參與者超過了 120 名，

People did not agree on what emotion they saw on his face.

人們對於他們所看見的臉部情緒判斷的結果完全不一致。

That was the most frequent response that we received.

But if you asked the person on your left,

they might have said regret or skepticism,

他們可能會認為是後悔或懷疑。

they might have said something entirely different,

So we are all looking at the very same face again.

We might see something entirely different,

What we think we see is actually filtered through our own mind's eye.

我們以為自己看見的東西，其實是自我意識篩選後的產物。

Of course, there are many other examples of how we see the world through own mind's eye.

當然，還有很多這樣的例子，關於人們如何讓主觀意識去解釋我們身處的世界。

So dieters, for instance, see apples as larger than people who are not counting calories.

例如，減肥的人所看到的蘋果會比沒有在計算熱量的人要來得大。

Softball players see the ball as smaller if they've just come out of a slump, compared to people who had a hot night at the plate.

剛走出事業低潮的壘球選手，跟前一晚在場上叱咤風雲的球員比起來，會感覺所看見的壘球更加小。

And actually, our political beliefs also can affect the way we see other people, including politicians.

而事實上人們的政治傾向也會影響到對其他人的觀感，包含了對政治人物的選擇。

So my research team and I decided to test this question.

因此我們的實驗團隊決定用這個問題來進行一個實驗。

In 2008, Barack Obama was running for president for the very first time,

2008年時，巴拉克歐巴馬第一次參選總統。

and we surveyed hundreds of Americans one month before the election.

在大選前一個月，我們訪問了數百位美國人。

What we found in this survey was that some people, some Americans, think photographs like these best reflect how Obama really looks.

在這個調查中我們發現，有些美國群眾認為這組照片充分反映出歐巴馬真實的模樣，

Of these people, 75 percent voted for Obama in the actual election.

而如此認為的受訪者中有 75% 的人在大選中投票給了歐巴馬。

Other people, though, thought photographs like these best reflect how Obama really looks.

也有一部分人認為這組照片才真實反應歐巴馬的樣子，

89 percent of these people voted for McCain.

其中 89% 投給歐巴馬的對手麥肯。

So, we presented many photographs of Obama one at a time,

我們給受訪者觀看歐巴馬的照片，一次一張，

so people did not realize that what we were changing from one photograph to the next was whether we had artificially lightened or darkened his skin tone.

他們其實並不知道兩張照片的不同，差別在我們刻意在膚色上補強光線，使他看起來黝黑。

How could it be that when I look at a person, an object, or an event, I see something very different than somebody else does?

為何我們看待一個人、一件物品或一個事件，竟然和他人比起來有天與地的差別？

Well, the reasons are many, but one reason requires that we understand a little bit more about how our eyes work.

這其實有很多原因，但我們要先了解視覺的運作方式。

So vision scientists know that the amount of information that we can see at any given point in time, what we can focus on, is actually relatively small.

研究顯示，人們在有限的時間中，以眼睛來攫取資訊，不論我們專注的時間為多久，所得到的資訊其實非常微小。

What we can see with great sharpness and clarity and accuracy is the equivalent of the surface area of our thumb on our outstretched arm.

我們能看到最明顯、最清楚、精確的範圍，大概只有伸長手臂後大拇指這樣的大小，不管我們呈現的內容有多少，

rendering much of what is presented to our eyes as ambiguous.

其餘的影像在眼中看來都是模糊一片。

But we have to clarify and make sense of what it is that we see,

而我們還得去解釋，還要去認識我們看見的東西究竟是什麼。

and it's our mind that helps us fill in that gap.

我們的大腦就是用來幫助我們補足這些空白的。

As a result, perception is a subjective experience,

and that's how we end up seeing through our own mind's eye.

也是為什麼我們最終感知到的其實是大腦給我們看到的。

So, I'm a social psychologist, and it's questions like these that really intrigue me.

我是社會心理學家，所以我不由得特別關心這樣問題。

I am fascinated by those times when people do not see eye to eye.

我對於人們見山不是山的狀況覺得很有意思。

Why is it that somebody might literally see the glass as half full,

and somebody literally sees it as half empty?

可有些人看到的是半杯空的水？

What is it about what one person is thinking and feeling that leads them to see the world in an entirely different way?

人們的想法和感覺是如何地影響他以全然不同的角度看待這個世界？

So to begin to tackle these questions, my research team and I decided to delve deeply into an issue that has received international attention: our health and fitness.

於是我們開始研究這些問題，我們實驗小組決定要對這項全球知名的議題進行相關的探討，那就是健康與體態。

Across the world, people are struggling to manage their weight,

無論是哪一個國家，每個人都對控制體重有著深深的困擾。

and there is a variety of strategies that we have to help us keep the pounds off.

各式各樣減重的方式可謂百家爭鳴。

For instance, we set the best of intentions to exercise after the holidays,

舉例來說，每到假期結束，我們就拼了命減肥。

but actually, the majority of Americans find that their New Year's resolutions are broken by Valentine's Day.

但事實上，大部分的美國人會發現，他們的新年新希望在情人節之前就落空了。

We talk to ourselves in very encouraging ways,

telling ourselves this is our year to get back into shape,

告訴自己就在今年，我們可以恢復以往的身材。

but that is not enough to bring us back to our ideal weight.

然而這並不足以帶我們重返往日的理想體重。

Of course, there is no simple answer, but one reason, I argue, is that our mind's eye might work against us.

答案當然沒那麼簡單，但我認為其中一項原因，就是我們的大腦可能背叛了我們。

Some people may literally see exercise as more difficult,

and some people might literally see exercise as easier.

有些人就覺得運動其實很簡單。

So, as a first step to testing these questions,

所以，為了能進一步地探索這些疑問，

we gathered objective measurements of individuals' physical fitness.

我們首先要量取每位受測者的身材。

We measured the circumference of their waist, compared to the circumference of their hips.

我們拿腰圍和臀圍的比例來做比較，

A higher waist-to-hip ratio is an indicator of being less physically fit than a lower waist-to-hip ratio.

腰臀比相對較高的表示體態較差，反之，比較低的表示體態較好。

we told our participants that they would walk to a finish line while carrying extra weight in a sort of race.

我們告訴受測者他們要帶著重物走到終點線，這是項比賽。

we asked them to estimate the distance to the finish line.

我們請受測者評估一下到終點的距離。

We thought that the physical states of their body might change how they perceived the distance.

我們的想法是：體態的不同會影響人們對於距離的感知。

Well, waist-to-hip ratio predicted perceptions of distance.

就是腰臀比的差異的確會有距離感知上的不同。

People who were out of shape and unfit actually saw the distance to the finish line as significantly greater than people who were in better shape.

體格不勻稱的受測者和體態較好的受測者比起來，認為終點的距離較遠得多。

People's states of their own body changed how they perceived the environment.

體態的差異使人們對環境有不同的感受，

In fact, our bodies and our minds work in tandem to change how we see the world around us.

事實上，我們的身心共同運作，來改變我們對所處環境的看法。

That led us to think that maybe people with strong motivations and strong goals to exercise might actually see the finish line as closer than people who have weaker motivations.

這讓我們聯想到，或許有強烈動機及有明確目標可尋的人，相較於動機比較弱的人，會感覺終點近些。

So to test whether motivations affect our perceptual experiences in this way, we conducted a second study.

因此，我們又進行了第二項實驗，來探究動機的強弱是否會影響我們的經驗感受。

Again, we gathered objective measurements of people's physical fitness,

同樣地，我們還是先量取每位受測者的身材，

measuring the circumference of their waist and the circumference of their hips,

and we had them do a few other tests of fitness.

並且請他們做一些體格的量測。

some of our participants told us they're not motivated to exercise any more.

有些受測對象表示他們不想健身。

They felt like they already met their fitness goals and they weren't going to do anything else.

他們感覺已經達到身材標準了，因此不願意再做任何的運動。

Other people, though, based on our feedback, told us they were highly motivated to exercise.

相反地，根據我們的反饋，其他人則告訴我們他們極願意去運動健身。

They had a strong goal to make it to the finish line.

他們有明確目標，認為可達到終點。

But again, before we had them walk to the finish line, we had them estimate the distance.

再一次地，我們要求他們在出發前估算一下

And again, like the previous study, we found that waist-to-hip ratio predicted perceptions of distance.

而結果也一如先前的研究，我們發現腰臀比的確影響距離感知。

Unfit individuals saw the distance as farther, saw the finish line as farther away, than people who were in better shape.

體格較差的人覺得距離較遠，相較於體格較好的人，會覺得終點線遠在天邊。

Importantly, though, this only happened for people who were not motivated to exercise.

重點來了，這樣的結果只發生在沒有健身動力的人身上。

people who were highly motivated to exercise saw the distance as short.

具強烈動機想運動的人認為終點線近在眼前，

Even the most out of shape individuals saw the finish line as just as close, if not slightly closer, than people who were in better shape.

即使是體態最差的人，所推估的終點距離也和體態較好的人推估的相去不遠，就算距離沒有更短，也非常接近了。

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【TED】艾蜜莉‧芭絲苔: 為何有些人認為運動很難 (Why some people find exercise harder than others | Emily Balcetis)

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