My name is Thomas Galgani, and I used to teach Russian to U.S. military linguists.

我叫托馬斯-加爾加尼（Thomas Galgani），曾為美軍語言學家教授俄語。

I personally learned the language as an adult and was eventually recruited to help instruct.

我本人在成年後學習了這門語言，並最終受聘幫助指導工作。

In this video, I'm going to go over 10 actionable tips to help improve your fluency in your foreign language of study.

在本視頻中，我將介紹 10 個實用技巧，幫助您提高外語學習的流利程度。

These aren't just things that I did in the early stages of learning Russian.

這些不僅僅是我在俄語學習初期所做的事情。

A lot of them I still practice, by the way, but they're also what we would ask of students.

順便說一句，其中很多我現在還在練習，但它們也是我們對學生的要求。

It's very important to determine what it means to speak fluently.

確定流利口語的含義非常重要。

Starting now, always send voice messages in place of written texts.

從現在開始，請務必發送語音資訊，而不是書面簡訊。

Hopefully, you have at least one speaker of your target language who doesn't mind you texting them.

希望至少有一位會說目標語言的人不介意你給他們發短信。

But even if you don't, these can be just voice memos to yourself, like I'm doing right now.

但即使你不這樣做，這些也可以是給自己的語音備忘錄，就像我現在做的一樣。

You also have these to review and practice.

您還可以利用這些內容進行復習和練習。

We'll get into more of that later.

我們稍後會詳細介紹。

And you might be thinking, well, come on, man, I don't text that much.

你可能會想，拜託，我又沒發那麼多簡訊。

How is that going to make a big difference?

這怎麼會有大的不同呢？

Trust me, even if it's just a few of these throughout the day or little moments, it adds up a lot over time.

相信我，哪怕只是一天中的幾個這樣的小瞬間，日積月累也會有很大的收穫。

And even if it's somebody that you're going to be texting in English or whatever your native language is, think to yourself, can I communicate this in my target language?

即使是你要用英語或母語發短信的人，你也要想一想，我能用我的目標語言交流嗎？

If you can, you can even say it to yourself, record it in your notes, just really get in the habit of every basic day-to-day communication that you have to do.

如果可以的話，你甚至可以自言自語，記錄在筆記中，真正養成日常交流的習慣。

Ask yourself, can I communicate this in the target language?

捫心自問，我能用目標語言進行交流嗎？

And then just go with it.

然後順其自然。

Don't worry about making mistakes with these.

不用擔心這些會出錯。

Just get the reps in.

多做幾次就好了。

Because a lot of times what happens is people will pause so long and they worry about what they're going to say, and then it ends up being wrong anyways.

因為很多時候，人們會停頓很久，擔心自己要說什麼，結果無論如何都是錯的。

The reality is you just have to get more practice and just get in the habit of just letting it fly.

現實情況是，你必須多加練習，養成隨心所欲的習慣。

Don't worry about being self-conscious.

不用擔心會自卑。

Try to not be self-conscious.

儘量不要有自我意識。

The more you get in the habit of just letting it fly, the better it's going to come.

你越是養成讓它飛的習慣，它就越能飛起來。

Next, I want you to practice telling a real life story.

接下來，我要你們練習講一個真實的故事。

This has to be a story that you are personally affected by.

這必須是一個對你有切身影響的故事。

I'd like you to write it out the way that you would say it.

我希望你按照自己的方式寫出來。

This isn't a writing exercise.

這不是寫作練習。

You want to write it out so that you can kind of analyze it and perfect it.

你想把它寫出來，這樣你就可以對它進行分析，使它更加完美。

Have it be checked by a speaker and really take your time.

請揚聲器檢查一下，不要著急。

Make sure that you master this part.

確保掌握這部分內容。

It's impossible to master a whole language, but you can master sections of it.

要掌握一門完整的語言是不可能的，但你可以掌握其中的某些部分。

Really take a step back and have multiple variations to your story.

真正退一步，讓你的故事有多種變化。

Three to four different variations, ways of saying things.

三到四種不同的變化和說法。

I would say one story per month.

我想說的是，每月一個故事。

Master that.

掌握這一點。

If you're really getting advanced and you want to be more technical about it, you can start off with one story in the past tense and then check off each tense.

如果你的水準真的很高，想要更專業一些，你可以先用過去時來寫一個故事，然後勾選每種時態。

Then one in the present tense, perhaps something that you do habitually every weekend, for example, and then in the future tense, for example, what are your plans for the next set of holidays?

然後是現在時，例如您每個週末都會做的習慣性事情，然後是將來時，例如您下一輪假期的計劃是什麼？

Just think about it.

你想想看

If you did 12 throughout the year, one per month, that's a lot of different stories that you have in your back pocket that you're going to have mastered.

如果你全年做了 12 個，每個月一個，那你就掌握了很多不同的故事。

Get those variations down.

把這些變化記下來。

Really take your time to master this section.

慢慢掌握這部分內容。

Reactions, stresses, intonations, and reactions.

反應、重音、語調和反應。

To start, whenever you write, always make sure that you're writing the correct stresses in words, at the very least, to ensure that you know where they're supposed to be.

首先，無論何時寫作，都要確保寫出正確的單詞重音，至少要確保自己知道重音應該在哪裡。

We'll take two words in Russian to start, for example, that are both spelled the exact same way.

我們以俄語中的兩個單詞為例，這兩個單詞的拼寫完全相同。

Besat and beset.

Besat and beset.

Besat is to write, and if you take the same word with the same exact spelling, but a different stress, beset, then that means to urinate.

Besat 是 "書寫 "的意思，而如果用拼寫完全相同但重音不同的單詞 "beset "來表示 "小便 "的意思。

So you can tell using the correct stresses influence how well you're going to be understood, how accurate things are with your fluency.

是以，您可以知道使用正確的重音會影響您的理解程度，以及您的流利程度。

And when I talk about intonations and reactions, that also has to do with how well are you playing off of other people with the intonation.

而當我談到音調和反應時，這也與你是否能很好地利用別人的音調來演奏有關。

If you have a question, is it supposed to rise at the end?

如果您有問題，最後是否應該上升？

Or if it's a statement, make sure that it's dropping.

如果是聲明，則要確保它有落差。

Sometimes these things can vary depending on the language that you're speaking.

有時，這些東西會因語言的不同而有所差異。

So study these and really pay close attention with how people are reacting to other phrases.

是以，請研究這些短語，並密切關注人們對其他短語的反應。

If you take an English expression, for example, when somebody is reacting to something that's surprising, they say, oh, no way.

如果你用英語來表達，比如，當有人對一件令人驚訝的事情做出反應時，他們會說，哦，不可能。

Well, that's not a literal expression.

這可不是字面意思。

They're not saying, no way, that's impossible.

他們不是說，不可能，這是不可能的。

That's a reaction.

這是一種反應。

So master those little things.

所以，要掌握這些小事。

We're kind of getting into the area of accuracy here.

在這裡，我們有點進入準確性領域了。

But if you really kind of learn these a lot better, then you'll be more fluent.

但如果你真的把這些學得很好，那麼你就會更流利。

Tip number four is to keep a daily vlog.

祕訣四是堅持每天寫博客。

Vlog with a V.

Vlog with a V.

We don't have to get crazy.

我們不必變得瘋狂。

We're talking just two to three sentences a day.

我們說的是每天兩到三句話。

And it can be about anything that's going on in your life or that's on your mind.

內容可以是你生活中發生的任何事情，也可以是你的心事。

It could be, you know, that you just had a coffee break like I just had where you're in your kitchen and you just say something about it.

也可能是，你剛喝過咖啡，就像我剛喝過咖啡一樣，你在廚房裡說了些什麼。

If you happen to be going through something, if something happens that makes you sad or happy, capitalize on that.

如果你碰巧經歷了什麼，如果發生了什麼讓你悲傷或高興的事，那就好好利用這一點。

Capitalize on the emotion.

利用情感。

A lot of times during our language learning journey, you know, people will have something happen to them in their lives.

在我們學習語言的過程中，很多時候，人們會在生活中遇到一些事情。

And that makes them kind of want to slow down on the language learning side.

這讓他們想放慢語言學習的腳步。

But I always say that's when you want to dive in because neuroplasticity is great at any age, but the brain only remembers things or learns new things when it has to.

但我總是說，這正是你想深入學習的時候，因為神經可塑性在任何年齡段都很好，但大腦只有在必要時才會記住東西或學習新東西。

So if you can attach those memorable times, anything like embarrassment, anger, happiness, or excitement to these new grammatical structures, new words that you're learning, it's going to stick a lot better.

是以，如果你能把這些難忘的時光，比如尷尬、憤怒、快樂或興奮等，與你正在學習的新語法結構、新單詞聯繫起來，那麼它就會更好地粘住你。

This is good coffee.

這才是好咖啡。

The next step is to record and compare snippets.

下一步是記錄和比較片段。

These could be short expressions that are just a few words.

這些可以是短短几個字的簡短表達。

And you want to take a recording of yourself saying something and then have a recording of the same thing from a native speaker.

你要錄製一段自己說話的錄音，然後再錄製一段母語人士說話的錄音。

Then listen to both of them and see how they're different.

然後聽一聽這兩首歌，看看它們有什麼不同。

How can you get yours as close to the correct form as possible?

如何讓你的表格儘可能接近正確的形式？

Don't worry so much about accents.

不要太在意口音。

I still speak Russian with an American accent.

我說俄語時還帶著美國口音。

Just worry about the correct forms and then ask your instructor or, you know, the native speaker that you're in contact with.

你只需擔心形式是否正確，然後詢問你的老師或你所接觸的母語人士。

Ask them, what is it about what I'm saying that makes it inaccurate?

問他們，是什麼原因導致我說的話不準確？

So worry about more of with like how something sounds as far as being able to be understood.

是以，更多的是要考慮聽起來是否能讓人理解。

Being understood is much more important than sounding like a native speaker because a lot of times that's much farther off and you're probably going to have an accent.

被人理解比聽起來像母語使用者重要得多，因為很多時候這離母語使用者要遠得多，而且你可能會有口音。

Record and compare.

記錄並比較。

Take your time with these and analyze what are the differences.

慢慢來，分析它們的不同之處。

As often as possible, study physicalities.

儘可能多地研究實物。

And the last tip we talked about recording and comparing what you say with how it sounds from a native speaker.

最後一個小技巧是錄音，並將您說的話與母語人士的發音進行比較。

And now is your chance to really ask yourself, why does it sound different when a native speaker says this thing?

現在你有機會問問自己，為什麼母語人士說這句話時聽起來會不一樣？

Physically, what are they doing to make those sounds?

在物理上，它們是如何發出這些聲音的？

So if you're in person or even virtually talking to somebody through a screen, make sure that you study those things.

是以，如果你與人交談，甚至通過螢幕與人虛擬交談，一定要研究這些東西。

Look at their mouth and their tongue.

看看他們的嘴和舌頭。

You don't have to be weird about it, but recognize that they are physically doing things differently.

你不必對此感到奇怪，但要認識到他們在身體上做事情的方式是不同的。

Our mouths, you know, rest differently.

我們的嘴，你知道，休息的方式不同。

I'll never forget from a speaking coach, speech coach that I had.

我永遠不會忘記我的一位演講教練。

I learned that a native Russian speaker's tongue rests differently than that of a native English speaker, even without talking.

我瞭解到，即使不說話，以俄語為母語的人與以英語為母語的人的舌頭休息方式也不同。

For example, supposedly, I want to look up more research on this, but supposedly the tongue of a native Russian speaker will rest up against the back of the teeth, whereas native English speakers tongues are more flat.

例如，據說，我想對此進行更多的研究，但據說以俄語為母語的人的舌頭會緊貼牙齒背面，而以英語為母語的人的舌頭則比較平。

And if you start to think about physically, what are they doing to make those sounds differently?

如果你開始從物理角度思考，他們是如何以不同的方式發出這些聲音的？

And we also even, this also even gets into body language when people are communicating, you know, how are they carrying themselves differently than you would when you're trying to speak?

當人們交流時，我們甚至也會涉及到肢體語言，你知道，他們的舉止與你說話時有何不同？

And believe it or not, that will help you be more fluid if you start to pay attention to the physicalities.

信不信由你，如果你開始關注身體的變化，這將幫助你變得更加流暢。

When implementing all these tips that I'm sharing with you, it will eventually fall on deaf ears if you have deaf ears.

在實施我與您分享的所有這些建議時，如果您的耳朵是聾的，那麼這些建議最終也會變成聾子的耳朵。

One of my favorite books on communication is Just Listen by Mark Houlston.

我最喜歡的一本關於溝通的書是馬克-霍爾斯頓（Mark Houlston）寫的《只管傾聽》（Just Listen）。

On communication in general, this is an amazing book.

就一般交流而言，這是一本了不起的書。

You're definitely going to want to pick this up.

你一定會想要買下它。

Listen to what other people are saying so that when you respond as eloquently as possible, it matters, it makes sense.

傾聽別人的發言，這樣當你儘可能滔滔不絕地做出迴應時，才會有意義、有道理。

It's not going to matter if it's obvious that you're not listening to what people are saying to you.

如果你明顯聽不進別人對你說的話，那也無濟於事。

This goes for improving your listening skills overall by reading books like Just Listen.

通過閱讀《Just Listen》等書籍，也能全面提高聽力技能。

And it also of course matters to improve your listening proficiency in the target language.

當然，提高目標語言的聽力水準也很重要。

So a quick tip as far as that goes is to play the target language in the background as often as possible so that your brain will have more data to pull from as far as how the sounds are made, the flow of the words and the sentence structures.

是以，一個簡單的小竅門就是儘可能多地在背景音樂中播放目標語言，這樣你的大腦就會有更多的數據來了解發音、語流和句子結構。

Even if you're just doing something like doing the dishes or making coffee like I like to do, always have it playing on in the background.

即使你像我一樣只是在洗碗或煮咖啡，也要始終播放背景音樂。

If you go for a walk and you're listening to a podcast or the news, you don't have to understand everything.

如果你去散步，聽播客或新聞，你不必什麼都聽懂。

A good rule of thumb by the way is to be able to understand about 50% of something.

順便說一句，一個好的經驗法則是能夠理解事物的 50% 左右。

So gauge your difficulty level, the material based on that.

是以，要根據這一點來衡量你的難度和材料。

About 50% is the goal.

目標是 50%左右。

And just hearing it as often as possible will make a huge difference in a pretty short amount of time.

只要儘可能多地聽到它，就會在很短的時間內產生巨大的變化。

Improve your speaking ability in your native language.

提高母語口語能力。

Now I say this because I've noticed that the students and people, language learners overall who are usually the most fluent in the target language are often more outgoing and they're more comfortable in their own skin.

我之所以這麼說，是因為我注意到，通常那些目標語言最流利的學生和人，也就是語言學習者，通常都比較外向，也比較自在。

So try to eliminate ums, cut down longer than necessary pauses.

是以，要儘量消除 "嗯"，減少不必要的停頓。

And to do this, you can start a podcast, you can start a YouTube channel, practice talking to camera and every interaction that you have with anybody, no matter what the language is, take that as an opportunity to present yourself confidently and to speak with conviction.

要做到這一點，你可以開一個播客，可以開一個 YouTube 頻道，練習對著鏡頭說話，練習與任何人的每一次互動，不管對方說的是什麼語言，都要把這當作一個機會，自信地展示自己，堅定地說話。

That way when you're switching into the target language, you'll already be in the habit of communicating that way.

這樣，當你轉換到目標語言時，你就已經養成了用這種方式交流的習慣。

You could even try joining something like Toastmasters.

您甚至可以嘗試加入演講會之類的組織。

I personally haven't tried that but I've heard great things about it and I know it makes people a lot more comfortable speaking in front of people.

我個人還沒有試過，但我聽說過很多關於它的事情，我知道它能讓人們在人前講話時更加自如。

Tip number nine to improve your fluency fast is to listen to more music in the target language.

快速提高流利程度的祕訣九是多聽目標語言的音樂。

Capitalize on the melodies, use the melodies to your advantage and memorize things.

充分利用旋律，發揮旋律的優勢，並熟記於心。

We'll take English for example, there's a song by the Backstreet Boys, I believe it's called The Call.

我們以英語為例，后街男孩（Backstreet Boys）有一首歌，我想它叫 "The Call"。

I've had it stuck in my head.

這首歌一直在我腦海中揮之不去。

There's a line in there, then it goes, I will be late, don't stay up and wait for me.

裡面排著隊，然後說：我要遲到了，不要熬夜等我。

If we look at that line from an outside perspective, it's actually kind of grammatically complex.

如果我們從外部視角來看這句話，它的文法其實有點複雜。

I can't play the song by the way because of copyright but if English was not your first language, that could be kind of confusing.

順便說一下，由於版權問題，我不能播放這首歌，但如果英語不是你的母語，那可能會有點令人困惑。

But knowing the melody, that could make it stick that much faster and also know the pronunciation, the proper pronunciation of things.

但是，瞭解旋律能讓你更快地記住它，而且還能知道發音，正確的發音。

So listen to more songs in your target language, memorize more melodies, things that are catchy to you and you'll become more fluent.

是以，多聽目標語言的歌曲，多記旋律和朗朗上口的東西，你就會變得更加流利。

Okay, now the 10th and final tip is tongue twisters.

好了，第十個也是最後一個小貼士是繞口令。

Look up tongue twisters in your target language and this is going to be an amazing exercise for you to improve your speed and pronunciation of these different sounds, phrases.

用您的目標語言查找繞口令，這對您來說將是一個非常好的練習，可以提高您對這些不同聲音和短語的速度和發音。

Again, don't worry about mistakes too much because there's not too much grammatical accuracy with or even a point to these tongue twisters but you will get so much better at pronouncing these different sounds and really exercising the speed so that when you get into saying complete sentences or just basic phrases in the target language, it's going to come that much more easily to you.

再次強調，不要太擔心錯誤，因為這些繞口令並沒有太多文法準確性，甚至沒有什麼意義，但你會在發音和真正鍛鍊語速方面有很大的進步，這樣當你用目標語言說完整的句子或基本短語時，就會輕鬆得多。

If you made it to the end of this video, leave a comment that starts with Backstreet Boys so that I can see you.

如果你看完了這段視頻，請留下以 "后街男孩 "開頭的評論，這樣我就能看到你了。

And to all of you, thank you so much for watching and we'll see you in the next video.

感謝大家的收看，我們下期視頻再見。