It's the closest planet to the fictional black hole gargantua.

它是距離虛構的黑洞巨行星最近的行星。

There's one scene that we're gonna focus on today.

我們今天要重點討論一個場景。

So what's so special about this scene?

那麼，這一幕有什麼特別之處呢？

Well just in the span of this five second clip from this planet a lot has happened on earth.

就在這五秒鐘的時間裡，地球上發生了很多事。

I mean a lot.

我是說很多。

You might be wondering why.

你可能想知道為什麼。

So 70 years per hour.

所以每小時 70 年。

What he means by that is that if there's been one hour on that planet.

他的意思是說，如果在那個星球上度過了一個小時。

In this video we're going to explain time dilation while bringing in the context of what happens in interstellar.

在本視頻中，我們將解釋時間膨脹，同時介紹星際中發生的情況。

We touched upon the fundamentals of this topic from our previous video about Einstein's relativity.

我們在之前關於愛因斯坦相對論的視頻中已經介紹了這一話題的基本原理。

You can check out the video here but just to give you a brief summary we can say the following.

您可以在這裡查看視頻，但我們可以簡單總結如下。

Under the influence of a strong gravitational field, time slows down.

在強引力場的影響下，時間會變慢。

So if you're just hanging out in your massive object you will experience the effect of time going slower.

是以，如果你只是在你的大型物體中閒逛，你會體驗到時間變慢的效果。

But gravity isn't the only thing that can warp time.

但並非只有重力能扭曲時間。

According to another one of Einstein's theories, special relativity, time slows down for an object when it moves.

根據愛因斯坦的另一個理論--狹義相對論，物體移動時時間會變慢。

Combining these two concepts together we could consider this scenario.

將這兩個概念結合在一起，我們可以考慮這種情況。

Suppose that we walked up a flight of stairs.

假設我們走過一段樓梯。

Our body is slowly moved away from Earth meaning that we will experience time going faster.

我們的身體會慢慢遠離地球，這意味著我們會體驗到時間在加速流逝。

But at the same time since we are not stationary while going up we should experience time going slower.

但同時，由於我們在上升時並不是靜止的，所以我們應該體驗到時間在變慢。

So being farther from the pull of gravity causes our clock to tick faster but moving counteracts this effect.

是以，遠離地心引力會讓我們的時鐘滴答得更快，但移動會抵消這種影響。

Of course this is all oversimplified and the devil's in the details.

當然，這一切都過於簡單化了，細節決定成敗。

But let's not forget why we're here, talking about time dilation.

但我們不要忘了，為什麼我們要在這裡討論時間膨脹。

Let's consider two comparable cases.

讓我們考慮兩個可比案例。

We have person A floating nearby a massive object with a lot of gravity and person B just casually floating in an empty void of space.

我們可以看到，A 漂浮在一個重力很大的物體附近，而 B 只是隨意地漂浮在虛無的太空中。

Person A shines a green laser beam towards person B.

人 A 向人 B 發射一束綠色脈衝光。

Because light is a form of vibration, the laser beam has a color that corresponds to 600 trillion vibrations each second.

由於光是一種振動形式，激光束的顏色與每秒 600 萬億次振動相對應。

Now light is also a form of energy and as that beam of light comes out of that gravity of the massive object it loses a lot of energy.

現在，光也是一種能量形式，當光束從巨大物體的引力中出來時，會損失大量能量。

This loss means that there is a decrease in frequency.

這種損耗意味著頻率的降低。

So by the time that beam of light reaches person B its frequency will have decreased by some factor.

是以，當光束到達人 B 時，它的頻率會降低一些。

That means instead of the green light at 600 trillion vibrations a second, person B gets only let's say 10 billion vibrations per second which is a microwave radio beam.

這意味著，B 人得到的不是每秒振動 600 萬億次的綠光，而是每秒振動 100 億次的微波無線電光束。

This phenomenon is called gravitational redshift.

這種現象被稱為引力紅移。

But not so Individual wiggles don't just go anywhere and disappear.

但並非如此，個體搖擺不會隨處消失。

Since person A creates 600 trillion wiggles every second while person B only gets 10 billion every second, the only way this can happen is if one second on one astronaut's clock is not the same as one second on the other astronaut.

由於 A 人每秒產生 600 萬億次擺動，而 B 人每秒只能得到 100 億次擺動，發生這種情況的唯一可能就是一個太空人時鐘上的一秒與另一個太空人時鐘上的一秒不一樣。

In other words, it only takes one second for person A to create those 600 trillion wiggles.

換句話說，A 只需要一秒鐘就能產生 600 萬億次擺動。

But it will take 60,000 seconds or nearly a day for person B to receive them.

但是，人 B 需要 60 000 秒或將近一天的時間才能收到它們。

So this is what happens.

事情就是這樣。

Our clocks run at a wildly different rates and by clocks I don't mean just mechanical or electronic devices but also biological clocks like your heart, lungs, your brains, etc.

我們的時鐘運行速度天差地別，我所說的時鐘不僅僅指機械或電子設備，還包括生物鐘，如你的心臟、肺部、大腦等。

Person A takes a breath and takes another breath and measures a few seconds between the two.

人 A 深吸一口氣，然後再深吸一口氣，並測量兩次呼吸之間的間隔時間。

For him, everything feels normal.

對他來說，一切都很正常。

Clock sticks the way they are supposed to.

時鐘按規定的方式轉動。

On the other hand, person B, watching person A through a telescope, sees everything in slow motion with several days passing between the two breaths.

另一方面，人 B 通過望遠鏡觀察人 A，看到的一切都是慢動作，兩次呼吸之間相隔數天。

So now we're visiting this scene again from Interstellar, you should get a better understanding.

現在我們再次重溫《星際迷航》中的這一幕，你應該會有更好的理解。

But don't worry, we're not done yet.

不過別擔心，我們還沒完。

Stick around if you want to learn more about time dilation in the next part of the video.

如果你想在視頻的下一部分了解更多關於時間膨脹的知識，請繼續收看。

According to Einstein's special relativity, the greater the acceleration of an object, the slower that it will move through time.

根據愛因斯坦的狹義相對論，物體的加速度越大，它在時間中的移動速度就越慢。

On Earth, where time is slowed by only a few microseconds per day, gravity's pull is modest.

在地球上，時間每天只減慢幾微秒，是以重力的拉力不大。

On the surface of a neutron star, where time is slowed by a few hours per day, gravity's pull is enormous.

在中子星的表面，時間每天會減慢幾個小時，重力的拉力是巨大的。

And at the surface of a black hole, time is slowed to a halt, where the gravity is so humongous that nothing can escape, not even light.

而在黑洞的表面，時間被放慢到停止，那裡的引力是如此巨大，以至於沒有任何東西可以逃脫，甚至光也不行。

The concept of the slowing of time plays a major role in gravity on Miller's planet is enormous.

時間變慢的概念在米勒星球上的引力中起著重要作用。

So if we apply Einstein's relativity here, we would know that Miller's planet would experience time at a very slow rate.

是以，如果我們在這裡應用愛因斯坦的相對論，就會知道米勒的星球會以非常緩慢的速度經歷時間。

But here on Earth, the gravity is at a modest rate and the gravitational force of the Sun is also a billion times weaker than Gargantua.

但在地球上，引力的速度並不高，太陽的引力也比加爾乾圖亞弱十億倍。

So people on Earth experience time faster than that of the three astronauts on Miller's planet.

是以，地球上的人們體驗到的時間比米勒星球上的三名太空人體驗到的時間更快。

And of course, all of this information is brought to you from the book The Science of Interstellar, written by the scientific consultant of the film.

當然，所有這些資訊都來自電影科學顧問撰寫的《星際科學》一書。

In real life, this process is happening everywhere in space.

在現實生活中，這個過程在太空中無處不在。

One interesting example is our International Space Station.

我們的國際空間站就是一個有趣的例子。

At the ISS, time runs slower as compared to time here on Earth.

與地球上的時間相比，國際空間站的時間流逝較慢。

Technically speaking, it is a different time reference than we are.

從技術上講，它與我們的時間基準不同。

So by calculating the difference through Einstein's equations, we could correct the time at the ISS.

是以，通過愛因斯坦方程計算差值，我們就可以校正國際空間站的時間。

Because we used a lot of references to the movie Interstellar here, we might as well just take one case study of how filmmakers do this time dilation fill in the movie.

因為我們在這裡提到了很多關於電影《星際穿越》的內容，所以我們不妨只用一個案例來研究一下電影製作人是如何在電影中進行時間膨脹填充的。

In the opening scene when Cooper and his team stepped on Miller's planet, an intense music with clock ticking elements starts.

在庫珀和他的團隊踏上米勒星球的開場場景中，一段帶有時鐘滴答聲的緊張音樂響起。

The tempo changes over the course of the song.

整首歌曲的節奏不斷變化。

The soundtrack starts playing when the crew lands on the Miller's planet, where time dilation takes effect because of the proximity to a singularity.

當船員們降落在米勒的星球上時，背景音樂就開始響起，由於靠近奇點，這裡的時間膨脹產生了作用。

For every 60 seconds of the track, there are 48 ticks of the second hand.

在每 60 秒的軌道上，秒針會跳動 48 次。

To multiply seconds in a day, days in a year, and multiply by seven years, roughly we'll get about 221 million seconds in seven years.

將一天中的秒數和一年中的天數相乘，再乘以 7 年，大致可以得出 7 年中大約有 2.21 億秒。

This gives us a conversion factor of about 61,400 seconds which pass on Earth for every second spent on Miller's planet.

由此得出的換算係數是，米勒星球上每過一秒，地球上就過了大約 61400 秒。

Multiply this by the interval between each tick and you'll get 77,000 Earth second or about 21 hours.

將這一數值乘以每個刻度之間的間隔，就得到 77,000 地球秒，即大約 21 小時。

So each tick you hear is almost a whole day passing on Earth.

是以，你聽到的每一聲滴答聲，幾乎就是地球上一天的時間。

And this is side by side of what happens on Miller's planet versus Earth in real time.

這是米勒的星球和地球上實時發生的並排畫面。

After grasping all of this piece of information, of course we want to ask the question, is this extreme time dilation possible on such a planet?

在掌握了這些資訊之後，我們當然想問一個問題：在這樣一顆行星上，這種極度的時間膨脹可能發生嗎？

Could we even walk on the surface of it?

我們甚至能在它的表面行走嗎？

At one point we are told that the gravity on this planet is a hundred thirty percent of the Earth's gravity.

有一次，我們被告知這個星球的重力是地球重力的百分之三十。

We see the actors panting, a little bit under duress because of the extra gravity.

我們看到演員們氣喘吁吁，因為額外的重力而有些吃力。

But is this enough for this kind of time dilation?

但對於這種時間膨脹來說，這就足夠了嗎？

Well, actually not even close.

其實還差得遠呢。

If you've visited the surface of our Sun, which is not a supermassive body but still much more massive than Earth, you would gain about 66 seconds per year.

太陽雖然不是超大品質天體，但品質仍然比地球大得多，如果你到過太陽表面，每年將獲得約 66 秒的時間。

To get to an extreme dilation where one hour corresponds to seven years, you would need such a strong gravitational field, essentially the event horizon of a black hole.

要達到一小時對應七年的極度膨脹，你需要一個強大的引力場，基本上就是黑洞的事件視界。

There is simply no planet that can have this kind of gravity and if you try to land on the surface, it would be so strong that it would crush you.

根本沒有哪個星球會有這樣的引力，如果你想降落在星球表面，它的引力會強到把你壓扁。

The weight of the astronauts would be several million tons and that's even without doing the math.

太空人的重量將達到幾百萬噸，這還沒有計算在內。

But anyhow, if they wanted to get all the science right, we wouldn't be able to enjoy the movie.

但不管怎麼說，如果他們想把所有的科學知識都搞清楚，我們就無法欣賞這部電影了。

After all, it's science fiction and to make a great film, a superb filmmaker often pushes things to the extreme.

畢竟，這是一部科幻電影，而要拍好這部電影，高超的電影製作人往往會把事情做到極致。

But in our case today, it's sufficient enough to turn the concept of time dilation into a beautiful film.

但就我們今天的情況而言，它足以把時間膨脹的概念變成一部美麗的電影。

Thank you so much for watching this video.

非常感謝您觀看本視頻。

I'm Harry and I'm so glad you made it to the end.

我是哈利，很高興你能堅持到最後。

If you like this type of content, please subscribe.

如果您喜歡這類內容，請訂閱。

If you want to, follow us on Instagram at Beyond Ideas.

如果您願意，請在 Instagram 上關注我們的 Beyond Ideas。

I'll see you again next week for more Curiosity videos.

下週再見，我們將為您帶來更多 "好奇心 "視頻。

Bye-bye.

再見