He holds a PhD in linguistics from UCLA, but watch out now.

他擁有加州大學洛杉磯分校語言學博士學位，但現在要小心了。

He was the 1977 incline bench press champion of Venice Beach and holds a black belt in taekwondo.

他曾獲得 1977 年威尼斯海灘斜臥推冠軍，並持有跆拳道黑帶。

So be careful.

所以一定要小心。

His recent papers can be found, make a note, at www.sdkrashen.com.

請注意，他最近的論文可在 www.sdkrashen.com 上找到。

Without further ado, Stephen Krashen.

閒話少說，有請斯蒂芬-克拉申。

I have to explain about the black belt.

關於黑帶，我得解釋一下。

I got the black belt on the basis of the written examination.

我通過筆試獲得了黑帶。

I'd like to begin, I know most of you are concerned with reading and younger people, but I'd like to talk about old people for a while.

首先，我知道你們大多數人都在關注閱讀和年輕人，但我想先談談老年人。

Things that have been on my mind and a little bit of research I've done in the last few years.

我一直在想的事情，以及我在過去幾年裡做的一點研究。

And this will be important for some of you looking around, I'd say in about 30, 40 years, maybe 50 years for some of you.

這對你們中的一些人來說很重要，我想說的是，在 30 年、40 年甚至 50 年後。

So keep this information in a file and take it out in about 40, 50 years.

是以，將這些資訊保存在一個文件中，大約四五十年後再拿出來。

I've been very concerned about aging.

我一直很擔心衰老的問題。

I wonder why.

我想知道為什麼。

I don't know, it first happened when I was on a bus and the bus fare was really like a lot of money, but the sign said senior citizens, it was like 50 cents.

我也不知道，第一次是在坐公車的時候，車費真的很貴，但牌子上寫著老年人，好像是 50 美分。

Must show ID.

必須出示身份證。

So I took out my driver's license and I took out 50 cents and I was about to give it to the driver, show my license, he just took the money and says, oh no, that's okay.

於是我拿出駕照，拿出 50 美分，正準備給司機，出示駕照時，他接過錢說，哦，不，沒關係。

They should be told no matter how old the person looks, always ask for the ID, right?

應該告訴他們，不管對方看起來有多老，都要問他要身份證，對嗎？

You know, here you are, sonny.

你知道，你來了，小子。

I was in the park not too long ago playing with my adorable grandchildren, I'll show you pictures later.

不久前我還在公園裡和我可愛的孫子們一起玩耍，我稍後會給你們看照片的。

This guy comes up to me and he says, are these your grandchildren or your great-grandchildren?

這個人走過來對我說，這些是你的孫子還是曾孫？

I still don't know what I should have said.

我還是不知道自己該說什麼。

I'll give you a story that balances it.

我給你講個故事來平衡一下。

I was in the gym in Malibu, California, my daughter was exercising and my job was to take care of the newest grandchild and I was holding my granddaughter.

我當時在加利福尼亞州馬里布的健身房裡，女兒在鍛鍊，我的工作是照顧剛出生的外孫，我抱著外孫女。

We were the only ones in the gym until Adam Sandler walked in.

我們是健身房裡唯一的人，直到亞當-桑德勒走進來。

Pretty good, huh?

很不錯吧？

He came up to me and he said, the best thing you can say to someone my age, he said, is this your child?

他走過來對我說，你能對我這個年紀的人說的最好的一句話就是，這是你的孩子嗎？

I said, no, it's my granddaughter.

我說，不，那是我孫女。

You know, he came over, gave me the little masculine punch, good-looking grandpa.

他走過來，給了我一記陽剛的小拳頭，帥氣的爺爺。

Adam Sandler can do no wrong.

亞當-桑德勒不會犯錯。

He is my favorite Hollywood person, period.

他是我最喜歡的好萊塢人物，僅此而已。

Maimonides calls this the highest form of charity.

邁蒙尼德稱其為最高形式的慈善。

When no one is looking, there's nobody there, he's okay.

沒人注意的時候，沒人在的時候，他就沒事。

Anyway, the part of aging that I'm concerned with is senility, dementia.

總之，我所關心的衰老是指衰老和痴呆。

Can I still quote Bill Cosby?

我還能引用比爾-考斯比的話嗎？

I don't know.

我不知道。

Well, I will.

好吧，我會的。

He said, don't worry about dementia when it comes, you won't know.

他說，不要擔心痴呆症，當它來臨時，你不會知道。

You can hide your own Easter eggs, you know, et cetera.

你可以藏起自己的復活節彩蛋，等等。

But I am concerned about it because it runs in my family, my father's side of the family.

但我很擔心，因為這是我的家族遺傳病，是我父親那邊的家族遺傳病。

Everybody gets it around the same age.

每個人的年齡都差不多。

He got it at this time.

他就是在這個時候得到的。

His brothers and sisters, my aunts and uncle, all got it at age 75.

他的兄弟姐妹、我的姨媽和姨父都在 75 歲時得了這種病。

They all got dementia.

他們都得了痴呆症。

And that's pretty close for me.

這對我來說已經很接近了。

I want to tell you how old I am.

我想告訴你我多大了。

I like telling people how old I am, you'll see why.

我喜歡告訴別人我有多老，你就知道為什麼了。

I am 74, but I read at the 80-year-old level, okay?

我今年 74 歲，但我的閱讀能力只有 80 歲的水準，好嗎？

Uh-huh, little joke.

開個小玩笑

So, when I have a problem, or I think I'm going to have a problem, what I do about it is I read the research literature and I write an incomprehensible paper.

是以，當我遇到問題，或者我認為我將遇到問題時，我所做的就是閱讀研究文獻，然後寫出一篇難以理解的論文。

So that's what I did with dementia.

我就是這樣對待痴呆症的。

I wrote a paper about it.

我為此寫了一篇論文。

It's on the website, on SDKrashen, www, whatever it is up there, and SDKrashen.com.

網站上有 SDKrashen、www 和 SDKrashen.com。

And here's what I found.

這就是我的發現。

I looked at three possible ways of delaying dementia.

我研究了延緩痴呆症的三種可能方法。

Number one, be bilingual.

第一，精通雙語。

You knew that.

你知道的

This is research from New York, as a matter of fact, from Ellen Bialystock, and she got a really good write-up in the New York Times, which was good work, Ellen, did a good job with that.

事實上，這是來自紐約的研究，來自艾倫-比亞利斯托克，她在《紐約時報》上發表了一篇非常好的文章，這是很好的工作，艾倫，做得很好。

What Ellen and her colleagues found is that people who are bilingual, who grew up speaking two languages and switching back and forth, have better what is called executive control.

艾倫和她的同事們發現，那些精通雙語的人，那些在成長過程中會說兩種語言並來回切換的人，具有更好的所謂執行控制能力。

Executive control means not losing your place, like, where was I?

執行控制意味著不迷失方向，比如，我說到哪兒了？

You know, you wind up in the kitchen and you don't know how you got there or why you were there.

你知道，你被困在廚房裡，卻不知道自己是怎麼到那裡的，也不知道自己為什麼會在那裡。

You forgot because something happened on the way.

你忘了，因為路上出了點事。

Everybody has that problem.

每個人都有這個問題。

Everybody.

每個人都是

It gets worse as you get older, but if you're bilingual, the decline is much slower.

隨著年齡的增長，情況會越來越糟，但如果會說兩種語言，下降的速度會慢得多。

Not bad.

還不錯。

Number two, read.

第二，閱讀。

People who read, people my age who read a lot, have about the same verbal memory as people in their 30s who don't read as much.

閱讀的人，像我這個年齡經常閱讀的人，其言語記憶力與不常閱讀的 30 多歲的人差不多。

Not bad.

還不錯。

Pleasure reading.

閱讀的樂趣

Reading for fun.

快樂閱讀

Number three, you're going to love this, coffee.

第三，你會喜歡這個的，咖啡。

Yes, three cups a day of freshly brewed coffee will significantly delay dementia about the same as these other factors.

是的，每天三杯現煮咖啡可以明顯延緩痴呆症的發生，這與其他因素的作用差不多。

People keep asking me about decaf.

人們一直問我無咖啡因咖啡的事。

I refuse to look at the research.

我拒絕研究。

I'm insulted by decaf.

無咖啡因咖啡侮辱了我。

Decaf for me is like kissing your sister.

無咖啡因對我來說就像親吻你的妹妹。

I mean, it's okay, but it's not really the same.

我的意思是，還行，但真的不一樣。

The nice thing about this is that you can do all three at once.

這樣做的好處是，您可以同時做這三件事。

Sit down, have a nice cup of coffee, read a book in another language.

坐下來，喝杯咖啡，讀一本另一種語言的書。

The fountain of youth.

青春之泉

If anyone is interested in doing research and getting a grant to do this, I will happily volunteer my services as subject because I can get free latte.

如果有人有興趣進行研究並獲得資助，我會很樂意自願擔任研究對象，因為我可以得到免費的拿鐵咖啡。

Okay.

好的

That's usually all people remember from my talks when I begin with that, but I'll try for the rest.

當我以這句話開頭時，人們對我的演講通常只記得這些，但我會盡力記住其他的。

As you see on your handout, do you have a handout in front of you?

正如你們在講義上看到的，你們面前有講義嗎？

Yes?

什麼事？

Okay.

好的

If not, too bad.

如果沒有，那就太糟糕了。

The last, oh gosh, 35 years, I have been involved in a major war, and it's a war between two hypotheses of two views of how we develop language and how we develop literacy.

在過去的 35 年裡，我參與了一場大戰，這是一場關於語言發展和讀寫能力發展的兩種假說、兩種觀點之間的戰爭。

The one I think is right is called the comprehension hypothesis.

我認為正確的假說叫做 "理解假說"。

The comprehension hypothesis says, as you see here, we acquire language and we develop literacy when we understand what people tell us and we understand what we read.

理解假說認為，正如你在這裡看到的，當我們理解了別人告訴我們的話，理解了我們讀到的內容，我們就掌握了語言，發展了讀寫能力。

Major point.

要點

If you want to develop literacy and develop language, you get comprehensible input first.

如果你想培養讀寫能力和發展語言，首先要獲得可理解的輸入。

You hear stories, you have conversations, et cetera.

你會聽到故事，會有交談，等等。

The result of that is what we call the skills, vocabulary, grammar, et cetera, that comes later.

其結果就是我們所說的技能、詞彙、文法等等，這些都是後話。

The rival hypothesis called the skill building hypothesis says it is the opposite.

與之對立的假說 "技能培養假說 "則認為情況恰恰相反。

You begin with grammar.

從文法開始。

You begin with vocabulary.

從詞彙開始。

You study grammar rules, and you practice them in writing and speaking, and you get your errors corrected, and you memorize vocabulary.

你要學習文法規則，在寫作和口語中進行練習，糾正錯誤，記憶詞彙。

If you practice them enough in output, someday you'll be able to use the language.

如果你在輸出中練習得足夠多，總有一天你會使用這種語言。

This is what we call a delayed gratification hypothesis.

這就是我們所說的延遲滿足假說。

Work hard, and someday in the future, you'll be happy.

努力工作，將來總有一天，你會幸福的。

The comedian Stephen Wright explained this very well.

喜劇演員斯蒂芬-賴特對此做了很好的解釋。

He said hard work and discipline pay off someday.

他說，勤奮和紀律總有一天會得到回報。

But laziness you can enjoy right now.

但你現在就可以享受懶惰。

Be Buddhist.

做個佛教徒

Be in the moment.

要把握當下。

It's the here and now.

就是此時此地。

You guys remember this.

你們還記得嗎？

Remember the language class you took in school, the French class or the English class or whatever?

還記得你在學校上的語言課嗎？法語課、英語課還是其他什麼課？

You did vocabulary, grammar, and then you practiced it over, and then later on in the advanced class, you actually could have a conversation.

你先學習詞彙和文法，然後反覆練習，到了高級班，你就可以進行真正的對話了。

We say no.

我們說不行。

Pleasure now.

現在就來享受吧

Hear a story that you like.

聽一個你喜歡的故事

Read a book that you like.

讀一本你喜歡的書

Have an interesting conversation.

進行有趣的對話。

In other words, the comprehension idea is pleasant.

換句話說，理解想法是令人愉快的。

The skill building idea is painful.

技能培養的想法很痛苦。

It's painful for 95% of the population.

這對 95% 的人來說都是痛苦的。

This is not a research result.

這不是研究成果。

This is my conjecture, that nearly everyone in skill building classes hates them.

這是我的猜想，幾乎所有技能培養班的學生都討厭它們。

The 5% who like skill building become language teachers.

5%喜歡技能培養的人成為了語言教師。

You see what the problem is.

你明白問題所在了吧。

So skill building is lose-lose.

是以，技能培養是雙輸的。

It's painful and it doesn't work.

這很痛苦，而且不起作用。

I don't think there is a single person on this planet who has ever acquired language through skill building.

我認為這個星球上沒有一個人是通過技能培養來掌握語言的。

Whenever you look at a case of someone who's done well in a language or literacy, there has been massive comprehensible input.

每當你看到一個人在語言或識字方面取得優異成績的案例時，你就會發現他的語言或識字能力得到了大量可理解的輸入。

No exceptions.

無一例外。

That has to be the cause.

這一定是原因。

Comprehensible input works study after study after study over the last 40 years, and it's pleasant.

在過去的 40 年裡，一項又一項的研究表明，可理解的輸入法行之有效，而且令人愉悅。

So it's win-win.

所以這是雙贏的。

Skill building is lose-lose.

技能培養是雙輸的。

The problem is that for the public, the skill building hypothesis is not a hypothesis.

問題在於，對公眾而言，技能培養假設並不是假設。

It's an axiom.

這是一條公理。

For most people, skill building is the only thing that counts.

對大多數人來說，技能培養是唯一重要的事情。

They don't know any alternative.

他們不知道還有其他選擇。

If you believe in skill building, all the way that we torture young people in schools makes perfect sense.

如果你相信技能培養，那麼我們在學校折磨年輕人的所有方式都是完全合理的。

All the drills and exercises, all the examinations and all the tests.

所有的操練和演習，所有的考試和測試。

But I don't think it's right.

但我認為這是不對的。

Well, I've caught you up to the past.

好了，我把你趕上了過去。

Let me come to the present now.

讓我回到現在。

In order for comprehensible input to work, the input has to be interesting.

要讓可理解的輸入發揮作用，輸入必須有趣。

People have to pay attention to it.

人們必須關注它。

I think now, I suspect now, that it's not just interesting.

我現在認為，我現在懷疑，這不僅僅是有趣。

The most best input for language acquisition, optimal input is extremely interesting.

語言習得的最佳輸入，最佳輸入極其有趣。

The word I've been using is compelling.

我一直用的詞是 "引人注目"。

Compelling means so interesting that you're not aware of what language it's in.

引人入勝的意思是非常有趣，以至於你不知道它使用的是什麼語言。

It's only the message, only the story that counts.

只有資訊、只有故事才是最重要的。

You're in a state of what Chinsek Mahali calls flow.

你正處於 Chinsek Mahali 所說的 "流動 "狀態。

The world disappears around you.

世界在你身邊消失。

Your sense of self is diminished.

你的自我意識減弱了。

Your sense of time is diminished.

你的時間感減弱了。

Only the book, only the story.

只有書，只有故事。

You're lost in the book.

你迷失在書中了

I want to show you where I got this idea.

我想告訴你我是怎麼想到這個主意的。

Some of it is from a former student of mine, Christy Lau.

其中一些是我以前的學生克里斯蒂-劉（Christy Lau）寫的。

One of the papers we've published on this is about her son.

我們就此發表的一篇論文是關於她兒子的。

In the paper, we call him Paul.

在本文中，我們稱他為保羅。

His real name is Vincent.

他的真名叫文森特。

Let me tell you about Vincent.

我跟你說說文森特吧

Christy lives in the San Francisco area.

克里斯蒂住在舊金山地區。

Both she and her husband and her parents are Cantonese speakers.

她和丈夫以及父母都能說廣東話。

Vincent grew up speaking Cantonese and English.

文森特從小講廣東話和英語。

He's very comfortable in both.

他在這兩方面都遊刃有餘。

When he was a little boy, mommy and daddy had to work real hard.

當他還是個小男孩的時候，爸爸媽媽工作得非常辛苦。

So they had to hire a babysitter every so often.

是以，他們不得不時不時地請個保姆。

The babysitter would come out, turn on the TV to Mandarin cartoons.

保姆會出來，打開電視，播放國語卡通片。

Now as you know, Mandarin and Cantonese are not the same language.

大家都知道，國語和廣東話不是同一種語言。

People think they're dialects of Chinese.

人們認為它們是漢語的方言。

No, they're different languages.

不，它們是不同的語言。

Just as Spanish, Italian, Portuguese are different languages.

就像西班牙語、意大利語和葡萄牙語是不同的語言一樣。

There is some shared vocabulary.

有一些共同的詞彙。

And if you speak Cantonese, you do know a little bit of Mandarin vocabulary.

如果你會說廣東話，你就會知道一些國語詞彙。

It will help you a bit.

它會對你有點幫助。

But it's not enough to make you a speaker of the language.

但這還不足以讓你成為一名語言使用者。

Well, the cartoons were in Mandarin.

這些卡通片是用國語製作的。

But Vincent had Cantonese vocabulary.

但文森特有廣東話詞彙。

That helped a little.

這有點幫助。

The babysitter helped, told him what was going on.

保姆幫了忙，告訴他發生了什麼事。

And the cartoons, I am a big fan of children's cartoons.

還有卡通片，我是兒童卡通片的忠實粉絲。

I think they're wonderful.

我覺得他們很棒。

I still watch SpongeBob.

我還在看《海綿寶寶》。

I think SpongeBob is such a nice guy.

我覺得海綿寶寶是個好人。

And his friend Patrick Star, the model of a friend.

還有他的朋友帕特里克-斯達，朋友的典範。

And Mr. Crab, the Krusty Krab.

還有蟹堡王的螃蟹先生

Mr. Krab kind of bothers me.

蟹老闆讓我有點煩。

You know, the Krusty Krab, the Krabby Patty is their big seller.

蟹堡王蟹黃堡是他們的暢銷產品

And it's made out of crab meat.

而且是用蟹肉做的。

And Mr. Krab is a crab.

蟹先生是一隻螃蟹。

Something is very wrong here.

這裡出了大問題。

Okay.

好的

Anyway, I like...

總之，我喜歡...

Oh, if you'd like to know the best cartoons right now for children, my opinion, I don't know if you ever watched children's cartoons.

哦，如果你想知道現在最適合兒童觀看的卡通片，我的意見是，我不知道你是否看過兒童卡通片。

By far, the best one is something called Regular Show.

到目前為止，最棒的一部是《常規秀》。

Check it.

檢查一下

Anybody, if you've seen it, check it out, okay?

任何人，如果你見過它， 檢查出來，好嗎？

Anyway, so he was watching these wonderful cartoons.

總之，他在看這些精彩的卡通片。

As he got older, he started watching children's shows on TV.

隨著年齡的增長，他開始看電視上的兒童節目。

And they were in Mandarin.

他們說的是國語。

When he was in high school, his dad would bring home two movies every weekend in Mandarin.

他上高中時，父親每個週末都會帶兩部國語電影回家。

In the evenings, the whole family, grandpa, grandma, everybody, would get together and they would watch the news in Mandarin.

晚上，全家人，包括爺爺、奶奶和其他人都會聚在一起，用國語看新聞。

Today, Vincent speaks Mandarin.

如今，文森特會說國語。

When company comes over, guests come over, and they're Mandarin speakers, he has no trouble.

當有公司來訪、有客人來訪時，如果他們會說國語，他就不會有任何問題。

They visited Taiwan, they visited Mandarin-speaking areas of China, they've been to Beijing, Shanghai.

他們訪問了臺灣，訪問了中國講國語的地區，去過北京、上海。

And he has no trouble at all.

他一點問題都沒有。

The important point, Vincent doesn't care about Mandarin, one way or the other.

重要的是，文森特根本不在乎國語。

He never decided, I should learn to speak Putonghua, this is very important, Mandarin, because I am Chinese, it is my heritage, and Hanban says, the cultural agency, we should all learn to speak Mandarin, etc.