My name's Chris Van Tilleken.

我叫克里斯-範-提爾肯。

I'm an NHS doctor, I'm a scientist, and I'm part of a growing group of doctors and academics who are increasingly worried about the effect that the global food system is having on all of us.

我是一名國家醫療服務系統的醫生，也是一名科學家，我是越來越多的醫生和學者中的一員，他們越來越擔心全球食品系統對我們所有人的影響。

When it comes to obesity, the way that we've understood the problem is it's a failure of willpower.

說到肥胖，我們對這個問題的理解是，這是意志力的失敗。

People are just making bad choices, they're somewhat lazy.

人們只是做出了錯誤的選擇，他們有些懶惰。

It's basically their fault.

這基本上是他們的錯。

This is American government data for men and women of all different ages, the different lines of different ages, for obesity.

這是美國政府針對不同年齡段的男性和女性、不同年齡段的不同肥胖症的數據。

What you see is between 1960 and 1975, there's a fairly steady percentage of obesity in the population.

從 1960 年到 1975 年，肥胖人口的比例相當穩定。

But in the mid-1970s, obesity starts going up in all of the groups simultaneously.

但在 20 世紀 70 年代中期，所有群體的肥胖率開始同時上升。

Now, if you're saying willpower is responsible, what you're proposing is that all of these groups of people simultaneously lost moral responsibility, and that's not plausible.

現在，如果你說意志力是罪魁禍首，那麼你的提議就是所有這些人群同時失去了道德責任，而這是說不通的。

Something else happened to our food in the mid-1970s to make it irresistible to people.

20 世紀 70 年代中期，我們的食品還發生了一些讓人無法抗拒的變化。

My name's John Ruff, and I've spent 40 years in the food industry across seven different countries.

我叫約翰-拉夫（John Ruff），在七個不同國家的食品行業工作了 40 年。

Companies spend a lot of time optimizing all aspects of their product, the flavor, the taste, the texture.

公司花費大量時間優化產品的各個方面，包括風味、口感和質地。

People want their product to be as good, if not better, than the competitor, so it will sell more.

人們希望自己的產品與競爭對手的產品一樣好，甚至更好，這樣才能賣得更多。

We use trained sensory panels to give us ratings.

我們使用訓練有素的感官小組來給我們評分。

Is it squishy?

是不是很軟？

Is it hard?

難嗎？

Is it soft?

是軟的嗎？

Is it crunchy?

是脆的嗎？

That's very much how the food industry operates.

食品行業就是這樣運作的。

One thing many people don't realize is that factory processing changes the textural properties of food.

很多人不知道的是，工廠加工會改變食物的質地特性。

An interesting fact about soft food is you're not chewing it as much.

關於軟食的一個有趣事實是，你咀嚼食物的次數並不多。

That actually short-circuits the normal satiety mechanisms that you would have if you were actually chewing food properly.

這實際上是在短路正常的飽腹感機制，而如果你真正正確地咀嚼食物，你就會有這種飽腹感機制。

So you're bypassing a normal mechanism that tells you you're full.

是以，你繞過了一個正常的機制，這個機制會告訴你已經吃飽了。

Once you work out that playing around with the texture of a food, making it softer, tricks that normal satiety or fullness mechanism, clearly there's an opportunity there for some kind of scurrilous behavior in making food softer so that people will eat more, and therefore you sell more of your product.

一旦你發現，玩弄食物的質地，讓它變得更軟，就會破壞正常的飽腹感或飽足感機制，很明顯，這就為某種無恥行為提供了機會，讓食物變得更軟，這樣人們就會吃得更多，從而你就能賣出更多的產品。

So much of the packaged food that we eat is incredibly soft.

我們吃的很多包裝食品都非常鬆軟。

My kids love these.

我的孩子們喜歡這些。

You don't typically think of this as being a soft food because it's a bit crunchy, but actually after that initial crunch, you can just crush it with your tongue, right?

你通常不會認為這是一種軟食，因為它有點脆，但實際上，在最初的脆響之後，你就可以用舌頭把它碾碎了，對嗎？

It's got no resistance at all.

一點阻力都沒有。

But in terms of the calories per gram, it's got way more calories than even a normal food.

但從每克的熱量來看，它的熱量甚至比普通食物還要高。

Even a very fatty burger.

甚至是非常肥的漢堡。

So the softness and the energy density mean that you consume it incredibly quickly.

是以，它的柔軟度和能量密度意味著它的消耗速度驚人。

And there's a food industry term for these very light, puffy foods that melt in the mouth.

食品行業有一個術語，叫 "入口即化 "的膨化食品。

It's called vanishing caloric density.

這就是所謂的熱量密度消失。

Gone.

走了

The thing that makes us eat a lot isn't just what we do to the food.

讓我們吃得多的原因並不僅僅是我們對食物做了什麼。

It's also about logos, marketing, branding, the box the food comes in.

這也與標識、營銷、品牌、食品包裝盒有關。

Eating is a multi-sensory experience.

進食是一種多感官體驗。

There's the look of the food, there's the smell of the food, there's the feeling of the food on your fingers.

有食物的外觀，有食物的氣味，還有食物在手指上的感覺。

Even the sound of food matters.

就連食物的聲音也很重要。

When you open a fizzy soda, you've got two noises.

當你打開汽水時，會有兩種聲音。

You've got the click and the tear.

你有 "咔嚓 "聲和 "撕裂 "聲。

Sound engineers and manufacturers work really hard to get that sound just right, and that's sonic branding.

音響工程師和生產商為了獲得恰到好處的聲音，付出了巨大的努力，這就是音質品牌。

Many companies have asked me to work on sonic branding for them.

很多公司都請我為他們設計聲波品牌。

And I think I can mention when I was working with Kellogg, they said, ooh, what's sonic branding?

我想我可以提一下，當我與凱洛格合作時，他們說，哦，什麼是聲波品牌？

And I said, you invented this.

我說，這是你發明的。

Most people will remember as children the experience of lifting a bowl to their ear.

大多數人都記得小時候把碗舉到耳邊的經歷。

And what are they listening for?

他們在聽什麼？

Snap, crackle, and pop.

啪、啪、啪

That's sonic branding at its best, and that's the original.

這就是聲波品牌的最佳表現，這就是原汁原味。

There's a lot of competition out there.

外面有很多競爭者。

And food companies make their money by the amount of products we consume from them.

而食品公司就是靠我們消費他們的產品來賺錢的。

So there's a stomach share that they're fighting for.

是以，他們在爭奪胃的份額。

And there are hours in the day in between breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

一天中，早餐、午餐和晚餐之間還有幾個小時。

What happens between those hours?

在這兩個小時之間會發生什麼？

They want us to snack.

他們想讓我們吃零食。

You wake up and this is what you have.

一覺醒來，你就擁有了這些。

Snack number one, breakfast shake, ultra processed.

一號零食，早餐奶昔，超強加工。

This is heavily marketed for you to have on the go.

這款產品在市場上大受歡迎，適合您隨身攜帶。

Do not sit down.

不要坐下。

Do not take time to crunch through something.

不要花時間去鑽牛角尖。

Snack number two of the day.

今天的第二份零食

It's empty calories.

這是空卡路里。

Energy dense, nutrient poor.

能量高，營養少。

Midday, you're starting to get a little bit peckish and what do you have?

中午，你開始有點餓了，你有什麼？

Veggie straws.

蔬菜吸管

This is a good example of a health claim snacking product.

這是一個健康零食產品的好例子。

Whereas before we would have had food, actual food, now we are marketed into believing that this is actually a healthy replacement.

以前，我們吃的是食物，真正的食物，而現在，我們被推銷得相信這實際上是一種健康的替代品。

Some snacking products have now been made to be linked with being physically active.

現在，一些零食產品已經與體育鍛煉聯繫在一起。

So after the gym, I have a high protein, low sugar bar.

是以，健身結束後，我會吃一塊高蛋白、低糖的巧克力棒。

Instead of having a healthier option.

而不是有一個更健康的選擇。

You finish having dinner and you have these snacks that are sold to you as more to share.

你們吃完晚飯後，就會有這些小吃賣給你們，作為更多的分享。

Where in fact, you can just finish them watching the TV by yourself.

事實上，你只需一個人看著電視就能把它們看完。

I do like them.

我確實喜歡它們。

I cannot stop eating them.

我吃得停不下來。

And I literally can't.

我真的做不到。

Oh my God.

我的天啊

I think one of the biggest problems with this kind of food is that so many of us struggle to stop eating it.

我認為，這類食物最大的問題之一就是，我們中的很多人都很難戒掉它。

Hi everyone.

大家好

I'm so thrilled to be here today to speak with you on my research that looks at parallels between addictive substances and ultra processed food.

今天，我很高興能在這裡與大家分享我的研究成果，該研究探討了成癮物質與超標加工食品之間的相似之處。

When we look at the sorts of foods that trigger those key diagnostic indicators of addiction, it's really clear what it's not.

當我們審視那些會引發上癮的關鍵診斷指標的食物種類時，我們就會明白什麼是上癮。

It's not minimally processed foods like fruits or vegetables or beans or lean meats like chicken breast.

它不是水果、蔬菜、豆類或雞胸肉等瘦肉之類的微加工食品。

It's really processed foods.

其實就是加工食品。

It's chocolate, it's ice cream, it's pizza.

巧克力、冰淇淋、披薩。

It's foods that don't exist in nature.

這是自然界不存在的食物。

The potency and the reward power of these ultra processed foods can trigger an addictive response that leads them to consume these in such a compulsive way that even if they want to cut down, even if they know it's killing them, they find they can't stop.

這些超級加工食品的功效和獎賞力會引發上癮反應，導致他們強迫性地食用這些食品，即使他們想減少食用量，即使他們知道這樣做會要了他們的命，他們也發現自己停不下來。

Imagine you're trying to cut down on ultra processed food or avoid it altogether.

想象一下，你正在努力減少或完全避免食用超加工食品。

For a start it might be the only food you can afford and that is true for millions of people.

首先，它可能是你唯一負擔得起的食物，這對數百萬人來說都是如此。

But it's everywhere.

但它無處不在。

And it's engineered and then marketed by some of the smartest people on earth to be irresistible.

地球上一些最聰明的人對其進行設計和營銷，使其具有不可抗拒的魅力。

So if someone is watching this and they are struggling with their weight, with diet related disease, I just want to reach out and grab them and go, this is not your fault.

所以，如果有人正在看這個節目，他們正在與體重、與飲食相關的疾病作鬥爭，我只想伸出手抓住他們，告訴他們，這不是你的錯。

It is not you.

不是你。

It is the food.

是食物。

The Food and Drink Federation declined our request for an interview but provided this statement.

食品與飲料聯合會拒絕了我們的採訪要求，但提供了以下聲明。

Food and drink manufacturers take the issue of obesity and poor diets very seriously and we know we have a key role to play in helping people to eat balanced diets.

食品和飲料製造商非常重視肥胖和不良飲食問題，我們知道我們在幫助人們均衡飲食方面可以發揮關鍵作用。

Our members continue to invest hundreds of millions in creating healthier products for shoppers.

我們的成員繼續投資數億美元，為購物者創造更健康的產品。

As a result, UK shopping baskets now contain significantly less salt, sugar and calories than they did a decade ago.

是以，現在英國購物籃中的鹽、糖和卡路里含量比十年前大大減少。

Companies are also working to raise the fibre, fruit and vegetable content of their products.

各公司也在努力提高其產品中的纖維、水果和蔬菜含量。

It's of course up to government if they want to introduce new taxes or warning labels.

當然，這取決於政府是否想引入新的稅收或警告標籤。

However, taxes will push up the cost of food and could disincentivise ongoing investment in healthier products.

然而，徵稅將推高食品成本，並可能抑制對更健康產品的持續投資。

We think there are more effective ways to encourage positive dietary change.

我們認為有更有效的方法來鼓勵積極的飲食改變。

On labelling, we believe the UK's traffic light system is a more positive way of nudging consumers towards healthier choices than warning labels, where global evidence suggests the longer term impact is limited.

在標籤方面，我們認為英國的 "交通燈 "系統比警告標籤更積極地引導消費者做出更健康的選擇，因為全球證據表明，警告標籤的長期影響有限。

However, we would support a labelling review, including to test whether consistent positive labelling on all healthier products would help consumers.

不過，我們支持對標籤進行審查，包括檢驗所有健康產品上統一的正面標籤是否有助於消費者。

The government's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition had said there's insufficient scientific evidence on the concept of ultra-processed foods for it to be used for dietary guidance or policymaking and that further research is needed.

政府的營養科學諮詢委員會曾表示，關於超加工食品的概念沒有足夠的科學證據，是以不能用於膳食指導或政策制定，還需要進一步的研究。

If research comes to light that processing is a cause for concern, the food industry will act quickly to change their ingredients or processes.

如果研究發現加工過程令人擔憂，食品行業就會迅速採取行動，改變配料或加工過程。