His car was an autopilot as he drove through Fontana, California.

當他駕車經過加利福尼亞州豐塔納時，他的汽車就像自動駕駛儀一樣。

At about 2.30 AM, an overturned semi-truck appeared in front of him.

凌晨 2 時 30 分左右，一輛翻倒的半掛卡車出現在他面前。

Moments later, he was killed.

幾分鐘後，他被殺害。

The 35-year-old left behind his wife and two kids.

這位 35 歲的人留下了妻子和兩個孩子。

This crash is one of more than a thousand that Tesla has submitted to federal regulators since 2021, the details of which have been hidden from the public.

自 2021 年以來，特斯拉已向聯邦監管機構提交了上千份事故報告，但其中的細節一直不為公眾所知。

Video and data gathered from these crashes by The Wall Street Journal shows that Tesla's heavy reliance on cameras for its autopilot technology, which differs from the rest of the industry, is putting the public at risk. Tesla's operating an autopilot have been involved in hundreds of crashes across U.S. roads and highways since 2016.

華爾街日報》從這些車禍中收集到的視頻和數據顯示，特斯拉的自動駕駛技術嚴重依賴攝像頭，這與行業內其他公司的自動駕駛技術不同，正將公眾置於危險之中。 自 2016 年以來，特斯拉的自動駕駛汽車在美國公路和高速公路上發生了數百起車禍。

Over the years, Tesla CEO Elon Musk has maintained the technology is safe.

多年來，特斯拉首席執行官埃隆-馬斯克一直堅稱這項技術是安全的。

I do think that long-term, it can reduce accidents by a factor of 10.

我確實認為，從長遠來看，它可以將事故減少 10 倍。

We're solving just a very important part of AI and one that can ultimately save millions of lives and prevent tens of millions of serious injuries.

我們正在解決的只是人工智能的一個非常重要的部分，它最終可以拯救數百萬人的生命，防止數千萬次嚴重傷害。

The safety for a mile is better than the safety for a car.

一英里的安全勝過一輛汽車的安全。

Human driving.

人類駕駛。

Leading expert on autonomous driving, Missy Cummings, who's been critical of Tesla, warned of the risks of semi-autonomous vehicles in 2016.

自動駕駛領域的知名專家米西-卡明斯（Missy Cummings）一直對特斯拉持責備態度，她曾在 2016 年警告過半自動駕駛汽車的風險。

There is no question that someone is going to die in this technology.

毫無疑問，有人會死在這項技術中。

The question is when.

問題是什麼時候。

Cummings has also worked as a safety advisor for the federal regulator, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or NHTSA.

卡明斯還曾擔任聯邦監管機構美國國家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）的安全顧問。

I am besieged with requests from families of people who have been killed in Tesla crashes.

在特斯拉車禍中喪生者的家屬不斷向我提出請求。

It's really tough to explain to them that this is the way the tech was designed.

要向他們解釋技術就是這樣設計的，真的很難。

Since 2021, NHTSA has launched a series of investigations into Autopilot.

自 2021 年以來，NHTSA 對自動駕駛汽車展開了一系列調查。

They've released little information about them and the cars remain on the road.

他們幾乎沒有發佈任何相關資訊，這些汽車仍在路上行駛。

Also in 2021, NHTSA ordered carmakers to report all serious crashes involving semi-autonomous driving systems like Autopilot.

同樣在 2021 年，NHTSA 命令汽車製造商報告所有涉及自動駕駛等半自動駕駛系統的嚴重碰撞事故。

But much of the data Tesla submitted has been hidden from public view because the company considers it proprietary.

但是，特斯拉提交的大部分數據都被隱藏起來，不為公眾所知，因為該公司認為這些數據是專有的。

To unlock it, the journal gathered reports from individual states and matched them with the crash data Tesla submitted to NHTSA and found that longstanding concerns about the Autopilot technology are showing up on America's roads.

為了解開這個謎團，該雜誌收集了各州的報告，並與特斯拉提交給 NHTSA 的碰撞數據進行比對，結果發現，美國道路上出現了對 Autopilot 技術的長期擔憂。

Of the 1,000-plus crashes Tesla submitted so far, the journal pieced together 222 and found that 44 of them occurred when Teslas in Autopilot veered suddenly. 31 occurred when a Tesla in Autopilot failed to stop or yield for an obstacle in front of it.

在特斯拉迄今為止提交的 1000 多起車禍中，該雜誌拼湊了 222 起，發現其中 44 起發生在特斯拉自動駕駛汽車突然轉向時。31起是由於特斯拉在自動駕駛狀態下沒有停車或避讓前方障礙物。

Orlando, Florida.

佛羅里達州奧蘭多

A Model 3 drove into the back of a stopped police car that was attending to a disabled vehicle.

一輛 Model 3 駛入一輛正在處理殘疾車輛的警車後部。

Guadalupe County, Texas.

德克薩斯州瓜達盧佩縣。

A Model 3 plowed through an intersection and off the road.

一輛 Model 3 穿過十字路口，衝出了道路。

These failure-to-stop crashes, like the one that killed Steven Hendrickson, account for the most serious injuries and deaths in the cases the journal unlocked.

在該雜誌公佈的案例中，像造成史蒂文-亨德里克森（Steven Hendrickson）死亡的那起 "停車失敗 "撞車事故造成的傷亡最為嚴重。

I had to hang up the phone and look at both my kids as they're crying, and they're telling me to tell them it's not true, that their dad was in a car accident, and he won't be coming home.

我不得不掛斷電話，看著我的兩個孩子，他們在哭，讓我告訴他們這不是真的，他們的爸爸出車禍了，他不會回家了。

Tesla has said drivers operating in Autopilot need to be ready to take control at all times.

特斯拉表示，駕駛員在使用自動駕駛功能時需要隨時做好控制準備。

They say Steven Hendrickson was warned to keep his hands on the wheel 19 times before he crashed and that his car initiated braking before impact.

他們說，史蒂文-亨德里克森（Steven Hendrickson）在撞車前曾 19 次被警告將手放在方向盤上，而他的車在撞擊前就開始剎車了。

But whether or not a driver is alert, it's important to know how Autopilot performed, and that can only be seen through the large amounts of internal video and data Teslas record.

但是，無論駕駛員是否保持警惕，瞭解自動駕駛汽車的性能都是非常重要的，而這隻能通過特斯拉記錄的大量內部視頻和數據來了解。

The journal obtained video and partial data from the Hendrickson crash and asked experts to analyze it.

該雜誌獲得了亨德里克森車禍的視頻和部分數據，並請專家對其進行了分析。

The kind of things that tend to go wrong with these systems are things like it was not trained on the pictures of an overturned double trailer.

這些系統容易出錯的情況包括：沒有根據翻倒的雙拖車圖片進行培訓。

It just didn't know what it was.

它只是不知道自己是什麼。

There were some lights there, but the lights were in unusual positions.

那裡有一些燈光，但燈光的位置不同尋常。

A person would have clearly said something big is in the middle of the road, but the way machine learning works is it trains it on a bunch of examples, and if it encounters something it doesn't have a bunch of examples for, it may have no idea what's going on.

如果是一個人，他肯定會說路中間有一個大東西，但機器學習的工作方式是用大量的例子來訓練它，如果遇到它沒有大量例子的東西，它可能根本不知道發生了什麼。

Experts say this illustrates a fundamental flaw in the Autopilot technology.

專家稱，這說明自動駕駛技術存在根本性缺陷。

It relies mainly on cameras or computer vision, with radar as a backup in some models.

它主要依靠攝像頭或計算機視覺，在某些型號中還有雷達作為備份。

Other driving assist cars, they have radar, computer vision, and LIDAR, laser ranging, that kind of helps you detect obstacles.

其他輔助駕駛汽車有雷達、計算機視覺和激光雷達（激光測距），可以幫助你探測障礙物。

But the LIDAR is very expensive.

但激光雷達非常昂貴。

Expensive sensors that are unnecessary.

不必要的昂貴傳感器

It's like having a whole bunch of expensive appendices.

這就像有一大堆昂貴的附錄。

Instead, Tesla's camera-based system relies on humans to train it on obstacles it may encounter.

相反，特斯拉基於攝像頭的系統依靠人類對其可能遇到的障礙進行訓練。

Even though people think these cars are learning while they're driving, they're not.

儘管人們認為這些汽車可以在駕駛過程中學習，其實不然。

They're only learning at the rate that the companies are deciding to retrain the algorithms.

它們的學習速度僅與公司決定重新訓練算法的速度相當。

So I'm gonna turn Autopilot on right now.

所以我現在要開啟自動駕駛功能。

I just pull my finger down like that one time.

我就這樣把手指往下拉了一次。

As you can see on the screen, the visualizations have started.

從螢幕上可以看到，可視化已經開始。

John Bernal is a former Tesla employee who was fired in 2022 after posting videos of Autopilot failures.

約翰-貝納爾是特斯拉的一名前員工，他在發佈了自動駕駛汽車故障視頻後於 2022 年被解僱。

Tesla has not commented publicly on his dismissal.

特斯拉沒有就他被解僱一事發表公開評論。

So as we go through this downtown, you'll see a lot of cars being visualized, just kind of on the side of the road being parked.

是以，當我們穿過市中心時，你會看到很多汽車被可視化，就像停在路邊一樣。

You'll see pedestrians walking the sidewalk.

你會看到行人走在人行道上。

I originally started at Tesla in August 2020 as a data annotation specialist.

我最初於 2020 年 8 月加入特斯拉，擔任數據註釋專家。

That role primarily relied on me taking image data and labeling it to train the technology on what a car was, what a pedestrian was, maybe an animal, a lane line, or what a red light was.

這個角色主要依靠我獲取影像數據並對其進行標註，從而訓練技術，讓它知道什麼是汽車、什麼是行人，也許還有動物、車道線，或者什麼是紅燈。

That way, with this image data training, the vehicle would then know how to operate in a real-world situation when that data came through the cameras and through the car's computer.

這樣，有了這些影像數據的訓練，當這些數據通過攝像頭和汽車電腦傳到汽車上時，汽車就會知道如何在實際情況下操作。

The car has eight cameras, specifically three right here in the front.

這輛車有八個攝像頭，尤其是前方的三個。

And so as that truck just went across us, it's actually going through the plane of multiple different cameras.

是以，當那輛卡車穿過我們時，它實際上正穿過多個不同攝像頭的平面。

And one camera, it may have looked perfectly on the ground and centered, but another camera, it could have been six feet ahead or six feet behind or maybe five feet floating in the air.

一臺攝影機可能看起來完全在地面上，居中拍攝，但另一臺攝影機可能在前方 6 英尺或後方 6 英尺處，也可能在空中漂浮 5 英尺。

And those are things I've noticed while labeling these image clips, is that these cameras are not calibrated properly.

我在標註這些影像片段時注意到，這些相機的校準並不正確。

And so what looks true in one camera will not be true in another camera.

是以，在一臺照相機上看起來真實的東西，在另一臺照相機上就不真實了。

If the cameras aren't seeing the same thing, they can encounter significant challenges identifying obstacles.

如果攝影機看到的東西不一樣，它們在識別障礙物時就會遇到很大的困難。

We can see this in an autopilot crash similar to Steven Hendrickson's near Los Angeles in 2021.

我們可以從 2021 年史蒂文-亨德里克森（Steven Hendrickson）在洛杉磯附近發生的類似自動駕駛車禍中看到這一點。

The Journal obtained a rare set of raw data for the Tesla in this crash from an anonymous hacker.

本刊從一位匿名黑客那裡獲得了這起車禍中特斯拉汽車的一組罕見的原始數據。

When a crashed pickup truck becomes visible on the road, one of the car's cameras sees it, but the other doesn't.

當路上出現一輛撞毀的皮卡車時，汽車上的一個攝像頭能看到它，但另一個攝像頭卻看不到。

Then, as the obstacle gets closer, the Tesla doesn't recognize it, and it crashes at full speed.

然後，隨著障礙物越來越近，特斯拉無法識別它，於是全速撞了上去。

Getting this degree of information off a Tesla after it crashes is nearly impossible for the average driver.

對於普通駕駛員來說，在特斯拉發生碰撞後從它身上獲取這種程度的資訊幾乎是不可能的。

Tesla says they provide drivers with hundreds of data points with granularity down to the millisecond in a user-friendly format.

特斯拉表示，它們以用戶友好的格式為駕駛員提供了數百個數據點，粒度精確到毫秒級。

But that information doesn't show the exact decisions Autopilot made.

但這些資訊並不能顯示自動駕駛汽車做出的確切決定。

Those details need to be extracted from the car's internal computer.

這些詳細信息需要從汽車內部電腦中提取。

A Tesla's pretty much a computer on wheels.

特斯拉幾乎就是一臺裝在輪子上的電腦。

I work on salvage Teslas, usually in accidents, wrecks.

我負責特斯拉的搶救工作，通常是在事故或殘骸中。

I've seen a lot of videos where it's captured a lot of the drivers being reckless, and I've seen videos where it gives you that question mark of, like, how did that happen?

我看過很多視頻，拍到了很多司機魯莽行事的畫面，也看過一些視頻，讓人不禁要問，這是怎麼發生的？

And it makes you curious, like, was it the driver or was it the Autopilot?

這讓你很好奇，是駕駛員的問題還是自動駕駛儀的問題？

The video only tells part of the story.

視頻只講述了故事的一部分。

The data on the car's computer gives a fuller picture.

汽車電腦上的數據可以提供更全面的資訊。

The computers, they all report data and link to Tesla mothership.

電腦都會報告數據，並與特斯拉母艦連接。

And we have the computer off.

電腦也關了

Diaz sends Autopilot computers he doesn't need across the country to a hacker who then extracts the information.

迪亞茲將他不需要的自動駕駛電腦發送到全國各地的黑客手中，然後由黑客提取資訊。

Janelle Hendrickson has not been able to get data from her husband's car.

Janelle Hendrickson 無法從其丈夫的汽車中獲取數據。

Her lawyers requested it over a year ago.

她的律師一年多前就提出了請求。

Tesla says they're in the process of gathering it.

特斯拉表示，他們正在收集這些資訊。

It's actually been really difficult to get any information about this.

事實上，我們很難獲得任何相關資訊。

We know that Tesla themselves has all the video and all the information, but they will not share it.

我們知道特斯拉自己擁有所有的視頻和資訊，但他們不會分享。

One thing that's not reflected in the car's data is the driver's confidence in the technology.

汽車數據中沒有反映的一點是駕駛員對技術的信心。

He trusted that Autopilot, obviously, with his life.

顯然，他把自己的生命託付給了自動駕駛儀。

He trusted it with my kids' lives.

他把我孩子的生命託付給了它。

He said that it let him be a little bit less worried when he was driving so much.

他說，當他經常開車時，這讓他不那麼擔心。

He'd leave about 3 a.m. to get to work by 6 all over SoCal.

他凌晨 3 點左右出發，6 點前趕到南加州各地工作。

If the cars do a pretty good job, not perfect, but pretty good, we develop a false sense of trust in them.

如果汽車做得很好，雖然不完美，但也不錯，我們就會對它們產生一種錯誤的信任感。

And this overconfidence is, it's both coming from the lovers of the tech, but it's also coming from the top down.

這種過度自信既來自技術愛好者，也來自自上而下。

A Model S and Model X, at this point, can drive autonomously with greater safety than a person.

在這一點上，Model S 和 Model X 可以比人更安全地自動駕駛。

We've gone over this multiple times, like, are we sure we have the right sensor suite?

我們已經多次討論過這個問題，比如，我們確定我們有正確的傳感器套件嗎？

Should we add anything more?

還需要補充什麼嗎？

No.

不

The car currently drives me around Austin most of the time with no interventions.

目前，這輛車大部分時間都在奧斯汀附近載著我，沒有任何干預。

The Department of Justice is investigating Tesla for its marketing of Autopilot.

美國司法部正在調查特斯拉對自動駕駛汽車的營銷。

Tesla disputes claims they misled the public about the car's capabilities.

特斯拉對他們在汽車性能方面誤導公眾的說法提出質疑。

Janelle Hendrickson's case against Tesla is set to go to trial in 2025.

Janelle Hendrickson 起訴特斯拉的案件將於 2025 年開庭審理。

People are still gonna buy Tesla.

人們還是會買特斯拉。

They're still gonna support Elon Musk.

他們還是會支持埃隆-馬斯克。

Doesn't matter how many accidents there are.

有多少事故並不重要。

But at least understand your car and understand your car's capability before you just put your entire life behind that.

但至少要了解你的車，瞭解你的車的性能，然後再把你的一生都投入到它的背後。

Computer vision is such a deeply flawed technology.

計算機視覺是一項漏洞百出的技術。

And we're not doing enough to determine how to fix its gaps and how to make it recognize objects.

而我們在確定如何彌補它的缺陷以及如何讓它識別物體方面做得還不夠。

I look into my crystal ball.

我看著我的水晶球。

You know, what do I see coming?

你知道，我看到了什麼？

I see that having the car do most of the driving for you and requiring you to pay attention to make sure nothing bad happens.

在我看來，讓汽車替你完成大部分駕駛任務，並要求你集中注意力，確保不出任何差錯。

I don't think this is going to be a long-term technology that we're gonna keep in the cars.

我不認為這將是一項長期技術，我們會把它保留在汽車上。