First of all, and this next one is so marvelous, it's so wonderful, it sets us free in terms of materials and language teaching.

首先，下一條非常了不起，它讓我們在教材和語言教學方面獲得了自由。

It makes life so much easier.

它讓生活變得更輕鬆。

It says that if you give people enough comprehensible input, all the grammar they are ready to acquire is automatically there in the input.

它說，如果你給人們足夠多的可理解的輸入，他們準備掌握的所有文法就會自動出現在輸入中。

You don't have to say, well, where is your I plus one today?

你不必說，你的 "我加一 "今天在哪裡？

Let's aim this.

讓我們瞄準這個目標。

What's the rule of the day?

今天的規則是什麼？

You don't have to do that.

你不必這麼做。

Lots of comprehensible input, it's there.

大量可理解的輸入，就在那裡。

Just like the balanced diet has all the nutrition you need, all the vitamins.

就像均衡的飲食中包含了你所需要的所有營養和維生素一樣。

You don't say, well, today I need more vitamin B3, so I think I'll eat this.

你不會說，好吧，今天我需要更多的維生素 B3，所以我想我要吃這個。

No, you have lots of interesting food and all of that takes care of itself.

不，你有很多有趣的食物，所有這些都會自己解決。

I have a strong suspicion that this is absolutely true.

我強烈懷疑這絕對是真的。

You can imagine, we no longer have to have targeted input.

可以想象，我們不再需要有針對性的投入。

We don't have to aim at specific rules.

我們不必以特定的規則為目標。

This is great.

這太棒了。

This is number one.

這是第一位的。

Number two, very helpful.

第二，非常有幫助。

For input to work, it has to be two things, comprehensible and interesting.

輸入要發揮作用，必須具備兩點：可理解性和趣味性。

In fact, you can summarize the problem of language teaching like this.

事實上，可以這樣概括語文教學的問題。

It's very easy to give people input that's comprehensible but not interesting.

向人們提供可理解但不有趣的資訊非常容易。

That's school.

這就是學校。

It's very easy to give people input that's interesting but not comprehensible.

向人們提供有趣但無法理解的資訊非常容易。

That's the outside world.

這就是外面的世界。

My colleagues at the university devoted their lives to giving us input that is neither comprehensible nor interesting.

我在大學裡的同事們傾其一生，為我們提供既無法理解又毫無趣味的資訊。

Our job is to do both and that's hard.

我們的工作就是兩者兼顧，這很難。

This is the task of language teaching.

這就是語言教學的任務。

I've done the easy part, me and my colleagues.

我和我的同事們已經完成了簡單的部分。

The easy part is the theory.

簡單的部分是理論。

Comprehensible and interesting, fine.

易懂、有趣，很好。

The tough part is how do you make input interesting and comprehensible?

困難的是，如何讓輸入變得有趣、易懂？

In fact, I'm going to raise the stakes higher.

事實上，我要把賭注提得更高。

Not just comprehensible but compelling.

不僅可以理解，而且令人信服。

So interesting you forget that it's in another language.

有趣得讓人忘了這是另一種語言。

That's the goal.

這就是我們的目標。

I got interested in this from the work of a colleague of mine, a former student, Christy Lau.

我的一位同事、以前的學生克里斯蒂-劉（Christy Lau）的工作讓我對此產生了興趣。

Christy works in San Francisco and the last few years she has set up and run a very interesting program for children and it's in Mandarin.

克里斯蒂在舊金山工作，過去幾年裡，她為孩子們開設了一個非常有趣的項目，而且是用國語進行的。

It's for children who have come from China or Taiwan and are forgetting their native language and it's for American children who've been in Mandarin immersion programs.

它適用於從中國大陸或臺灣來到美國而忘記母語的兒童，也適用於參加過國語沉浸式課程的美國兒童。

Program is really good.

程序真的很不錯。

It's lots of stories and books and full of read-alouds and discussions and interesting things.

這裡有很多故事和書籍，充滿了朗讀、討論和有趣的事情。

But Christy had one child, Jack, who didn't want to be in the program.

但克里斯蒂有一個孩子，名叫傑克，他不想參加這個項目。

He was eight years old and he would much rather be skateboarding, which I think that's reasonable for an eight-year-old just to be with his friends and have a good time.

他才八歲，他更願意玩滑板，我認為這對一個八歲的孩子來說是合理的，他只想和他的朋友們在一起，享受美好時光。

And no matter what Christy did, he wasn't interested.

無論克里斯蒂做什麼，他都不感興趣。

He had come with his family from China and his Mandarin was beginning to go away as his English got stronger.

他和家人一起從中國來到這裡，隨著他的英語越來越好，他的國語也開始消失了。

So the last day of school, the last day of the program, Christy said, okay, bye, thanks for trying it.

所以在學校的最後一天，也就是項目的最後一天，克里斯蒂說，好的，再見，謝謝你的嘗試。

Here are some books you might enjoy.

以下是一些您可能會喜歡的書籍。

And she gave him some story books with pictures, the story of A Fan Ti, which is extremely popular in China for kids.

她還給了他一些帶圖片的故事書，是中國孩子們非常喜歡的《阿凡提》的故事。

He loved it.

他很喜歡。

This is interesting.

這很有趣。

She finally found the book he wanted.

她終於找到了他想要的那本書。

In fact, Jack got so interested in A Fan Ti, he asked his mother to read him the stories of A Fan Ti while he did the dishes.

事實上，傑克對《阿凡提》產生了濃厚的興趣，他要求媽媽在他洗碗的時候給他讀《阿凡提》的故事。

That's how incredibly compelling it was.

這就是它令人難以置信的吸引力。

He was never interested in Chinese, not interested in Mandarin.

他對中文從來不感興趣，對國語也不感興趣。

He wasn't for it or against it.

他不支持也不反對。

He just didn't care.

他根本不在乎。

But he liked those stories.

但他喜歡這些故事。

And as she read the stories, his Mandarin was improving.

在她讀故事的過程中，他的國語也在進步。

When they ran out of good books, it was over and his Mandarin started to degenerate again.

好書看完了，他的國語又開始退化了。

It's the story that counts.

故事才是最重要的。

Normal people, and this does not include us, normal people in the world are not interested in language acquisition.

正常人，不包括我們，世界上的正常人都對語言習得不感興趣。

They're interested in stories.

他們對故事感興趣。

They're interested in the message.

他們對資訊感興趣。

It has to be compelling.

它必須引人注目。

This is very similar, in fact, I think it's identical to a concept introduced by Mahali I won't spell it for you, called flow.

這與馬哈里提出的一個概念非常相似，事實上，我認為它與馬哈里提出的一個概念完全相同。

When you're in a state of flow, only the activity counts.

當你處於流動狀態時，只有活動才算數。

The world disappears around you.

世界在你身邊消失。

Your sense of time is altered.

你的時間感被改變了。

Your sense of self is diminished.

你的自我意識減弱了。

This is what we're looking for.

這就是我們要找的。

A good book, a good movie.

一本好書，一部好電影。

Happened to me on Turkish Airlines.

我在土耳其航空公司就遇到過這種情況。

You know, during dinner, I watch a movie.

你知道，吃晚飯的時候，我會看電影。

Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter.

吸血鬼獵人亞伯拉罕-林肯

I didn't know there were all those vampires in American history.

我不知道美國曆史上還有這麼多吸血鬼。

They fought on the side of the Confederates of the South.

他們站在南方邦聯一邊作戰。

I didn't know that.

我不知道。

It's very interesting.

這非常有趣。

Abraham Lincoln was really something.

亞伯拉罕-林肯真的很了不起。

You should have seen.

你應該看到

Wow.

哇

I didn't know any of this stuff.

我不知道這些東西。

So, this is what happens.

事情就是這樣。

Only the story counts.

只有故事才算數。

This is what we're aiming for.

這就是我們的目標。

Two ways of making sure this happens, or encouraging it.

有兩種方法可以確保或鼓勵這種情況的發生。

Reading should be self-selected.

閱讀應自主選擇。

And the studies confirm this.

研究證實了這一點。

My colleague, Singhee Lee, has done studies on this.

我的同事 Singhee Lee 對此進行了研究。

You compare assigned reading with self-selected reading.

將指定閱讀與自選閱讀進行比較。

Even if you try to get the best possible books, self-selected makes much more progress.

即使你想獲得儘可能好的書籍，自我選擇也會帶來更大的進步。

It's much easier to enter into flow.

進入流動狀態要容易得多。

I don't know about you, but I have a hard time when people give me books as presents.

我不知道你是怎麼想的，但我很難接受別人送我書作為禮物。

Do you have that problem?

你有這個問題嗎？

No matter what, I never want to read them.

無論如何，我都不想讀它們。

Whenever it says on Twitter, must read.

無論 Twitter 上說什麼，必讀。

I say, no.

我說，不。

Isn't this amazing?

是不是很神奇？

We have to come to it ourselves.

我們必須自己想辦法。

Self-selected reading is the way to go.

自主選擇閱讀才是王道。

I'm setting you up for some more stuff later.

我給你準備了更多的東西。

The second setup is narrow reading.

第二種設置是狹義閱讀。

Self-selected reading is very often narrow.

自我選擇的閱讀範圍往往很窄。

What we do in classes is we give kids a wide range of things like literature class.

在課堂上，我們會給孩子們上各種各樣的課，比如文學課。

You do the 16th century, 17th century, 18th century.

你做的是 16 世紀、17 世紀和 18 世紀。

You do a little poetry.

你會寫詩

This makes sure that you never understand anything because you never get into it.

這讓你永遠無法理解任何事情，因為你永遠無法融入其中。

You never get background knowledge, et cetera.

你永遠無法獲得背景知識，等等。

The studies show that good readers are narrow readers.

研究表明，優秀讀者的閱讀面很窄。

They stick to one genre at a time, one author at a time, and gradually extend it as they go.

他們一次只專注於一種流派，一次只專注於一位作家，然後逐漸擴展。

I want to present to you, modestly, a universal plan, a universal sequence worked out with my colleagues and me.

我想謙虛地向大家介紹一個普遍計劃，一個我和我的同事們共同制定的普遍序列。

It's about two-thirds down the page.

大約在頁面的三分之二處。

Page one is called the three-stage model.

第一頁稱為 "三階段模型"。

This is how I think people get the highest levels of literacy, academic competence in first and second language.

我認為，人們就是這樣獲得最高水準的讀寫能力，以及第一語言和第二語言的學術能力的。

I'm making the claim this is how it always happens, and this is how you did it.

我的說法是，事情總是這樣發生的，而你就是這樣做的。

There are three stages.

分為三個階段。

Stage one, lots and lots of stories, lots of read-alouds, lots of fun.

第一階段，很多很多的故事，很多很多的朗讀，很多很多的樂趣。

That gives you enough competence to enter a second stage, where you do lots of free voluntary reading on your own.

這樣，你就有足夠的能力進入第二階段，在這一階段，你要自己進行大量的自由自願閱讀。

For many of us in first language, it happened during high school.

對於我們中的許多第一語言學習者來說，這發生在高中時期。

This gives you enough competence to start ...

這使您有足夠的能力開始...

Fatly, I think this has gone off now.

胖子，我想這東西已經爆炸了。

Hey, high-tech conference, come on.

嘿，高科技會議，來吧。

Marisa, remember yesterday?

瑪麗莎，還記得昨天嗎？

This happened to Marisa yesterday, this high-tech thing, and then the computer couldn't get connected.

瑪麗莎昨天就遇到了這種事，這個高科技的東西，然後電腦就連接不上了。

Ah, you know.

啊，你知道的。

That's why I use handouts.

這就是我使用講義的原因。

Okay.

好吧

Thank you very much.

非常感謝。

Where was I?

我說到哪兒了？

All right.

好吧

The words to the song.

這首歌的歌詞

Here I go again.

我又來了。

The third stage is academic reading, and it's the fiction that brought you to that stage.

第三個階段是學術閱讀，是小說把你帶到了這個階段。

I'm going to argue that English for special purposes doesn't work.

我想說的是，特殊用途英語行不通。

Sorry.

對不起。

We may have a good time, but it's not helping our students.

我們可能會玩得很開心，但這對我們的學生沒有任何幫助。

It's all absorbed, it's all acquired.

都是吸收，都是習得。

Through massive amounts of reading, I want to present a case history.

通過大量閱讀，我想介紹一個案例。

It's interesting.

這很有趣。

Chuck, Sandy, in his talk talked about personalizing and revealing yourself.

查克-桑迪在演講中談到了個性化和展現自我。

I never do this, but I'm going to do it now.

我從不這麼做，但現在我要這麼做。

I'm going to tell you about me, because it fits the work I'm going to tell you.

我要告訴你我的情況，因為這與我要告訴你的工作相吻合。

I'm going to give you a case history of the development of academic literacy, and I'm going to use my own case, because it's the only one I really know well.

我要給大家介紹一個關於學術素養髮展的案例，我會用我自己的案例，因為這是我唯一真正熟悉的案例。

I hope this will be supplemented by other people.

我希望其他人能對此加以補充。

I'm going to claim my case is typical, not unusual, and that you went through the same stages.

我想說我的情況很典型，並不罕見，你也經歷了同樣的階段。

The superficial part is going to be the same, little details will be different.

表面部分是一樣的，小細節會有所不同。

Yes, I was read to as a child, yes, lots of times.

是的，我小時候有人給我讀書，是的，讀了很多次。

That brought me up to the point where I could read for pleasure.

這使我達到了可以進行快樂閱讀的程度。

This started in, I'd say, when I was nine or 10, and it started with comic books.

我九歲或十歲時開始接觸漫畫書。

Of course, the wonderful contribution comic books have made.

當然，漫畫書也做出了巨大貢獻。

My friends and I read lots of comics.

我和朋友們讀了很多漫畫。

We read Batman, and Superman, and Captain Marvel, and all these things that were popular in the United States.

我們讀《蝙蝠俠》、《超人》和《驚奇隊長》，以及所有這些在美國流行的東西。

We were at a disadvantage, because this happened in the 1950s and 1960s, before the silver age of comics, before Marvel comics, before Spider-Man, and Stan Lee, and all the great things, which I find really interesting.

我們處於劣勢，因為這發生在上世紀五六十年代，在漫畫的白銀時代之前，在漫威漫畫之前，在蜘蛛俠和斯坦-李以及所有偉大的事物之前，我覺得這真的很有趣。

I wish I'd had them when I was a kid.

真希望我小時候也能擁有它們。

I could have had a career, done something with my life.

我本可以有自己的事業，有自己的生活。

I've been catching up, again, thanks to Turkish Airlines.

多虧了土耳其航空公司，我又趕上了進度。

I have seen, this is my, I've been using it quite a bit lately.

我見過，這是我的，我最近經常用。

I have now seen Iron Man 1, Iron Man 2, Thor, Captain America, and having seen all those, they allowed me to watch The Avengers, which was really good.

我現在已經看過了《鋼鐵俠 1》、《鋼鐵俠 2》、《雷神》和《美國隊長》，在看過所有這些電影之後，他們允許我觀看《復仇者聯盟》，這部電影真的很棒。

I got to watch these movies.

我得看這些電影

I go to the movies a lot with my wife, and we see these sensitive movies, which are really good.

我經常和妻子一起去看電影，我們看的都是敏感電影，非常好看。

You know, Devil Wears Prada.

你知道的，《穿普拉達的女魔頭》。

I sympathized with the Meryl Streep character.

我很同情梅麗爾-斯特里普的角色。

I thought she was right.

我覺得她是對的。

I have to adjust my hormones, and see movies where things are blown up a lot.

我必須調整自己的荷爾蒙，去看那些經常被放大的電影。

That really fit the bill.

這真的很符合要求。

They're very absorbing.

它們非常吸引人。

They're very good.

他們非常棒。

Anyway, it was comic books.

總之，是漫畫書。

After comic books, and this lasted several years, and that was our literature.

在漫畫書之後，這又持續了幾年，這就是我們的文學。

That's what we read.

這就是我們讀到的內容。

That's what we discussed.

這就是我們討論的內容。

I read thousands of comic books, more than one a day over those years.

我讀了成千上萬本漫畫書，這些年每天都要讀一本以上。

After that, it was sports books, mostly about American baseball.

之後，我開始閱讀體育書籍，大部分是關於美國棒球的。

I found an author that I really liked, and I'm going to tell you about him, because I've been discussing this with Jim Trelease, the author of a wonderful book called The Read Loud Handbook.

我發現了一位我非常喜歡的作者，我要向你們介紹一下他，因為我一直在和吉姆-特雷勒（Jim Trelease）討論這個問題，他是一本名為《朗讀手冊》（The Read Loud Handbook）的好書的作者。

He had the same favorite author when he was in high school.

他上高中時也有同樣喜歡的作家。

It was a guy named John R.

是一個叫約翰

Tunis, who wrote like 15 books about baseball, chronicling one baseball team, all fiction, the Brooklyn Dodgers with different characters.

圖尼斯，寫了大約 15 本關於棒球的書，記錄了一支棒球隊的故事，都是虛構的，布魯克林道奇隊，人物各不相同。

Oh, my gosh.

哦，我的天哪。

It wasn't just about home runs.

這不僅僅是全壘打的問題。

It was about the players, and their lives, and their frustrations, and conflicts.

這是關於球員、他們的生活、他們的挫折和衝突。

How many of you speak baseball?

你們有多少人會說棒球？

Understand the game?

瞭解遊戲嗎？

Okay, for both of you, let me tell you about the last one in the series.

好吧，為了你們倆，我來給你們講講這個系列的最後一部。

Here it is.

就是這裡。

This is the last one.

這是最後一個。

It's called World Series.

這就是所謂的世界系列賽。

This is the last John R.

這是最後一位約翰

Tunis book.

突尼西亞的書

It's the last game of the championships, the World Series.

這是冠軍賽的最後一場比賽，世界系列賽。

It's the last inning.

最後一局了

It's the seventh game.

這是第七場比賽。

Each team has won three games.

兩隊各勝三場。

The winner of this one wins the whole thing.

獲勝者將贏得整個比賽。

It's the last.

這是最後一次。

It's the end part of the game.

這是遊戲的結尾部分。

It's the ninth inning.

現在是第九局。

Two outs, bases loaded.

兩人出局，滿壘。

The pitcher is the father.

投手就是父親。

The batter is the son.

擊球手就是兒子。

They haven't spoken for 15 years.

他們已經 15 年沒說過話了。

That's writing.

這就是寫作。

If you want to find out what happened, you'll have to read the book.

如果你想知道發生了什麼，就必須讀這本書。

This was compelling.

這一點令人信服。

So, I read sports stories, and a lot of them, not just John R.

所以，我讀體育故事，而且讀了很多，不僅僅是約翰-R.

Tunis, but other authors as well.

突尼西亞，還有其他作家。

After that, as I moved on through high school, it became science fiction.

之後，我上了高中，小說就變成了科幻小說。

It was science fiction that was popular in those days.

當時流行的是科幻小說。

Robert Heinlein, Isaac Asimov, Arthur C.

羅伯特-海因萊因、艾薩克-阿西莫夫、亞瑟-C.

Clarke.

克拉克

Those were the people who influenced my thinking.

就是這些人影響了我的思想。

This was my education as an adolescent.

這就是我的青春期教育。

I read things in school.

我在學校讀過一些東西。

I passed tests on them, but I don't remember them.

我通過了他們的測試，但我不記得了。

In fact, it's all a blur.

事實上，這一切都是模糊的。