Name: 亞馬遜雨林樹下藏著什麼驚奇？！🌲🌳🌎 (What's Hidden Under the Trees of the Amazon Rainforest?)
Uploaded: 2026-02-16T17:17:21.000Z
Duration: 49 min 7 s

In my worldview, the Amazon rainforest is the most fascinating and the most mysterious place of the Earth's surface today.

在我看來，亞馬遜雨林是地球表面上最迷人、最神祕的地方。

情態副詞

In the 21st century, it sprawls seemingly endlessly across a vast area of South America, roughly 6 million square kilometers, all in an area of land that's about equivalent to 3/4 the size of the continental 48 United States.

到了二十一世紀，它似乎無止盡地橫跨南美洲廣闊的區域，大約有六百萬平方公里，這塊土地的面積大約相當於美國本土48州的四分之三。

The majority of the rainforest, about 60% of it, is all contained within the borders of Brazil.

雨林的大部分，大約百分之六十，都位在巴西境內。

But significant parts of it also extend out across the borders of parts of Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and

但它也有相當大的部分跨越了祕魯、哥倫比亞、厄瓜多、玻利維亞、委內瑞拉、蓋亞那、蘇利南，以及

This huge area of the continent that the Amazon covers is extremely sparsely populated today and rural, with only around 30 million total residents spread out all across it, which is even fewer people today than live in Poland.

亞馬遜雨林覆蓋的這塊大陸面積，如今人口極其稀少且偏遠，總共只有大約三千萬居民散佈其中，這人數比住在波蘭的人還少。

If the Amazon rainforest was its own independent country, it would be among the bottom 10 countries in the entire world in terms of average population density, with only about five human beings per square kilometer on average.

如果亞馬遜雨林是一個獨立的國家，平均人口密度將會是全世界倒數十名以內的國家，平均每平方公里只有大約五個人。

But by far the largest single concentration of people within the Amazon rainforest region today is this random looking blob of high population density almost in the dead center of it, which is the Brazilian city of Manaus.

但到目前為止，亞馬遜雨林地區人口最集中的地方，幾乎就在雨林正中央，這個看起來隨機的區域，是巴西的馬瑙斯市。

Home to well over 2 million people today, Manaus is the seventh largest city in Brazil, but

馬瑙斯如今有超過兩百萬人口，是巴西第七大城，但

its weird location in the middle of the Amazon also makes it the most heavily isolated city in the entire Western hemisphere to have a population of more than a million people, as there isn't a single other city of comparable size to it anywhere within 1000 km in every direction.

它位於亞馬遜雨林中間的奇特位置，也讓它成為西半球人口超過百萬人口中最孤立的城市，因為在它方圓一千公里內，沒有任何其他規模相當的城市。

And so, as you'd expect, actually physically getting yourself there doesn't work like most other cities do.

所以，就像你預期的那樣，實際要去那裡的方式，跟去其他城市不太一樣。

There still aren't any paved roads that connect Manaus to the rest of the Brazilian core, thousands of kilometers away to the east.

目前還是沒有鋪設好的道路能連接馬瑙斯和數千公里外的巴西核心地區。

It's theoretically possible to drive from cities like Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro to Manaus, but

理論上，你可以從聖保羅或裡約熱內盧這樣的城市開車到馬瑙斯，但是

for hundreds of kilometers along Brazilian Highway 319, the route is currently unpaved.

在巴西319號公路長達數百公里的路段，目前都是未鋪設的。

And whenever it rains there, which, believe it it or not, is a frequent occurrence in the rainforest, the unpaved road turns into a muddy quagmire with endless nothing all around it, no cell service, and

而且，不管什麼時候下雨，相信我，在雨林裡下雨是很常見的，這段未鋪設的道路就會變成泥濘不堪的爛泥地，周圍什麼都沒有，沒有手機訊號，而且

no chance of getting a tow truck to bail yourself out.

根本不可能叫到拖吊車來救你。

So that road is a pretty sketchy option to actually take.

所以那條路其實是個不太可靠的選擇。

And even when you get to the other end of the highway close by to Manaus, you'll still have to take a ferry over to the city, since the entire length of the Amazon river still doesn't have a single bridge that crosses over it.

而且就算你到了靠近馬瑙斯的公路另一端，你還是得搭渡輪才能到市區，因為整條亞馬遜河上，還沒有一座橋樑跨越它。

The primary actually paved road that connects Manaus to the rest of the outside world, runs to the north of it up towards Venezuela.

連接馬瑙斯和外界的主要鋪設好的道路，是往北延伸到委內瑞拉的方向。

This route makes it, at least in theory, sort of possible to safely drive along paved roads to the rest of the Brazilian core.

這條路理論上來說，至少可以讓你全程開在鋪好的路上，安全地開到巴西其他核心區域。

But the catch is that you'd have to travel all the way around through Venezuela, Colombia and Peru just to re enter back into Brazil again.

不過問題是，你得繞一大圈，經過委內瑞拉、哥倫比亞和祕魯，才能再次回到巴西境內。

Meaning that for most practical purposes, the only ways that most people from the rest of Brazil usually get to Manaus isn't by land, but

這意味著，對大多數實際情況來說，巴西其他地方的人們通常到馬瑙斯的交通方式，不是陸路，而是

by airplane or by taking a boat down the Amazon river itself, which is fully navigable to oceangoing vessels for about two thirds of its course deep into the continental interior.

搭飛機，或是直接搭船沿著亞馬遜河，這條河大部分航道都適合遠洋船隻航行，深入大陸內部約三分之二的距離。

Another similar blob of high population density in the middle of the modern Amazon is the Peruvian city of Iquitos, which is home to around 500,000 people today and is, in theory even more isolated than Manaus is.

現代亞馬遜地區另一個人口稠密區，是祕魯的伊基託斯市，這裡大約住了50萬人，理論上比馬瑙斯還更孤立。

Not because of distance from other large settlements, but because of logistics.

並非因為離其他大城鎮的距離，而是因為交通運輸的難度。

Other than for a single 100 kilometer dead end stretch of road that ends in the nearby town of Nauta, there aren't any other roads at all that connect Igidos with anywhere in the outside world, which makes it the largest city in the world that can't be reached by road, that isn't on an island.

除了有一段100公里的死路，通往附近的納烏塔鎮之外，伊基託斯沒有任何其他道路能連接到外界，這讓它成為世界上最大的、無法開車抵達的非島嶼城市。

Iquitos exists precisely where it does, because it sits at about the exact spot on the Amazon river that's still fully navigable all the way out to the Atlantic Ocean, which has always provided a free to use and easy to use superhighway for Peruvian and Brazilian merchants to take transportation, transporting the Amazon's resources out to the global market.

伊基託斯之所以存在於此，是因為它正好位於亞馬遜河上，這段河道仍然可以直通大西洋，這條免費又便利的超級水道，一直是祕魯和巴西商人將亞馬遜的資源運往全球市場的運輸管道。

Rather than using cars, trucks or trains.

而不是使用汽車、卡車或火車。

The Amazon river itself provides nearly all of the transportation to the few big modern cities in the Amazon like Manaus and Iquitos, so much so that when you travel along it, you'll even see floating gas stations and convenience stores for boats instead of cars.

亞馬遜河本身提供了現代亞馬遜地區少數大城市（如馬瑙斯和伊基託斯）幾乎所有的交通運輸，甚至你沿著河走，還會看到為船隻而非汽車準備的漂浮加油站和便利商店。

And so, as you'd expect, proper road infrastructure throughout the Amazon region is extremely hard to come by.

所以，正如你所預料的，亞馬遜地區的正規道路基礎設施非常難找。

And even the major clusters of people within it don't really have any major roads extending out out from them, since the Amazon river is their primary method of transportation and connection to the outside world.

即使是區域內的主要聚落，也沒有任何主要道路向外延伸，因為亞馬遜河是他們與外界主要的交通和聯繫方式。

Instead, this means that there are huge swaths of the Amazon rainforest that are completely absent of any roads at all, which makes driving through most of it an impossible feat, While trekking through the rainforest on foot is an extremely arduous process as well, simply because of the unbelievable density of trees here.

這意味著亞馬遜雨林有大片區域完全沒有道路，這使得開車穿越大部分地區變得不可能；而徒步穿越雨林也是一個極其艱辛的過程，僅僅是因為這裡樹木的密度令人難以置信。

Once you get out beyond the major settlements and highways.

It's been estimated that there are probably somewhere around 390 billion individual trees densely packed all throughout the Amazon rainforest, which is nearly four times as many stars as exist in the entire Milky Way galaxy.

據估計，亞馬遜雨林中可能密集地生長著大約三百九十億棵樹木，這幾乎是整個銀河系中恆星數量的四倍。

A single square kilometer of the forest can contain up to 150,000 individual trees and well over 90,000 tons of plant biomass, a fact that can be clearly seen when you look at images like these ones of the city of Manaus that butts right up against the boundaries boundary with the Amazon.

一平方公里的森林就含有多達十五萬棵樹木和超過九萬噸的植物生物量，當你看到像馬瑙斯這座緊鄰亞馬遜邊界的城市圖像時，這個事實就一目瞭然了。

On one side you have a dense city that's like an island of civilization, and

一邊是像文明孤島一樣的密集城市，

on the other you literally have a thousand kilometers of super dense wild rainforest that's mostly just empty of people.

另一邊則是字面意義上長達一千公里的超級密集原始雨林，大部分地方都沒有人煙。

So observing what the Amazon's actual surface looks like from the ground, from anywhere beyond the Amazon river, or from the handful of roads and settlements dotted throughout it has always been very difficult.

所以，從地面觀察亞馬遜的實際地表樣貌，從亞馬遜河以外的任何地方，或從散佈其中的少數道路和聚落觀察，一直以來都非常困難。

While for most of modern history, observing what the Amazon surface looked like from the air, with aircraft, or even with satellites have also been practically impossible because of just how insanely dense and thick the rainforest canopy is everywhere throughout it.

而在現代歷史的大部分時間裡，由於雨林樹冠層無處不在的極度密集和厚實，從空中、透過飛機，甚至衛星觀察亞馬遜地表樣貌，也幾乎是不可能的。

As a result, the vast surface area of the Amazon rainforest that lies beneath the canopy we can see from the sky easily contains the largest amount of unexplored, unmapped and uncharted land area remaining anywhere on the Earth's surface in the 21st century, with some scientists arguing that we currently understand even less about it than we do the surface of Mars.

所以，亞馬遜雨林在我們從空中看到的樹冠層之下，那廣闊的表面積，很容易就包含了二十一世紀地球表面上，所有未被探索、未被繪製地圖、未被勘測的土地面積中最大的一塊，有些科學家甚至認為，我們現在對它的瞭解，比對火星表面還要少。

That's why, in my view, it's the most mysterious and the most interesting place remaining on the map in the 21st century.

這也是為什麼，在我看來，它會是二十一世紀地圖上，最神祕、最有趣的地方。

And all of a sudden, very recently, modern advances in the fields of cartography and archaeology, like lidar scanning, are finally, after all this time, enabling us to penetrate through the previously impenetrable rainforest canopy to see the Amazon surface like we've never seen it before.

而就在最近，現代地圖學和考古學的進步，像是光達掃描，終於，在這麼久之後，讓我們能夠穿透過去無法穿透的雨林樹冠層，以前所未有的方式看到亞馬遜的地表。

And the last blank space on the Earth's surface, filled up by the world's biggest rainforest, is finally beginning to get mapped and filled in.

而地球表面上最後的空白區域，被世界上最大的雨林所填滿，終於開始被繪製地圖並填補起來。

And some of the things that we've already discovered down there, just over the past decade alone, have been so profoundly shocking, they've begun to upend our entire views on history and science in the process.

而且，光是過去十年，我們在那裡已經發現的一些事物，是如此令人震驚，它們已經開始徹底顛覆我們對歷史和科學的看法。

And even more incredible discoveries down there are probably coming very soon.

而且，更令人難以置信的發現，可能很快就會在那裡出現。

In order to understand why some of these recent discoveries beneath the Amazon canopy have been so shocking, you need to understand what the general historical view on the Amazon region has been within mainstream academia for centuries, how they came to those conclusions, and

為了了解為什麼最近在亞馬遜樹冠層下的一些發現如此令人震驚，你需要了解幾個世紀以來，主流學術界對亞馬遜地區的一般歷史觀點是什麼，他們是如何得出這些結論的，以及

why they've all of a sudden, very recently this decade in the 2000 and twenties begun to be proven incorrect.

為什麼在二十一世紀二十年代，這些觀點突然在最近被證明是錯誤的。

You see, for the past several centuries, the generally accepted mainstream view on the Amazon was that it had always been basically a pristine, largely untouched wilderness environment, mostly undisturbed and unaltered by human beings.

你看，在過去幾個世紀裡，亞馬遜地區普遍被接受的主流觀點是，它一直以來基本上都是一個原始的、未受觸動的荒野環境，大部分未被人類幹擾和改變。

This view was reinforced by the fact that for the past several centuries, pretty much ever since Europeans first arrived in the Americas, the Amazon has always appeared to be very sparsely populated by indigenous people in groups no larger than on a hunter gatherer tribal scale.

這種觀點被過去幾個世紀的事實所強化，幾乎自從歐洲人首次抵達美洲以來，亞馬遜地區一直顯得人煙稀少，原住民群體規模不超過狩獵採集部落的規模。

Largely because the soil quality throughout the Amazon rainforest is extremely poor and sterile and not very helpful for large scale agriculture that would be necessary for larger, more complex civilizations.

主要是因為亞馬遜雨林裡的土壤品質非常差且貧瘠，對於發展大型農業來說幫助不大，而這正是發展更龐大、更複雜文明所必需的。

But this is a pretty weird thing to consider at first, because it almost seems counterintuitive when you say that the soil quality in the Amazon is terrible for crop farming, while it simultaneously supports more than 390 billion trees in the densest and most biodiverse forest in the world.

但這聽起來有點奇怪，因為當你說亞馬遜的土壤品質對農作物種植很糟糕，但同時卻能支撐世界上最茂密、生物多樣性最高的森林裡超過三百九十億棵樹，這似乎有點違反直覺。

But the reason for this is very interesting.

You see, one of the primary sources of nutrients for all of the plants in the Amazon rainforest actually comes from a highly unexpected source far away on a completely different continent.

你看，亞馬遜雨林裡所有植物的養分主要來源之一，其實來自一個意想不到的地方，遠在另一個完全不同的洲。

Here at the southernmost edge of the Sahara Desert in central Chad, lies the Bodele Depression, an ancient dried up lake bed that used to be a part of the primordial lake megachad, until it was consumed by the expansion of the Sahara several thousand years now.

在查德中部撒哈拉沙漠最南端的邊緣，就是博德萊凹地，這是一個古老的乾涸湖床，曾經是原始的麥加德湖的一部分，直到幾千年前被撒哈拉沙漠的擴張所吞噬。

The dried up lake bed in the Bodeli Depression here contains massive amounts of exposed rock minerals composed of dead microorganisms that are chock full of phosphorus, an essential nutrient that fertilizes plants for growth.

博德萊凹地的乾涸湖床含有大量的裸露岩石礦物質，這些礦物質是由死去的微生物組成的，富含磷，這是植物生長所需的關鍵養分。

The powerful trade winds that whip across the Sahara from east to west will then pick up enormous amounts of Saharan dust, including phosphorus rich dust from around the Bodeli Depression and will then continue carrying all of that dust for thousands of kilometers through the air, across the Atlantic and towards South America, where about 28 million tons of Saharan dust will fall across the Amazon rainforest throughout an average year, including about 22,000 tons of phosphorus that was picked up from the Bodeli Depression in Chad that provides the Amazon with vitally needed nutrients.

橫掃撒哈拉沙漠、從東向西的強勁信風，會捲起大量的撒哈拉塵埃，包括來自博德萊凹地附近富含磷的塵埃，然後繼續將這些塵埃運送數千公里，橫跨大西洋飛向南美洲，平均每年約有兩千八百萬噸的撒哈拉塵埃會降落在亞馬遜雨林，其中包括從查德博德萊凹地捲起的約兩萬兩千噸磷，為亞馬遜提供了急需的養分。

But because rainfall throughout the Amazon rainforest is extremely high, these nutrients that arrive from the Sahara are always rapidly washed out from the soil and eventually drained down into the Amazon river itself.

但由於亞馬遜雨林的降雨量非常高，這些來自撒哈拉的養分總是會迅速被沖刷出土壤，最終流入亞馬遜河本身。

Which means that the trees and other plants in the Amazon have evolved to essentially pull up the nutrients from the soil about as soon as they're deposited there.

這意味著亞馬遜的樹木和其他植物已經演化成，一旦養分被沉積到土壤中，牠們就會盡快將其吸收。

Moreover, the very high year round temperatures in the rainforest and the high humidity levels means that dead organic material like leaves and fallen plants or trees decompose extremely rapidly, which means that their stored nutrients are released and lost very rapidly and reconsumed by other plants and fungi before they can ever be deposited into the soil.

此外，雨林全年高溫且濕度高，這意味著像落葉和倒下的植物或樹木等有機物會分解得非常快，這表示它們儲存的養分會迅速釋放並流失，並在沉積到土壤中之前就被其他植物和真菌重新吸收。

This all means that the soils of the Amazon never really gain any buildup of nutrients at all, since all of the trees and the other plants within the rainforest are literally living on the recycled nutrients of all the other trees around them.

這一切都意味著亞馬遜的土壤其實根本沒有累積到任何養分，因為雨林裡的樹木和其他植物，基本上就是靠著周圍其他樹木循環再生的養分在生存。

And so the soils themselves are effectively sterile and useless for agriculture.

所以土壤本身基本上是貧瘠且對農業毫無用處的。

Which is why historically, most of the scientific community considered large scale agriculture in the Amazon region to be impossible.

這也是為什麼在歷史上，大多數科學界都認為在亞馬遜地區進行大規模農業是不可能的。

Which is why they believed that the existence of large scale complex indigenous societies within the Amazon were also impossible as well.

這也是為什麼他們相信，在亞馬遜地區存在大規模複雜的原住民社會也是不可能的。

Well, the prominent American archaeologist, Betty Meggers, who specialized in South American anthropology through the Smithsonian institution throughout the 20th century, was a very well known advocate of this idea.

嗯，著名的美國考古學家 Betty Meggers，她在20世紀專攻史密森尼學會的南美洲人類學，是這個想法的知名倡導者。

She wrote a whole book that was published in 1971 titled man and in a Counterfeit paradise in which she argued that without agriculture in the Amazon being possible, the maximum population density that the Amazon rainforest could naturally support through hunting and gathering was only 0.2 people per square kilometer.

她寫了一整本書，於1971年出版，書名是《人類與偽造的天堂》，她在書中認為，由於亞馬遜地區不可能進行農業，雨林自然能透過狩獵採集支撐的最高人口密度，每平方公里只有0.2人。

And so the Amazon had to be an extremely sparsely populated place throughout its entire history.

所以，亞馬遜在整個歷史上，一直都是一個人口極度稀少的地區。

As a result, this view was reinforced over centuries by the fact that European settlers and explorers and their descendants only ever seemed to encounter small tribes of indigenous people in the rainforest, hundreds of which continue to exist across the remote depths of the Amazon still today.

結果，這個觀點經過幾個世紀的強化，因為歐洲的拓荒者、探險家及其後代，似乎只遇到過雨林裡的小型原住民部落，其中許多部落至今仍散佈在亞馬遜的偏遠深處。

In fact, it's estimated that still today, Even in the 21st century, the Amazon rainforest is so vast, so remote and so difficult to access from the outside side, that there are still around a hundred or so indigenous tribes dotted throughout it that remain so called uncontacted, maintaining their traditional hunter gatherer lifestyles like their ancestors have for thousands of years, with little if any contact with the outside world.

事實上，據估計，即使在21世紀，亞馬遜雨林仍然如此廣闊、偏遠且難以從外部進入，以至於仍有約一百個左右的原住民部落散佈其中，他們仍然保持著所謂的「未接觸」狀態，就像他們的祖先數千年來一樣，維持著傳統的狩獵採集生活方式，幾乎與外界沒有任何接觸。

The Amazon is the host of the largest number of remaining uncontacted people in the world today.

亞馬遜是當今世界上現存未接觸人口最多的地方。

And while estimates of their exact numbers are highly varied, it's generally believed that there are around 10,000 of them scattered throughout the rainforest forest, hiding from the outside world, only observed by us every so often from striking aerial photographs like these ones I'm showing to you right now.

而且雖然他們確切人數的估計差異很大，但普遍認為有大約一萬人散佈在雨林中，躲避著外界，我們只能偶爾從像我現在給你們看的這些令人驚豔的空拍照片中觀察到他們。

But they aren't really uncontacted in the way you think they are.

但他們並不像你想像的那樣「未接觸」。

They're pretty much all universally aware of the existence of the outside world and have a very long history of contact with us.

他們幾乎普遍都知道外部世界的存在，而且與我們有很長的接觸歷史。

But they voluntarily choose to hide and remain isolated in the rainforest because they deeply fear what the outside world will do to them if they're found.

但他們是自願選擇躲藏並留在雨林中，因為他們非常害怕一旦被發現，外部世界會對他們做什麼。

Over the past several centuries, since the arrival of Europeans, and

在過去幾個世紀，自從歐洲人抵達以來，

even over just the past few decades, in recent living memory, Countless numbers of these isolated Amazonian tribes have been massacred and enslaved by the outsiders.

即使在僅僅過去幾十年，在最近的記憶中，無數這些孤立的亞馬遜部落被外來者屠殺和奴役。

Across the late 19th and early 20th century, when the importance of rubber as a strategic material exploded, the rubber tree that's naturally indigenous to the Amazon basin Correspondingly exploded in value and importance as well as.

在19世紀末和20世紀初，當橡膠作為戰略材料的重要性爆炸性增長時，亞馬遜盆地原生的橡膠樹的價值和重要性也隨之爆炸性增長。

Which resulted in an unprecedented surge of European colonists Flocking into the Amazon basin to strike out their fortunes, and

這導致了前所未有的歐洲殖民者湧入亞馬遜盆地，尋求發財致富，

was the catalyst for the growth of the few big Amazonian cities Along the navigable stretch of the Amazon River, Like Manaus and Iquitos I mentioned previously.

並成為了沿著亞馬遜河可航行河段的少數幾個大亞馬遜城市發展的催化劑，就像我之前提到的馬瑙斯和伊基託斯。

However, as the demand for labor on the growing Amazonian rubber plantations expanded, the European owners of the plantations Engaged in massive slave raids on the Amazon's indigenous population and forced hundreds of thousands of them to work on the rubber plantations in appalling conditions, with extremely high mortality rates, as high as 90% in some instances that some historians have compared in scale and brutality to the Holocaust or the Armenian genocide.

然而，隨著亞馬遜橡膠種植園日益擴大的勞動力需求，種植園的歐洲所有者對亞馬遜原住民進行了大規模的奴隸掠奪，並強迫數十萬人到橡膠種植園工作，工作條件惡劣，死亡率極高，有些情況下高達90%，一些歷史學家將其規模和殘酷程度與大屠殺或亞美尼亞種族滅絕相提並論。

In the aftermath of the rubber boom in the mid to late 20th century, the indigenous survivors of this genocide in the Amazon Fled into the most remote and difficult to access depths of the rainforest, with their memories of the horrors the outside world inflicted upon them Passed down through the generations.

在二十世紀中後期橡膠熱潮過後，亞馬遜雨林中種族滅絕的倖存原住民逃到了雨林最偏遠、最難到達的深處，他們對外部世界施加的恐怖記憶代代相傳。

So rather than keeping themselves hidden from the outside world because they just prefer to keep their more traditional, simple lifestyles, they really keep themselves hidden out of this very deeply ingrained fear of what the outside world will do to them again if contact with us is ever re established.

所以，他們不是因為偏好更傳統、簡單的生活方式而選擇躲藏起來，而是因為他們內心深處根深蒂固的恐懼，害怕一旦與外界重新建立聯繫，外部世界會再次對他們做些什麼。

A fear that hasn't helped out very much by the action of loggers, miners, missionaries, Drug traffickers, and

這種恐懼，在伐木工人、礦工、傳教士、毒梟，以及

even anthropologists in recent history, either.

甚至人類學家的行動下，在近代歷史中也未能得到太多緩解。

Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the Brazilian government basically treated the Amazon basin As an empty place full of resources that was holding the country's development back.

在1960年代和70年代，巴西政府基本上將亞馬遜盆地視為一個充滿資源的空地，阻礙了國家的發展。

And the indigenous people within were largely sidelined or even killed.

而其中的原住民則大多被邊緣化，甚至被殺害。

One indigenous tribe in the Rondonia region of the Brazilian Amazon Was almost completely massacred by Brazilian gunmen hired by ranchers and settlers there in the 1970s, down to only a single survivor.

巴西亞馬遜隆多尼亞地區的一個原住民部落，在1970年代幾乎被當地牧場主和定居者僱傭的巴西槍手滅絕，只剩下一名倖存者。

A man who kept on living A militantly reclusive and distant life in the rainforest for for decades, up until he passed away from natural causes just a few years ago in 2022.

這位男性在雨林中過著極度隱居、疏遠的生活數十年，直到他於2022年幾年前因自然原因去世。

For decades, nobody alive knew anything about the man.

數十年來，沒有人知道關於這個人的任何事情。

Not his name, his language, or the name of his extinct tribe.

無論是他的名字、他的語言，還是他那個已經滅絕的部落的名字。

But they well understood his fears and his intense desire to be left alone from the outside world, as he frequently shot arrows at anyone who ever attempted to initiate contact with him for years.

但他們很清楚他的恐懼，以及他渴望遠離外界、獨自生活的強烈願望，因為多年來，他經常對任何試圖與他接觸的人射箭。

He eventually gained the nickname of the man of the Hole.

他最後得到了「洞穴人」的綽號。

Due to the deep ditches he would frequently dig around his campsites for protection.

這是因為他經常在他的營地周圍挖深溝來保護自己。

The Brazilian Ministry of Native People discovered him in the late 1990s.

巴西原住民事務部在1990年代末發現了他。

And eventually fenced off the entire area where the man lived.

並最終將這個男人居住的整個區域圍了起來。

And created a nature reserve out of the area in 2007, which became this isolated island of forest with a lone uncontacted indigenous man inside of it, surrounded by a sea of deforested cattle ranches.

並在2007年將該區域變成了一個自然保護區，這片森林成為一座孤島，裡面住著一位與世隔絕的原住民男子，周圍是成片的被砍伐的牧場。

Until the man inside died of natural causes in 2022, leaving his unknown tribe's modern genocide ultimately completed.

直到2022年，這位男子因自然原因去世，他那個未知的部落的現代種族滅絕最終完成。

Throughout the 1970s and 80s, the Brazilian government tried to establish peaceful contact with indigenous tribes in the Amazon by setting up trading posts in the rainforest with metal tools and other useful objects.

在1970年代和80年代，巴西政府試圖透過在雨林中設立貿易站，提供金屬工具和其他有用的物品，與亞馬遜的原住民部落建立和平接觸。

But the posts would occasionally lead to violent interactions with the tribes.

但這些貿易站有時會導致與部落發生暴力衝突。

And would frequently spread outside diseases to the tribes that they lacked any immunities to.

並經常將部落缺乏免疫力的外部疾病傳播給他們。