And the image that comes to your mind

當我說這個字的時候，

when I say that word is probably not

你腦海裡出現的圖像可能不是

of Benjamin Franklin,

班傑明·富蘭克林 (Benjamin Franklin)， (註：美國開國元勳之一)

but I'm going to explain to you why it should be.

但我要向你說明，為何應該要是。

The image that comes to your mind

你腦海裡出現的圖像

is probably more likely of a pasty kid

可能是一個面色蒼白的孩子

sitting in a basement doing something mischievous,

正坐在地下室裡搞惡作劇，

or of a shady criminal who is trying to steal your identity,

或是不可見人的罪犯想要竊取你的身份，

or of an international rogue

或是有政治企圖的

with a political agenda.

國際罪犯。

And mainstream culture has kind of fed this idea

主流文化灌輸我們這個想法，

that hackers are people that we should be afraid of.

認為駭客是我們應當害怕的人。

But like most things in technology

但像是在技術上或科技界中的

and the technology world,

其它大多數事情一樣，

hacking has equal power for good as it has for evil.

駭客同時擁有為善或為惡的能力。

For every hacker that's trying to steal your identity

每次出現一位 想要竊取你身份的駭客，

there's one that's building a tool

就會有另一位駭客

that will help you find your loved ones after a disaster

設計出工具， 幫你在災難後尋找你的至愛。

or to monitor environmental quality

或是在漏油事件後，

after an oil spill.

監測環境品質。

Hacking is really just any amateur innovation

駭客不過是在現行系統中的

on an existing system,

業餘創新。

and it is a deeply democratic activity.

它本質上是一個民主活動。

It's about critical thinking.

它是批判性思維。

It's about questioning existing ways of doing things.

它質疑現有的做事方式。

It's the idea that if you see a problem, you work to fix it,

它是一個「當你遇到問題就去解決，

and not just complain about it.

而不是抱怨」 的觀念。

And in many ways, hacking is what built America.

而在許多方面，駭客建造了美國。

Betsy Ross was a hacker.

貝特西·羅斯 (Betsy Ross ) 是一個駭客。 (註：她縫製了美國第一面國旗 並將六芒星改成五芒星)

The Underground Railroad was a brilliant hack.

地下鐵路秘密社團曾經是輝煌的駭客。 (註：19世紀在美國把黑奴送至自由地區的社團)

And from the Wright brothers to Steve Jobs,

從萊特兄弟的史蒂夫·賈伯斯，

hacking has always been at the foundation

駭客一直是美國

of American democracy.

民主的碁石。

So if there's one thing I want to leave you here with today,

因此如果今天我要在這裡 告訴你一件事，

it's that the next time you think about who a hacker is,

那就是在下一次你想到駭客時，

you think not of this guy

你不會想到這個人， （圖：朱利安·阿桑奇，維基解密創辦者）

but of this guy, Benjamin Franklin,

而是這個人：班傑明·富蘭克林，

who was one of the greatest hackers of all time.

歷史上最偉大的駭客之一。

He was one of America's most prolific inventors,

他是美國最多產的發明家之一，

though he famously never filed a patent,

雖然他從未提出過專利申請，

because he thought that all human knowledge

因為他認為，所有人類的知識

should be freely available.

應免費地提供給所有人。

He brought us bifocals and the lightning rod,

他帶給我們雙光眼鏡和避雷針，

and of course there was his collaboration

當然還有他參與合作的發明 --

on the invention of American democracy.

美國民主。

And in Code For America, we really try to embody

在”美國程式碼” (Code For America) 中， (註：美國無黨無派的組織， 在政府中推廣網際網路)

the spirit of Ben Franklin.

我們試圖包含 班傑明·富蘭克林的精神。

He was a tinkerer and a statesman

他是一位政治家和發明家，

whose conception of citizenship

他對公民身份的概念

was always predicated on action.

總是建立在行動上面。

He believed that government could be built

他認為政府可以

by the people,

由人民建立，

and we call those people civic hackers.

我們稱呼這些人為公民駭客。

So it's no wonder that the values

這個已經不足為奇，因為

that underly a healthy democracy,

構建一個健全的民主國家的基本價值，

like collaboration and empowerment

像合作和賦予權力，

and participation and enterprise,

還有參與和企業，

are the same values that underly the Internet.

這些和網際網路 需要的價值是相同的。

And so it's no surprise that many hackers

所以不令人意外地，

are turning their attention to the problem of government.

很多駭客把注意力轉向政府問題。

But before I give you a few examples

但在我向你舉例說明

of what civic hacking looks like,

公民駭客是什麼樣的之前，

I want to make clear that you don't have

我想要先講清楚，

to be a programmer to be a civic hacker.

你不必成為一個程式師， 才能當一個公民駭客。

You just have to believe that you can bring

你只需要相信你可以用

a 21st-century tool set to bear

一套 21 世紀的工具

on the problems that government faces.

來承擔政府面臨的問題。

And we hear all the time from our community

我們一直從我們在「美國程式碼」裡

of civic hackers at Code for America

的公民駭客社區中聽說，

that they didn't understand how much nontechnical work

他們不清楚在公民駭客行動中

actually went into civic hacking projects.

有多少非技術性的部分。

So keep that in mind.

因此，請記住，

All of you are potential civic hackers.

你們都是潛在的公民駭客。

So what does civic hacking look like?

那什麼是公民駭客？

Our team last year in Honolulu,

我們的團隊去年在檀香山，

which in this case was three full-time fellows

由三個全職人員

who were doing a year of public service,

做了一年的公共服務，

were asked by the city to rebuild the website.

被市府要求重建該網站。

And it's a massive thing of tens of thousands of pages

這項大規模任務包含成千上萬頁面，

which just wasn't going to be possible

不可能在他們僅有的

in the few months that they had.

幾個月內完成。

So instead, they decided to build a parallel site

所以，他們決定建立另一個平行網站

that better conformed to how citizens actually

可以更好地符合公民能在網站上

want to interact with information on a city website.

進行資訊交流的目的。

They're looking for answers to questions,

他們在找尋問題的答案，

and they want to take action when they're done,

他們想要在完成時採取行動，

which is really hard to do from a site

這實在很難從這樣一個網站上做到。

that looks like this.

這實在很難從這樣一個網站上做到。

So our team built Honolulu Answers,

所以我們的團隊就建了「檀香山解答」，

which is a super-simple search interface

那是一個超級簡單的搜尋介面，

where you enter a search term or a question

當您輸入關鍵字或一個問題，

and get back plain language answers

會得到語言簡明的答案，

that drive a user towards action.

來驅動使用者採取行動。

Now the site itself was easy enough to build,

網站本身是容易生成的，

but the team was faced with the challenge

但是，團隊面臨的挑戰是

of how they populate all of the content.

他們如何生出所有的內容。

It would have taken the three of them

這將會讓他們三個人

a very long time,

花很長時間，

especially given that none of them are actually from Honolulu.

尤其是他們都不是檀香山當地人。

And so they did something that's really radical,

所以他們做了一件大膽的事，

when you think about how government

當你想到政府是如何運作時，

is used to working.

這件事就很不尋常了。

They asked citizens to write the content.

他們要求公民來寫內容。

So you've heard of a hack-a-thon.

你可能聽過「駭客馬拉松」(Hackathon)，

They held a write-a-thon,

而他們舉辦了 「編寫馬拉松」 (Write-a-thon)。

where on one Saturday afternoon --

在一個星期六的下午 --

("What do I do about wild pigs being a nuisance?") (Laughter) —

(「對於令人討壓的野豬我該怎麼辦?」) （笑聲）--

Wild pigs are a huge problem in Honolulu, apparently.

野豬在檀香山顯然是一個大問題。

In one Saturday afternoon,

在一個星期六的下午，

they were able to populate most of the content

對於大多數的常見問題，

for most of the frequently asked questions,

他們能夠寫出大部分內容。

but more importantly than that,

但比這更重要的是，

they created a new way for citizens to participate in their government.

他們創造了公民 參與政府事務的新途徑。

Now, I think this is a really cool story in and of itself,

現在，我覺得這本身是一個很酷的故事，

but it gets more awesome.

但它其實更令人驚豔。

On the National Day of Civic Hacking

在公民駭客日，

this past June in Oakland, where I live,

今年 6 月在奧克蘭，也就是我住的地方，

the Code For America team in Oakland

奧克蘭的「美國程式碼」團隊

took the open source code base of Honolulu Answers

取用了「檀香山解答」的 開放源代碼，

and turned it into Oakland Answers,

把它轉變成了「奧克蘭解答」，

and again we held a write-a-thon

我們也舉辦了「編寫馬拉松」，

where we took the most frequently asked questions

找出了最常被問到的問題，

and had citizens write the answers to them,

請市民向他們自己寫答案，

and I got into the act.

而我把它納入了法案 。

I authored this answer, and a few others.

我創作這個和其他幾個 「解答」，

And I'm trying to this day to articulate

我試圖讓這一天傳遞出

the sense of empowerment and responsibility

我生活的地方所賦予的

that I feel for the place that I live

權力和責任，

based simply on this small act of participation.

這些都建構在 這種小型活動的參與度上。

And by stitching together my small act

把這些有成千上萬的參與者的

with the thousands of other small acts of participation

小型活動聚合在一起，

that we're enabling through civic hacking,

我們通過公民駭客的方式，

we think we can reenergize citizenship

我們認為我們可以再次喚起公民的身份

and restore trust in government.

和恢復對政府的信任。

At this point, you may be wondering

此時，你可能會想

what city officials think of all this.

市府官員對這個是怎麼想的。

They actually love it.

事實上他們很喜歡。

As most of you guys know, cities are being asked

你們都知道，市府每天一直被要求

every day to do more with less,

用更少的資源做更多的事，

and they're always looking for innovative solutions

他們一直在尋找創新的解決方案

to entrenched problems.

來對付根深蒂固的問題。

So when you give citizens a way to participate

所以，當你給公民一個

beyond attending a town hall meeting,

除了去市政會議之外的參與方式，

cities can actually capture

城市實際上可以

the capacity in their communities

從社區中獲得他們的能力，

to do the business of government.

來做政府的事情。

Now I don't want to leave the impression

現在我不想留下

that civic hacking is just an American phenomenon.

公民駭客只發生在美國的印象。

It's happening across the globe,

這些正在全球發生。

and one of my favorite examples

我最喜歡的一個例子

is from Mexico City, where earlier this year,

是在今年早些時候，在墨西哥城，

the Mexico House of Representatives

墨西哥的眾議院

entered into a contract with a software development firm

與一個軟體公司簽訂合約，

to build an app that legislators would use

來建立一個讓議員追蹤草案

to track bills.

的應用程式。

So this was just for the handful of legislators

這只是給在議院裡面

in the House.

少數幾個議員使用的。

And the contract was a two-year contract

這合約為期兩年，

for 9.3 million dollars.

總共要 930 萬美金。

Now a lot of people were really angry about this,

現在很多人都對這一點感到很生氣，

especially geeks who knew that 9.3 million dollars

特別是那些電腦玩家們， 他們知道 930 萬美金

was an absolutely outrageous amount of money

對於一個非常簡單的應用程式而言，

for what was a very simple app.

是絕對令人憤慨的金額。

But instead of taking to the streets,

但他們沒有走上街頭抗議，

they issued a challenge.

而是發出了挑戰狀。

They asked programmers in Mexico

他們要求在墨西哥的程式設計師

to build something better and cheaper,

設計出更好和更便宜的應用程式，

and they offered a prize of 9,300 dollars --

他們提供 9,300 美元的獎金。

10,000 times cheaper

這比政府的合約 （「除了憤怒地發推特， 我們可以一起在週六晚上， 喝著龍舌蘭酒建立這個世界。」）

than the government contract,

便宜一萬倍， （「除了憤怒地發推特， 我們可以一起在週六晚上， 喝著龍舌蘭酒建立這個世界。」）

and they gave the entrants 10 days.

他們給予參賽者 10 天。 （「除了憤怒地發推特，我們可以一起在週六晚上， 喝著龍舌蘭酒建立這個世界。」）

And in those 10 days,

在這十天裡， （「除了憤怒地發推特， 我們可以一起在週六晚上， 喝著龍舌蘭酒建立這個世界。」）

they submitted 173 apps,

他們提交了 173 份的應用程式，

five of which were presented to Congress

其中五個被提交到國會，

and are still in the app store today.

而且現在仍在 app store 找得到。

And because of this action,

因為這一行動，

that contract was vacated,

該合約被替換掉了，

and now this has sparked a movement in Mexico City

現在這在墨西哥城引發了一場運動，

which is home to one of our partners,

成為了我們夥伴之一：

Code for Mexico City.

「墨西哥城程式碼」。

And so what you see in all three of these places,

所以你在這三個地方所看到的，

in Honolulu and in Oakland and in Mexico City,

在檀香山、奧克蘭和墨西哥城，

are the elements that are at the core of civic hacking.

都是公民駭客的核心要素。

It's citizens who saw things that could be working better

公民看到一些事情本可以做的更好，

and they decided to fix them,

他們就決定要起身行動，

and through that work, they're creating

並通過這項工作，他們正在創建

a 21st-century ecosystem of participation.

21 世紀公民參與的生態系統。

They're creating a whole new set of ways

他們要創建一套全新的方法，

for citizens to be involved,

除了投票、簽署請願書或抗議以外，

besides voting or signing a petition or protesting.

讓公民能參與其中。

They can actually build government.

實際上，他們可以建立一個政府。

So back to our friend Ben Franklin,

所以說回我們的朋友班傑明·富蘭克林，

who, one of his lesser-known accomplishments

他鮮為人知的一個成就

was that in 1736 he founded

是在 1736 年創立了

the first volunteer firefighting company in Philadelphia,

在費城的第一間志願消防公司。

called a brigade.

被稱作一個 「旅團」。

And it's because he and his friends noticed

這是因為他和他的朋友們注意到

that the city was having trouble keeping up

在處理城市裡不斷發生的火災時，

with all the fires that were happening in the city,

市府遇到了麻煩。

so in true civic hacker fashion,

所以在真正跟上潮流的公民駭客中，

they built a solution.

他們立了一個解決方案。

And we have our own brigades at Code for America

我們在「美國程式碼」中有自己的旅團，

working on the projects that I've just described,

來處理我剛才所描述的工作，

and we want to ask you

我們想要邀請你們

to follow in Ben Franklin's footsteps

一起跟隨班傑明·富蘭克林的腳步，

and come join us.

並加入我們。

We have 31 brigades in the U.S.

我們在美國有 31 個旅團。

We are pleased to announce today

我們今天很高興地宣佈，

that we're opening up the brigade to international cities

我們頭一次要向國際的城市

for the first time,

開放旅團，

starting with cities in Poland and Japan and Ireland.

從波蘭、日本和愛爾蘭的城市開始。

You can find out if there's a brigade where you live

你可以透過 brigade.codeforamerica.org

at brigade.codeforamerica.org,

找到你居住的城市是否有旅團，

and if there's not a brigade where you live, we will help you.

如果你住的城市沒有旅團， 我們會幫你成立一個。

We've created a tool kit which also lives

我們已經在 brigade.codeforamerica.org

at brigade.codeforamerica.org,

建造了一個工具組，

and we will support you along the way.

我們會一路上支援你。

Our goal is to create a global network of civic hackers

我們的目標是創建 一個全球公民駭客的聯絡網。

who are innovating on the existing system

大家在現有的系統上創新，

in order to build tools that will solve

做出能解決

entrenched problems,

根深蒂固問題的工具，

that will support local government,

這能夠支援地方政府，

and that will empower citizens.

同時提高公民的力量。

So please come hack with us.

所以請來和我們一起駭客吧。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）