Conformity.

符合標準。

We thrive on our ability to work together as a community and depend on one another, using our individual strengths to fill in for someone's weaknesses and vice versa.

我們茁壯成長的基礎是，我們能夠作為一個集體共同努力，相互依賴，用我們的個人優勢來彌補別人的不足，反之亦然。

However, what we don't often realize is our ability to conform is extraordinary.

然而，我們往往沒有意識到的是，我們的順應能力是非凡的。

How extraordinary?

有多特別？

Well, a popular study by Stanley Milgram revealed that conformity can take place in life or death situations.

斯坦利-米爾格拉姆（Stanley Milgram）所做的一項廣受歡迎的研究表明，在生死攸關的情況下，順從也會發生。

Participants were ordered to shock another participant with varying degrees of voltage, one of them being fatal.

參賽者被命令用不同程度的電壓電擊另一名參賽者，其中一次是致命的。

Of course, the person being shocked was only pretending, though the one delivering the charge didn't know that.

當然，被電擊的人只是裝出來的，儘管發出電擊的人並不知道這一點。

When ordered by an authority figure to shock the participant, 60% of them would follow their commands to the point that they would deliver the fatal shock.

當權威人士命令電擊受試者時，60% 的受試者會聽從命令，以至於電擊致命。

Another famous experiment called the Ash Conformity Experiment found that in a classroom setting, when presented with a question, students tended to agree with their peers even if the answer contradicts their experience.

另一個名為 "灰燼一致性實驗 "的著名實驗發現，在課堂環境中，當學生遇到一個問題時，即使答案與他們的經驗相悖，他們也會傾向於同意同伴的觀點。

They did this by presenting lines on a board and asking each student which one was longer.

他們的做法是在黑板上畫出幾條線，然後問每個學生哪條線更長。

There was one participant along with actors that would give clearly wrong answers.

有一位參賽者和演員的答案明顯錯誤。

Going around the room, each actor student gave their wrong answer.

在教室裡轉了一圈，每個演員學生都說出了自己的錯誤答案。

When it came to the actual participant, more often than not, they would give the same answer as their incorrect peers.

到了實際參與者那裡，他們往往會給出與錯誤同伴相同的答案。

Have you been guilty of going with the crowd?

你是否有過隨波逐流的經歷？

Confirmation bias.

確認偏差。

We like to think that we are correct.

我們喜歡認為自己是正確的。

It feels good when you're trying to argue a point with someone and pull up a piece of information that proves you right.

當你想和別人爭論一個觀點時，調出一條資訊證明你是對的，這種感覺很好。

However, you may not actually be seeing the whole picture here.

然而，你可能並沒有看到事情的全貌。

Confirmation bias, according to Simply Psychology, is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms their existing beliefs or hypotheses.

根據《簡單心理學》的解釋，確認偏差是指人們傾向於選擇能夠證實其現有信念或假設的資訊。

This means that people tend to look for information to prove themselves right versus finding evidence that they're wrong.

這意味著人們傾向於尋找資訊來證明自己是對的，而不是尋找證據來證明自己是錯的。

You may find that when having a political discussion with someone, they get their information from people that agree with them versus reading about people that disagree with their point of view.

你可能會發現，在與他人進行政治討論時，他們會從與自己觀點一致的人那裡獲取信息，而不是閱讀與自己觀點相左的人的文章。

We've all been there.

我們都經歷過。

Shorter is better.

越短越好。

Ever wonder why things like newspapers use narrower columns?

有沒有想過為什麼報紙等刊物使用較窄的欄目？

You might think it's because it will help you read faster.

你可能會認為這是因為它能幫助你加快閱讀速度。

Research published by MC Dyson in 2004 on typography would show that many people agree with you.

MC Dyson 於 2004 年發表的關於排版的研究表明，很多人都同意你的觀點。

However, that's incorrect.

然而，這是不正確的。

The same research suggests that actually this slows your reading pace down.

同樣的研究表明，這實際上會減慢你的閱讀速度。

Yet most people agree that they would prefer to read narrower columns.

然而，大多數人都認為，他們更喜歡閱讀較窄的欄目。

Why is this?

為什麼會這樣？

An article from ClickFocus, a company that specializes in web development and design, explains that this is likely because smaller columns make your content look more bite-sized, therefore making it easier to navigate.

專門從事網站開發和設計的公司 ClickFocus 發表的一篇文章解釋說，這可能是因為較小的欄目使內容看起來更小巧，是以更容易瀏覽。

So if you're a web designer yourself, what's the magic number?

那麼，如果你自己就是一名網頁設計師，神奇的數字是多少呢？

ClickFocus suggests between 40 to 100 characters per line, keeping in mind that the more characters you add, the faster the readability will be.

ClickFocus 建議每行寫 40 到 100 個字符，因為添加的字元越多，閱讀速度就越快。

Coffee cups?

咖啡杯？

We have an experiment for you to try.

我們有一個實驗供您嘗試。

Pause the video and draw your interpretation of a coffee cup.

暫停視頻，畫出你對咖啡杯的理解。

Now that you're done, does it look something like this?

現在你完成了，是不是看起來像這樣？

This is called the canonical perspective and was the focus for researchers Palmer, Roche, and Chase.

這就是所謂的經典視角，也是研究人員帕爾默、羅氏和切斯的研究重點。

They found that when asking people to draw a coffee cup or any small object, the participants drew the object as if you were viewing them on a countertop.

他們發現，當要求人們畫一個咖啡杯或任何小物體時，參與者畫出的物體就像你在臺面上觀看它們一樣。

An article from medium.com interprets this particular angle as giving you the most visual information.

medium.com 上的一篇文章認為，這種特殊的角度能為你提供最直觀的資訊。

You're able to see the most out of the depth, form, and shape of the object from this slightly elevated angle.

從這個略微抬高的角度，你可以看到物體的深度、形態和形狀。

They also found this with other objects as well.

他們在其他物體上也發現了這種情況。

It turns out we wanna give the most information possible to our audience and we'll reflect that in our work.

事實證明，我們希望為閱聽人提供儘可能多的資訊，並將其反映在我們的作品中。

Classic conditioning.

經典調節

If you've ever trained a pet, you likely engaged in classical conditioning.

如果你曾經訓練過寵物，那麼你很可能使用了經典條件反射。

This concept deals with using small stimuli to encourage or discourage a behavior.

這一概念涉及使用微小的刺激來鼓勵或阻止某種行為。

For example, if you're training a dog to shake a paw, you'll likely give them a treat every time they do it correctly.

例如，如果您正在訓練一隻狗搖爪子，您可能會在它們每次正確搖爪子時給它們食物。

Pretty soon, every time you get near the treats, you'll find them eager to shake your hand.

很快，每當你靠近這些食物時，你就會發現它們會迫不及待地與你握手。

Technically, shaking your hand won't magically produce a treat, but because you give them one for doing it, they know that if they wanna be rewarded, they will shake your hand.

從技術上講，握你的手並不會神奇地給你帶來獎賞，但因為你給了它們獎賞，所以它們知道，如果它們想得到獎賞，就必須握你的手。

Humans are not too far off from dogs in this regard as we use classical conditioning in all sorts of scenarios, but sometimes it happens unexpectedly.

人類在這方面與狗相差無幾，因為我們在各種情況下都會使用經典條件反射，但有時這種情況會出乎意料。

A very well-mined article gives us an example.

一篇很有深度的文章為我們提供了一個例子。

They explained that hypothetically, if you didn't pay close attention to dogs, but then all of a sudden were bit by one and then were afraid of them afterward, that would be a conditioned response.

他們解釋說，假設你不太注意狗，但突然被狗咬了一口，之後又害怕它們，這就是一種條件反射。

You would have a fear response every time you saw a dog because you associate them with that memory.

每次看到狗，你都會產生恐懼反應，因為你會把它們與那段記憶聯繫在一起。

We are a product of our environment.

我們是環境的產物。

This may be an odd question, but what's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of being in prison?

這可能是個奇怪的問題，但當你想到在監獄裡，你首先想到的是什麼？

You probably think of an intimidating environment where you're being completely controlled by authoritative figures.

你可能會想到一個令人生畏的環境，在那裡你被權威人士完全控制。

But why is this?

這是為什麼呢？

Do prison workers simply have a certain personality to do what they do?

難道監獄工作人員只是有某種性格才去做他們的工作嗎？

After all, many of us would feel uncomfortable having that kind of control over people.

畢竟，我們中的許多人都會對擁有這種控制權感到不舒服。

This is what the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment hoped to shed light on.

這就是臭名昭著的斯坦福監獄實驗希望揭示的問題。

They collected a group of participants, surveying them to limit those who may be more prone to aggression so they wouldn't get people prone to violence to participate and assigned people into groups of prisoners and guards.

他們收集了一批參與者，對他們進行了調查，以限制那些可能更容易產生攻擊行為的人，從而避免讓那些容易產生暴力傾向的人参與進來，並將人們抽成囚犯組和獄警組。

The guards were then told to do what it takes to maintain order in their imaginary prison.

然後，獄警們被要求不惜一切代價維持想象中監獄的秩序。

Ultimately, this simulation had many parallels with reality.

最終，這種模擬與現實有許多相似之處。

What they found was that many of the guards took full advantage of their authority and would routinely harass and abuse their prisoners into submission.

他們發現，許多看守充分利用自己的權力，經常騷擾和虐待囚犯，迫使他們屈服。

The experiment is controversial, but the findings suggest that the events that took place were situational and not innate, meaning people act in accordance with their environment and to keep order.

該實驗雖有爭議，但研究結果表明，所發生的事件是情境性的，而非先天性的，這意味著人們會根據環境和維持秩序的需要採取行動。

If you were put in this situation, you may find your actions may be different from what you believe.

如果把你放在這種情況下，你可能會發現你的行為可能與你所相信的不同。

While we like to think that we're built differently, there are many ways that we're stuck with the same nature as everyone else.

雖然我們喜歡認為自己與眾不同，但在很多方面，我們和其他人一樣，都有著相同的天性。

Perhaps you can think of different ways that these points show up in your life.

也許你能想到這些要點在你生活中出現的不同方式。

Let us know about them in the comments.

請在評論中告訴我們。

Thank you for tuning in.

感謝您的收聽。

Please give the video a like and share it with someone you think will find it interesting.

請為這段視頻點贊，並與您認為感興趣的人分享。

Remember to subscribe to Psych2Go to keep up with our content.

記得訂閱 Psych2Go，以便及時瞭解我們的內容。

Take care.

保重。