Name: 地理位置如何不斷將印巴兩國推向戰爭 (How Geography Constantly Pushes India & Pakistan to War)
Uploaded: 2025-06-17T16:11:06.000Z
Duration: 57 min 38 s

On the 22nd of April 2025, a major terrorist attack took place near the town of Pahalgam in the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

2025 年 4 月 22 日，查謨和克什米爾印控區帕哈勒甘鎮附近發生了一起重大恐怖襲擊事件。

關係子句

A group of armed attackers emerged from the woods surrounding a meadow and ambushed civilian tourists who were visiting the area, separated the men, and then asked them for their religious identity before shooting them if they were not Muslims. 26 visiting tourists were killed in the massacre, all of whom were civilians and nearly all of whom were Hindus, representing the deadliest terrorist attack on civilians in Jammu and Kashmir in more than 30 years, and the deadliest attack on civilians anywhere in India since 2008.

一群武裝襲擊者從一片草地周圍的樹林中竄出，伏擊正在該地區遊覽的平民遊客，將他們分開，然後詢問他們的宗教身份，如果他們不是穆斯林，就將他們槍殺。26 名遊客在屠殺中喪生，他們都是平民，幾乎都是印度教徒，這是 30 多年來查謨和克什米爾地區針對平民的最致命恐怖襲擊，也是自 2008 年以來印度任何地方針對平民的最致命襲擊。

And immediately afterwards, the attack sparked a major diplomatic crisis between the governments of India and neighboring Pakistan, after India accused the Pakistani government of having supported and enabled the attack, and vowed that it would retaliate against Pakistan.

緊接著，這次襲擊引發了印度和鄰國巴基斯坦政府之間的重大外交危機，印度指責巴基斯坦政府支持並促成了這次襲擊，併發誓要對巴基斯坦進行報復。

In the days and weeks that have followed, India and Pakistan have both revoked visas for each other's citizens, closed their airspaces to each other's airlines, sealed their urged each other's citizens to immediately leave the other country, while gunfire exchanges along their disputed borders between their armies have been an almost daily occurrence.

在隨後的數日和數週內，印度和巴基斯坦都取消了對方公民的簽證，關閉了對方航空公司的領空，封存了對方公民的護照，並敦促對方公民立即離開對方國家，而兩國軍隊在有爭議的邊境地區交火幾乎每天都在發生。

India is even threatening to shut down the majority of Pakistan's water supply through the Indus River system over the crisis, which Pakistan is warned would be taken as an act of war.

印度甚至威脅要因這場危機而關閉巴基斯坦通過印度河系統供應的大部分水源，並警告巴基斯坦這將被視為一種戰爭行為。

The risk of a massive war erupting between India and Pakistan has nearly always been present for decades, but it appears to have increased in chances dramatically over just the past few weeks.

幾十年來，印度和巴基斯坦之間爆發大規模戰爭的風險幾乎一直存在，但就在過去幾周內，這種風險似乎急劇增加。

A previously relatively unknown militant group, known only as the Resistance Front, initially claimed responsibility for the massacre at Pahalgam, a group that is generally believed to be an offshoot of the more well-known Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Salafi-ji Hadist organization based next door in Pakistan that is widely designated as a terrorist organization by the UN, the US, and India.

人們普遍認為，該組織是更知名的拉什卡-塔伊巴組織的分支，而拉什卡-塔伊巴組織是一個薩拉菲-吉-哈迪派組織，總部設在巴基斯坦隔壁，被聯合國、美國和印度廣泛認定為恐怖組織。

Lashkar-e-Taiba's primary objective ever since its founding in the late 1980s has been to force the merger of the whole of Kashmir with Pakistan through violence, and their alleged offshoot, the Resistance Front, claimed that they committed this most recent attack due to the Indian government's recent policies of allowing non-local Hindus to settle and work in Kashmir, a hotly disputed territory between the frontiers of India, Pakistan, and China that is probably the most dangerous disputed territory in the world today, precisely because events like this attack could lead to a war between India and Pakistan, who are both armed with more than 150 nuclear warheads each.

拉什卡-塔伊巴組織自 20 世紀 80 年代末成立以來，其主要目標一直是通過暴力迫使整個克什米爾地區與巴基斯坦合併。據稱，他們的分支 "抵抗陣線 "聲稱，他們發動最近的這次襲擊是因為印度政府最近允許非在地印度教徒在克什米爾定居和工作的政策、克什米爾是印度、巴基斯坦和中國三國邊界之間的一塊爭議領土，可能是當今世界上最危險的爭議領土，因為類似這次襲擊事件可能會導致印度和巴基斯坦之間爆發戰爭，而印度和巴基斯坦各自都擁有 150 多枚核彈頭。

An attack in Kashmir like what happened at Pahalgam could escalate into a diplomatic crisis that could then escalate into a war that could eventually then escalate into a nuclear exchange between them that kills tens of millions of people, and that throws the rest of the world into an apocalyptic nuclear winter.

在克什米爾發生的類似帕哈爾甘的襲擊事件可能會升級為外交危機，進而升級為戰爭，最終升級為兩國之間的核戰爭，導致數千萬人喪生，使世界其他地區陷入世界末日般的核冬天。

And as of this video's production, the two countries already appear to be closer to the edge of all-out war than they have in decades.

截至本視頻製作之時，兩國似乎已經比幾十年來任何時候都更接近全面戰爭的邊緣。

On the 7th of May, India initiated a military operation in Pakistan that they co-named Operation Sindor, wherein they launched airstrikes across nine locations in both Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Pakistan proper, though they said it targeted terrorist training camps that were responsible for the massacre of civilian tourists in Pahalgam.

5 月 7 日，印度在巴基斯坦發起了代號為 "辛多行動"（Operation Sindor）的軍事行動，在巴控克什米爾地區和巴基斯坦本土的九個地點發動了空襲。

The operation marked the deepest airstrikes in a Pakistan that India had launched in decades since the 1971 war, and quickly led to aerial dogfights, drone attacks, open artillery fire, and heavy gun battles across their disputed border in Kashmir that has led to the deaths of dozens of additional people within only a matter of days.

這次行動標誌著印度自 1971 年戰爭以來數十年間對巴基斯坦發動的最大規模空襲，並迅速引發了雙方在克什米爾有爭議的邊境地區的空戰、無人機襲擊、公開炮擊和激烈槍戰，導致短短几天內又有數十人死亡。

The overall border between India and Pakistan is often regarded as the second most heavily militarized border in the world today, only after the border between North and South Korea.

印度和巴基斯坦之間的整個邊界通常被認為是當今世界上軍事化程度第二高的邊界，僅次於南北北韓之間的邊界。

And it is so heavily militarized and covered by hundreds of thousands of floodlights that it is one of the few international borders that can be clearly viewed from space.

它軍事化程度很高，被數十萬盞泛光燈覆蓋，是少數幾個可以從太空中清晰看到的國際邊界之一。

And in order to understand why this border is so militarized today, why Kashmir is such a dangerous and hotly disputed area between their armies, that experiences frequent terror attacks, and why India and Pakistan are such arch-nemeses today, you need to understand how modern India, Pakistan, and Kashmir all came to be in the first place.

要想了解為什麼這條邊界如今如此軍事化，為什麼克什米爾是兩國軍隊之間一個危險而激烈的爭議地區，經常發生恐怖襲擊，為什麼印度和巴基斯坦如今是這樣的宿敵，你需要先了解現代印度、巴基斯坦和克什米爾是如何形成的。

And for a lot of that, as with most other major modern controversial border disputes, you can think the British.

就像現代大多數其他有爭議的重大邊界爭端一樣，英國人在其中扮演了重要角色。

For nearly 200 years from 1757, the British dominated much of India through indirect and later direct colonial rule.

自 1757 年起的近 200 年間，英國通過間接和後來的直接殖民統治統治了印度的大部分地區。

But by the time of the mid-1940s, after Britain became exhausted and financially depleted by the fighting of the Second World War, it became clear to Britain that it could no longer afford to continue hanging on to the whole of India as a colonial possession any longer.

但到了 20 世紀 40 年代中期，英國在第二次世界大戰的戰火中精疲力竭、財力耗盡，英國顯然再也無力繼續將整個印度作為殖民地佔有。

And so the question then arose of how the British would transition their centuries of rule across an entire subcontinent towards independence.

於是，英國人如何將他們對整個次大陸長達數百年的統治過渡到獨立的問題就出現了。

There were many different ideas of how exactly to do that at the time, but the British ultimately decided that they would partition their colonial possessions in India between the subcontinent's two largest religious groups, a Hindu-majority state that they called the Dominion of India and a Muslim-majority state that they called the Dominion of Pakistan.

當時有很多不同的想法，但英國人最終決定將他們在印度的殖民地在印度次大陸兩個最大的宗教團體之間進行分割，一個是印度教徒佔多數的國家，他們稱之為印度統治區，另一個是穆斯林佔多數的國家，他們稱之為巴基斯坦統治區。

In early 1947, the final British colonial viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten, irrevocably and hastily set the deadline for India-Pakistan's independence for the 15th of August, within only a matter of months without the final borders being yet decided.

1947 年初，英國在印度的最後一任殖民總督蒙巴頓勳爵無可挽回地匆忙將印巴獨立的最後期限定在了 8 月 15 日，僅僅幾個月的時間，最終邊界尚未確定。

In order to figure out what the final borders between India and Pakistan would be, Lord Mountbatten and the local Hindu and Muslim representatives brought in a British lawyer to draw them up who was named Sir Cyril Radcliffe, whose task being to draw out the lines across the subcontinent that would divide Hindu-majority areas from Muslim-majority in as fair of a way as possible.

為了確定印度和巴基斯坦之間的最終邊界，蒙巴頓勳爵和當地的印度教和穆斯林代表請來了一位英國律師來劃定邊界，這位律師名叫西里爾-拉德克利夫爵士，他的任務是劃出橫跨次大陸的邊界線，以儘可能公平的方式將印度教佔多數的地區和穆斯林佔多數的地區劃分開來。

Interestingly, Radcliffe had never even set foot in India before he arrived for this very high-stakes task, and he also had no prior experience withdrawing any borders.

有趣的是，拉德克利夫在來印度執行這項高風險任務之前，甚至從未踏足過印度，他之前也沒有撤回任何邊界的經驗。

Because of this, however, he was actually viewed as an asset by everyone involved in the process due to his perceived neutrality and impartiality to the interests of Hindus and Muslims.

然而，正因為如此，由於他在印度教徒和穆斯林利益問題上被認為是中立和公正的，他實際上被所有參與這一進程的人視為一種財富。

After he arrived, he was only given five weeks to draw out the borders that would decide the futures of hundreds of millions of people.

他到任後，只有五個星期的時間來劃定邊界，而這將決定數億人的未來。

There was probably no possible way that anyone could have drawn the borders in this scenario under such a tight deadline that would not have led to incredible violence.

在如此緊迫的時間內，任何人都不可能在這種情況下劃定邊界而不導致令人難以置信的暴力。

Radcliffe did his best and drew out his borders generally based on pre-existing internal subdivisions and rivers in the west and in the east, dividing the historically unified regions of Punjab and Bengal between their Hindu and Muslim-majority areas.

拉德克利夫盡其所能，大致根據西部和東部已有的內部分區和河流劃定了邊界，將歷史上統一的旁遮普和孟加拉地區劃分為印度教徒佔多數的地區和穆斯林佔多數的地區。

As they were still being drawn, rumors of where the final borders would end up being located led to mounting suspicions and violence between the Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim communities the lines would ultimately divide.

由於邊界仍在繪製中，關於最終邊界位置的傳言導致印度教、錫克教和穆斯林社區之間的猜疑和暴力不斷增加，這些邊界線最終將被分割開來。

And as the violence began escalating into increasingly deadly sectarian riots and pogroms, Lord Mountbatten ordered that the final publication of the Radcliffe borders be delayed by two days after India and Pakistan were actually granted their independence.

隨著暴力開始升級為越來越致命的教派騷亂和大屠殺，蒙巴頓勳爵下令將《拉德克利夫邊界》的最終出版時間延後兩天，即在印度和巴基斯坦實際獲得獨立之後。

Generally viewed as a to deflect the blame away for the inevitable violence that they knew was likely to follow.

一般認為，這是為了轉移對他們知道可能會發生的不可避免的暴力事件的責任。

So for two astonishing days after the 15th of August in 1947, India and Pakistan were both declared to be independent states without either country actually knowing what their final borders with each other looked like, leading to mass confusion, panic, and violence as Muslims and Hindus fought over what side they would belong to.

是以，在 1947 年 8 月 15 日之後令人震驚的兩天裡，印度和巴基斯坦都宣佈獨立，但實際上兩國都不知道自己與對方的最終邊界是什麼樣的，這導致了大規模的混亂、恐慌和暴力，穆斯林和印度教徒為自己屬於哪一方而大打出手。

Finally, two days later after the finalized borders were revealed, the building pressure and violence exploded to catastrophic levels as millions of Hindus and Sikhs suddenly found themselves in Pakistan while millions of Muslims suddenly found themselves in India.

最後，兩天後，在最終確定的邊界揭曉後，不斷增加的壓力和暴力達到了災難性的程度，數百萬印度教徒和錫克教徒突然發現自己身處巴基斯坦，而數百萬穆斯林突然發現自己身處印度。

Inter-communal and sectarian tensions that had been stoked for years exploded and an outpouring of pogroms and ethnic cleansings took place involving both sides.

多年來激化的族群間和教派間緊張關係一觸即發，雙方都捲入了大屠殺和種族清洗。

While possibly the largest mass migration ever seen in human history began.

可能是人類歷史上規模最大的一次大規模遷徙開始了。

As millions of Hindus and Sikhs abandoned everything in one direction for India and millions of Muslims abandoned everything in the other direction for Pakistan.

數以百萬計的印度教徒和錫克教徒放棄了一切，選擇了印度，而數以百萬計的穆斯林則放棄了一切，選擇了巴基斯坦。

Many of them never ended up making it alive.

他們中的許多人最終沒能活命。

Within only a year by 1948, around 1 million people across the subcontinent had been killed by the violent effects of the partition.

到 1948 年，僅在一年之內，整個次大陸就有約 100 萬人死於分治的暴力影響。

While around 15 million other people had become displaced and their lives uprooted to the other side of a brand new border.

與此同時，還有大約 1 500 萬人流離失所，他們的生活被連根拔起，搬到了全新邊界的另一側。

A horrific tragedy that has left deep, long-lasting memories of trauma and mistrust in both the Indian and Pakistani populations of each other to this day.

這場可怕的悲劇給印巴兩國人民留下了深刻而長久的創傷和不信任的記憶，直到今天。

To give just a brief example of how massively the demographics of the subcontinent were irrevocably changed by the partition, the city of Karachi in modern Pakistan had a pre-partition population that was nearly 48 percent Hindu and only 42 percent Muslim.

現代巴基斯坦的卡拉奇市在分治前的人口中，印度教徒佔近 48%，穆斯林僅佔 42%。

While Delhi in modern India had a pre-partition population that was 40 percent Muslim.

而現代印度的德里在分裂前有 40% 的穆斯林人口。

After the virtually all of Karachi's Hindu population had fled or was expelled.

之後，卡拉奇的印度教徒幾乎全部逃離或被驅逐。

While hundreds of thousands of Muslims have been pushed out of Delhi and the two cities are now overwhelmingly Muslim and Hindu communities respectively.

成千上萬的穆斯林被趕出了德里，現在這兩個城市的穆斯林和印度教徒分別佔了絕大多數。

Horrified at the levels of violence that exploded in the subcontinent after his lines were revealed, Radcliffe himself burned all of his own papers relating to how he drew them and then left the subcontinent to never return again.

拉德克里夫本人對他的臺詞曝光後在次大陸爆發的暴力程度感到震驚，他燒燬了自己所有與如何繪製臺詞有關的文件，然後離開次大陸，再也沒有回來。

The final borders he drew left a Pakistan divided between western and eastern halves separated by more than a thousand miles across open Indian territory.

他最終劃定的邊界將巴基斯坦分為東西兩半，隔著一千多英里的印度領土。

With the former historically unified regions of Punjab and Bengal divided between India and Pakistan as well based on religious identity.

歷史上曾經統一的旁遮普和孟加拉地區也因宗教身份而被印度和巴基斯坦瓜分。

And in addition to the lines that he drew on the map, there were 565 political entities within the subcontinent before the partition that were known as princely states.

除了他在地圖上畫的線以外，在分治之前，次大陸上還有 565 個政治實體，這些實體被稱為親王邦。

Which were largely autonomous territories ruled by local monarchs who recognized the sovereignty of the British crown.

這些領土在很大程度上是自治領土，由承認英國王室主權的當地君主統治。

While varying dramatically in size and population, all 565 of these princely states made up about 40 percent of the subcontinent's territory and about 23 percent of its population at the time of the partition.

雖然這些邦國的面積和人口差別很大，但在分治時，所有 565 個公國約佔次大陸領土的 40% 和人口的 23%。

And each of their rulers were left with the ultimate decision to join with either India or Pakistan.

每個國家的統治者最終都要決定加入印度或巴基斯坦。

While the overwhelming majority of these princely states made their decision to join one or the other based on geography or demographics, three of the princely states rulers chose alternative paths that caused conflicts in Hyderabad, Jodhgad and most controversially of all in Kashmir.

雖然這些太子國中的絕大多數都是基於地理或人口因素決定加入其中一個國家，但有三個太子國的統治者選擇了另一條道路，在海得拉巴、朱迪加德以及最有爭議的克什米爾引發了衝突。

Hyderabad, the largest and wealthiest of the princely states, was governed by a Muslim ruler who presided over a majority Hindu population.

海得拉巴是最大、最富裕的親王邦，由一位穆斯林統治者管理，印度教徒佔多數。

And he opted for independence instead of joining with either India or Pakistan.

他選擇了獨立，而不是加入印度或巴基斯坦。

A communist insurgency against this Muslim ruler erupted in Hyderabad that he failed to contain.

海得拉巴爆發了反對這位穆斯林統治者的共產主義叛亂，但他未能遏制住這一叛亂。

And then fearful of a landlocked communist state emerging surrounded by their territory, India decided to invade Hyderabad shortly after in 1948 to crush the rebellion.

印度擔心在其領土周圍會出現一個內陸共產主義國家，是以決定在 1948 年不久後入侵海得拉巴，以鎮壓叛亂。

And that pressured the Muslim ruler to join with India in the process.

這就迫使穆斯林統治者在這一過程中與印度聯手。

Like Hyderabad, this was another princely state that was governed by a Muslim ruler but which had an overwhelmingly Hindu majority population.

與海得拉巴一樣，這也是另一個由穆斯林統治者統治、但印度教徒佔絕大多數的太子邦。

But despite the majority Hindu population and despite not being directly connected to the rest of Pakistan by land, the Muslim ruler of Jodhgad decided that the territory would still join with Pakistan, which Pakistan knew would be highly controversial if they accepted.

但是，儘管印度教人口占多數，儘管沒有陸路與巴基斯坦其他地區直接相連，約德加德的穆斯林統治者還是決定將該領土併入巴基斯坦。

So it took Pakistan an entire month of deliberating to eventually accept Jodhgad, which India refused to acknowledge on the basis of Jodhgad's overwhelming Hindu majority population and it being completely surrounded on all of its sides by India.

是以，巴基斯坦花了整整一個月的時間討論，才最終接受了朱德加德。印度拒絕承認朱德加德，理由是朱德加德的印度教徒佔絕大多數，而且朱德加德四面完全被印度包圍。

Riots erupted inside and quickly got out of control and the Muslim ruler fled for his life to Pakistan.

內部爆發了騷亂，並很快失去了控制，穆斯林統治者逃往巴基斯坦逃命。

Indian forces then advanced into Jodhgad and hosted a plebiscite there on which country to join, which more than 99% of the votes cast chose India.

印度軍隊隨後挺進朱德加德，並在那裡就加入哪個國家舉行了全民公決，超過 99% 的選票選擇了印度。

就這樣，印度吞併了朱德加德。

Remember all of this for what's about to come next.

請記住這一切，因為接下來要發生的事情會接踵而至。

Because the dispute that arose in the other controversial princely state, Kashmir, was sort of the opposite scenario of this.

因為在另一個有爭議的太子邦克什米爾發生的爭端與此情況正好相反。

Because unlike Hyderabad and Jodhgad, Kashmir was governed by a Hindu ruler who presided over a Muslim majority population.

因為與海得拉巴和朱德加德不同，克什米爾是由一位印度教統治者統治著穆斯林佔多數的人口。

The princely state of Kashmir, roughly the same geographic size as the US state of Utah at the northernmost extremity of the subcontinent, had been effectively cobbled together by the British themselves a century before the partition back in 1846.

克什米爾公國位於次大陸最北端，面積與美國猶他州差不多，是英國人在 1846 年分治前一個世紀自己拼湊起來的。

Out of several different historical regions that had been under the control of various rulers of different faiths and backgrounds at different times.

在不同的歷史時期，這些地區曾由不同信仰和背景的統治者控制。

Back then it wasn't the British crown that put the princely state of Kashmir together, but the British East India Company, a private corporation which installed a previously lowly chieftain they felt they could control on the Kashmiri throne.

當年，不是英國王室建立了克什米爾王室國家，而是英國東印度公司（一傢俬人公司）將一位他們認為可以控制的卑微酋長推上了克什米爾王位。

What we think of as Kashmir today was and is in truth made up of several different distinct historical regions that Kashmir itself is only a part of.

我們今天所認為的克什米爾過去和現在都是由幾個不同的歷史區域組成的，而克什米爾本身只是其中的一部分。

It consisted of the densely populated and heavily Muslim and Kashmiri-speaking Kashmir Valley, which lent the overall princely state its name.

它包括人口稠密、穆斯林和克什米爾語人口眾多的克什米爾山谷，這也是整個太子邦名稱的由來。

The predominantly Hindu and majority Dogri-speaking Jammu, that included a large Muslim minority, and the sparsely populated roughly equally split Buddhist and Muslim and largely Tibetan-speaking Ladakh.

查謨以印度教為主，多數人講多格里語，其中穆斯林佔少數；拉達克人煙稀少，佛教和穆斯林各佔一半，主要講藏語。

The East India Company installed a Hindu dynasty from the Jammu region onto the throne of Kashmir, who always lacked legitimacy within the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh regions that had majority non-Hindu populations.

東印度公司將查謨地區的一個印度教王朝推上了克什米爾王位，但這個王朝在非印度教人口占多數的克什米爾山谷和拉達克地區始終缺乏合法性。

A century later in 1947 at the time of partition, the still Hindu ruler of Kashmir, the Maharaja Hari Singh, proved indecisive on choosing which path to pursue.

一個世紀後的 1947 年，克什米爾分治時，仍然信奉印度教的統治者哈里-辛格大君在選擇哪條道路時舉棋不定。

He alone possessed the legal right to take all of Kashmir into either India or to Pakistan, but he also initially desired to pursue a third path like the ruler of Hyderabad had attempted, and he wanted to make Kashmir an independent nation.

只有他一個人擁有將整個克什米爾劃歸印度或巴基斯坦的合法權利，但他最初也想走第三條路，就像海德拉巴統治者所嘗試的那樣，他想讓克什米爾成為一個獨立的國家。

Both India and Pakistan attempted to apply pressure on Kashmir after their independence to sway the Maharaja to their side, while the Muslim majority of Kashmir generally looked towards Pakistan, and the Hindu and Buddhist minorities in Jammu and Ladakh generally looked towards India.

克什米爾獨立後，印度和巴基斯坦都試圖對克什米爾施加壓力，以動搖大君的立場，而克什米爾的穆斯林多數一般都傾向於巴基斯坦，查謨和拉達克的印度教和佛教少數一般都傾向於印度。

All across the princely state of Kashmir at the time in 1947, the total population was 77% Muslim, with a significant 20% Hindu minority.

1947 年，整個克什米爾王子國的總人口中，穆斯林佔 77%，印度教佔 20%。

As the pressure mounted and the future remained uncertain, a revolt broke out among the Muslim community in Kashmir's western Poonch region, which was quickly supported by thousands of Pakistani tribesmen who were allegedly armed and supported by the Pakistani government, who crossed over the border into Kashmir in either an invasion or an intervention, depending on your perspective.

隨著壓力的增大和未來的不確定性，克什米爾西部 Poonch 地區的穆斯林社區爆發了叛亂，並很快得到了數千名巴基斯坦部落成員的支持，據稱這些人得到了巴基斯坦政府的武裝和支持，他們越過邊境進入克什米爾，是入侵還是干涉，取決於你的觀點。

The Hindu Maharaja of Kashmir was not capable of stopping this assault and the rebellion on his own, and so he asked for India's military assistance in repelling them.

克什米爾的印度教大君沒有能力獨自阻止這次襲擊和叛亂，是以他請求印度提供軍事援助，以擊退他們。

India then clarified that they would indeed be willing to send their military support to repel the Pakistanis and quash the rebellion, but only on the condition that the Maharaja finally made up his mind and joined Kashmir to India in exchange.

印度隨即澄清說，他們確實願意派遣軍隊支持擊退巴基斯坦人並平息叛亂，但條件是大君最終下定決心，將克什米爾劃歸印度作為交換。

Under this enormous pressure, the Hindu ruler of Kashmir agreed with India and signed the document to incorporate his Muslim-majority state into India instead of Pakistan.

在這種巨大的壓力下，克什米爾的印度教統治者同意了印度的意見，並簽署了將穆斯林佔多數的克什米爾邦併入印度而非巴基斯坦的文件。

The Indian army then advanced into Kashmir.

The Pakistanis refused to recognize the decision based on Kashmir's Muslim-majority population and refused to back down, and so began the first war between India and Pakistan almost immediately after they both were born together.

巴基斯坦人拒絕承認這一基於克什米爾穆斯林人口占多數的決定，並拒絕退讓，於是印巴兩國幾乎在共同誕生後的第一場戰爭就開始了。

And so the high mountains of Kashmir became a fiercely contested battlefield.

於是，克什米爾的高山成了激烈爭奪的戰場。

Now, while both India and Pakistan wanted all of Kashmir for ideological and nationalist reasons, they also wanted and continue to want all of Kashmir for geostrategic reasons as well.

現在，雖然印度和巴基斯坦都出於意識形態和民族主義的原因想要得到整個克什米爾，但它們也出於地緣戰略的原因想要得到並將繼續得到整個克什米爾。

For decades ever since, the Pakistani government and military have frequently referred to Kashmir as their jugular vein because it is seen as such a vital area for their national security.

幾十年來，巴基斯坦政府和軍方經常把克什米爾稱為他們的頸靜脈，因為克什米爾被視為國家安全的重要地區。

For one thing, Pakistan knows that as the smaller country, it'll always be demographically, economically, and militarily weaker than India is.

首先，巴基斯坦知道，作為小國，它在人口、經濟和軍事上永遠弱於印度。

Pakistan is also a country that lacks strategic depth relating to India.

巴基斯坦也是一個缺乏與印度相關的戰略縱深的國家。

Pakistan's second-largest city, Lahore, is located directly adjacent to the Indian border, while the Pakistani capital city, Islamabad, is located only about 45 kilometers away from the disputed Kashmir territory.

巴基斯坦第二大城市拉合爾直接毗鄰印度邊境，而巴基斯坦首都伊斯蘭堡距離有爭議的克什米爾領土僅約 45 公里。

If India were to hypothetically initiate an all-out conventional invasion of Pakistan, they could use Kashmir as a position to attack the capital city with missiles while the main Indian army drives across the relatively flatter land from the south.

如果假設印度對巴基斯坦發動全面常規入侵，他們可以利用克什米爾作為陣地，用飛彈攻擊首都，同時印度軍隊主力從南部穿過相對平坦的土地。

Were Pakistan to control all of Kashmir instead, they would eliminate India's ability to quickly outflank the capital during a conflict, and they would improve their strategic depth relative to India significantly.

如果巴基斯坦控制了克什米爾全境，就能消除印度在衝突中迅速包抄首都的能力，並大大提高相對於印度的戰略縱深。

Moreover, without Kashmir, Pakistan would have no direct access to what has become their greatest geopolitical ally, China.

此外，如果沒有克什米爾，巴基斯坦就無法直接接觸已成為其最大地緣政治盟友的中國。

China maintains a significant number of separate with India as well.

中國與印度也保持著大量的單獨關係。

And so, on the principle of the enemy of my enemy is my friend, Pakistan and China have grown increasingly closer together over the decades due to their shared rivalry and territorial disputes with India.

是以，本著 "敵人的敵人就是朋友 "的原則，幾十年來，巴基斯坦和中國因與印度的共同競爭和領土爭端而日益緊密地聯繫在一起。

The relationship between them has gotten even more serious in the 21st century, as Pakistan has become the keystone project in China's overall Belt and Road Initiative.

進入 21 世紀後，隨著巴基斯坦成為中國 "一帶一路 "總體倡議的重點項目，兩國之間的關係變得更加密切。

Since 2015, China has invested more than $65 billion into what they were the paved highways and railways that sprawl out from Pakistan's Arabian Sea port of Wadar, across the country into China's western Xinjiang province.

自 2015 年以來，中國已向巴基斯坦鋪設的高速公路和鐵路投資超過 650 億美元，這些高速公路和鐵路從巴基斯坦的阿拉伯海港口瓦達爾延伸出去，穿過巴基斯坦進入中國西部的新疆省。

This route, built up a tremendous expense and effort over the past decade, enables China to import some oil from the Persian Gulf without that oil having to travel through the strategic strait of Malacca, which China fears the US Navy could blockade and shut down in the event of a war between them.

這條航線是中國在過去十年中耗費巨資和精力建成的，它使中國能夠從波斯灣進口部分石油，而不必通過具有戰略意義的馬六甲海峽，中國擔心一旦中美開戰，美國海軍會封鎖並關閉該海峽。

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor therefore gives China greater strategic flexibility with energy resources by providing them with an alternative, more secure supply route.

是以，"中巴經濟走廊 "為中國提供了另一條更安全的能源供應路線，使中國在能源資源方面具有更大的戰略靈活性。