Very cheap, very easy to produce and a very effective tool.

非常便宜，非常容易製作，是非常有效的工具。

So Jason's going to set it up in a minute.

傑森馬上就會設置好。

He's got his fuel in there.

他的燃料在裡面

So you can see he's got his fuel in the corner there.

所以你可以看到他把燃料放在角落裡。

And I think he's got some little pellets in there to help keep the fire going.

我想他還在裡面放了一些小顆粒，幫助保持火勢。

What we'll do is we'll light the fire up and we'll guide you through the stages of development.

我們要做的就是點燃火種，引導你完成發展的各個階段。

So in the early stages you're going to see a fuel controlled fire.

是以，在早期階段，你會看到燃料控制的火焰。

You'll see air flowing in towards the base of the fire, setting up the convection current, the heated smoke.

你會看到空氣向火苗底部流動，形成對流，即加熱煙霧。

And air will start, will move up the top of the container and will flow out through the top.

空氣將開始沿著容器頂部流動，並從頂部流出。

It'll move across the ceiling and flow out through the top there.

它將穿過天花板，從頂部流出。

So what you want to see is a typical bi-directional laminar air track or flow path.

是以，您想要看到的是典型的雙向層流氣流軌跡或流道。

As the fire starts to develop the thickness of the smoke will start to increase.

隨著火勢的發展，煙霧的厚度會開始增加。

The neutral plane will come down and eventually we'll get to the stage of the competition between the fire's need for air and the amount that's being blocked off by the smoke.

中性飛機將降落，最終我們將進入火勢對空氣的需求與煙霧所阻擋的空氣量之間的競爭階段。

So as the pressure plane increases it starts to block off the inlet.

是以，隨著壓力面的增大，它開始堵塞入口。

And eventually we'll get to the stage where the fire needs more air than that opening will allow.

最終，我們會發現火需要更多的空氣，而不是那個開口所允許的。

And you'll start to see the neutral plane will go turbulent, moving into a ventilation control profile there.

你會發現中性面開始出現湍流，進入通風控制剖面。

You'll see all that.

你會看到這一切的。

You'll start to see, you won't see a typical flashover but you'll start to see flames coming down from the ceiling area.

你會開始看到，你不會看到典型的閃燃，但你會開始看到火焰從天花板區域噴射下來。

That's getting pretty close to flashover.

這已經非常接近閃燃了。

There'll be a rollover.

會有一次翻車。

And sometimes we'll put a little prop in here and you can see it actually starting to pyrolyse.

有時，我們會在這裡放一個小道具，你可以看到它真的開始熱解。

So once we do that we'll start playing around with the air.

所以，一旦我們做到了這一點，我們就可以開始玩空氣了。

So we'll build it up to a certain stage.

是以，我們會將其發展到一定階段。

We'll exclude the air and the fire will go out.

我們將排除空氣，讓火熄滅。

We'll have to re-ignite the fire.

我們必須重新點燃這把火。

And then as the fire gets hotter and hotter, as we close it off, it's going to re-ignite.

隨著火勢越來越旺，當我們把它關閉時，它又會重新點燃。

And we'll get to, eventually, we've got to get the temperature right.

我們最終還是要把溫度調節好。

There's a bit of a skill between the durability of the box and how long it lasts and getting those backdraft conditions.

在箱子的耐用性和持續時間與獲得逆風條件之間，還需要一點技巧。

Once you get that temperature you can just do backdraft after backdraft after backdraft after backdraft.

一旦達到這個溫度，就可以進行一次又一次的反吹風。

We got up to about 50 or 60.

我們最多時有五六十人。

We used to have competitions so you'd get the most backdrafts.

我們曾經舉辦過比賽，這樣你就能得到最多的背景畫。

But if the box burns through before that, you start to get leakage.

但如果盒子在此之前就燒穿了，就會開始漏電。

You won't even get one.

你連一個都得不到。

We'll also, what Nick Jason started up.

我們還將瞭解尼克-傑森的創業歷程。

The other thing that, with this fuel it's a little bit damp.

另外，這種燃料有點潮溼。

So it's going to be interesting to see how much steam we get out of it right away.

所以，我們馬上就能看到多少蒸汽會很有趣。

Generally when you're doing these it's really important not to get in the smoke.

一般來說，在做這些工作時，最重要的是不要進入煙霧中。

Tell your students to stay out of the smoke.

告訴學生不要靠近煙霧。

We're really lucky here.

我們在這裡真的很幸運。

We've got the ability to sort of put the smoke out.

我們有能力把煙熄滅。

We're not being affected by the wind.

我們沒有受到風的影響。

If you haven't got the luxury of this sort of facility, you have to think very carefully about where you do this demonstration.

如果你沒有這樣的設施，就必須仔細考慮在哪裡進行演示。

Because you do not want smoke blowing down into the student spaces.

因為你不希望煙霧被吹到學生宿舍裡。

It's not good stuff.

這不是什麼好東西。

And if you have to, put a breathing apparatus on.

如果有必要，請戴上呼吸器。

If we were outside now, I'd get the lead instructor to put a breathing apparatus on.

如果我們現在在外面，我會讓帶隊教官戴上呼吸器。

Another thing I want to show you, to reach a certain point.

我想告訴你的另一件事是，要達到一定程度。

When it gets hot enough, we'll put a mat or something over the top here to see if we ignite the smoke.

當溫度足夠高時，我們在上面鋪上墊子或其他東西，看看能否點燃煙霧。

In the early stages it won't ignite.

在早期階段，它不會點燃。

Nothing will happen.

什麼都不會發生。

And as the fire starts to develop, as you start to get more fuel, you'll be able to ignite that flame.

當火勢開始發展，當你開始獲得更多燃料時，你就能點燃火焰。

You take it away, it'll go out.

你把它拿走，它就會熄滅。

And eventually, it'll be hot enough, so as soon as you actually see it, if you stick that opening enough, the fire will actually go out inside.

最終，它的溫度會足夠高，所以只要你看到它，只要你把那個口子扎得足夠緊，裡面的火就會真正熄滅。

And we'll have smoke discharging and auto-igniting outside.

我們將在室外進行煙霧排放和自動點火。

That's a really cool phenomenon to show you guys.

這真是一個很酷的現象，讓你們看看。

We've got our fire lit in the corner.

我們在角落裡點了火。

You can already see we're starting to develop a neutral flame.

你已經可以看到，我們開始形成一種中性火焰。

In the early stages of a fire, the first thing to come off is water at about 100 degrees Celsius.

在火災初期，首先脫落的是約 100 攝氏度的水。

And what happens coming off now will actually be water vapour.

現在脫落的實際上是水蒸氣。

We've got a little bit of wind coming through here.

這裡有點風。

So in the early stages, white smoke, that's probably a bit of steam coming off there.

是以，在早期階段，白煙可能是蒸汽冒出來的。

The smoke will start to pyrolyse.

煙霧將開始熱解。

We'll start to get some yellow or even brown smoke coming off.

我們會開始看到一些黃色甚至棕色的煙霧冒出。

That's the lignin and the tar breaking down in the timber.

這是木質素和焦油在木材中分解的結果。

When we start to get the black of smoke, we know we've got flaming combustion, active flaming combustion involving the linings itself.

當我們開始冒黑煙時，我們就知道發生了火焰燃燒，涉及內襯本身的火焰燃燒。

So really, we've got a very small fuel load.

是以，我們的燃料負荷真的很小。

What's going to be burning is the contents, the actual linings themselves, the actual structure itself.

要燃燒的是內裝物、實際襯裡本身和實際結構本身。

You can see the level of neutral flame.

你可以看到中性火焰的程度。

It's just around about there.

就在附近。

It's nice and lazy.

又好又懶。

It's a nice laminate or smooth neutral flame.

這是一種漂亮的層壓板或光滑的中性火焰。

Yep, starting to get a little bit of change of smoke colour.

是的，煙的顏色開始有點變化。

The volume of smoke is increasing.

煙霧越來越大。

If you've got a good view of the front there, you'll see the white smoke will sit at the bottom of the neutral flame.

如果你能很好地看到前面，就會看到白煙位於中性火焰的底部。

That's the pyrolysis products.

這就是熱解產物。

It's sitting down low because it's denser.

它坐得很低，因為密度比較大。

It's actually quite heavy.

它其實很重。

It's a lower temperature.

溫度較低。

The flame's starting to roll the ceiling there in the box.

盒子裡的火焰已經開始燒到天花板了。

Just starting, so it's not actually a rollover yet, but the flame's bending.

剛剛開始，所以實際上還沒有翻車，但火焰正在彎曲。

That's pretty common when you've got a fire located in the corner of the room.

在房間角落裡生火時，這種情況很常見。

If you put the same fuel load in the middle of the room, that flame won't link because it's got air coming in from 360 degrees.

如果把同樣的燃料放在房間中間，火焰不會連在一起，因為有空氣從 360 度進入。

Developing nicely.

發展良好。

Starting to get a little bit of change of smoke colour.

煙的顏色開始有一點變化。

See that nice smoke just sitting at the bottom there?

看到底部的煙霧了嗎？

You'll see that in the container too in the demos today.

在今天的演示中，你也會在容器中看到這一點。

You'll see that white colour of smoke.

你會看到白色的煙霧。

If you get the lighting right, you'll see it coming out of the back of the board, just sitting there.

如果光線合適，你會看到它從電路板的背面冒出來，就這麼靜靜地躺在那裡。

When that ignites, it's almost a transparent flame.

點燃時，火焰幾乎是透明的。

It actually goes down seeking the oxygen.

它實際上是在尋找氧氣。

Quite distinctive from the flames you'll see running the ceiling.

與天花板上的火焰截然不同。

Take a look at the volume now.

現在來看看音量。

Rapidly increasing.

迅速增加。

We're starting to get some darker coloured smoke there.

那裡開始出現一些顏色較深的煙霧。

The flame almost right across the ceiling level.

火焰幾乎直衝天花板。

Now we're starting to restrict the oxygen supply.

現在我們開始限制氧氣供應。

It's still in the fuel controlled mode.

它仍處於燃料控制模式。

Fairly laminar neutral flame.

相當層狀的中性火焰

What I normally do is I'll just let this build pretty close to the point where it goes into ventilation control.

我通常的做法是，在接近進入通風控制的時候，我會讓它建立起來。

Did you show that transition from fuel control to ventilation control?

你展示過從燃料控制到通風控制的過渡嗎？

Look at the change in condition.

看看情況的變化。

Just by turning that switch on, you can see that it's going from fuel control to ventilation control.

只要打開開關，就可以看到它從燃料控制轉到了通風控制。

You can see that it's going from fuel control to ventilation control.

你可以看到，它從燃料控制轉到了通風控制。

Look at the change in condition.

看看情況的變化。

Just by restricting that air supply a little bit, there's a massive change in condition.

只要稍微限制一下空氣供應，情況就會發生巨大變化。

Neutral flames are in about here, much darker.

中性火焰大約在這裡，顏色更深。

It's just becoming turbulent.

只是變得動盪不安。

Of course, we've restricted the size of the opening.

當然，我們限制了開口的大小。

Of course, we've restricted the size of the opening.

當然，我們限制了開口的大小。

We're starting to get a competition.

我們開始競爭了。

The fire's still not real big, so it's able to draw enough air in reasonably well.

火還是不太大，所以能夠合理地吸入足夠的空氣。

If you lowered that occlusion a little bit more, would you start to get some pulsing?

如果將閉塞度再降低一點，是否會開始出現脈動？

Yeah.

是啊

Just let it go to ventilation control.

就讓它去通風控制室吧。

It's not quite flashover, but in this scale it's about as close as we're going to get to flashover.

這還不算是閃燃，但在這種比例下，它已經接近閃燃了。

Just about put the fire out there by restricting the oxygen supply.

通過限制氧氣供應，差不多把火撲滅了。

I think we can go full back.

我認為我們可以打後衛。

It's good to have a bit of paper or something to actually start playing with the smoke now.

現在能有一點紙或其他東西來真正開始玩煙，這是件好事。

What we normally start doing now is see if we can ignite that smoke.

我們現在通常要做的就是看看能否點燃這些煙霧。

The answer should be no.

答案應該是否定的。

Okay, there you go. Look at that.

好了看看這個

Perfect.

太完美了

So what's happening there?

那裡發生了什麼？

Wow.

哇

There's a smoke burn.

有煙燃燒。

That's fairly clean-looking smoke.

這煙看起來相當乾淨。

Very early stages we've already got enough flammable fuel causing the mat to ignite it.

在早期階段，我們已經有足夠的易燃燃料來點燃墊子。

If we go back, let the mat control the gas.

如果我們回去，就讓墊子來控制氣體。

This will do it.

這樣就可以了。

This will force it.

這將迫使它這樣做。

It'll go off.

它會爆炸

Changing cover of the smoke.

改變煙霧的覆蓋範圍。

Volume of smoke's changed.

煙量發生了變化。

So it's disconnected right now.

所以，它現在是斷開的。

Or it was for a second.

或者說是一瞬間的事。

Did you see that?

你看到了嗎？

Yeah, yeah.

是啊，是啊。

What I like to do sometimes is cut it off that way because I can actually start to see that pulsing.

我有時喜歡這樣做，因為我可以看到脈動。

I make it, you know, I can see it pulsing.

我讓它，你知道，我能看到它在跳動。

I can see it pulsing.

我能看到它在跳動。

Cut it off that way because I can actually start to see that pulsing.

用這種方法切斷，因為我確實可以看到脈動。

I make it, you know, much more ventilation controlled.

我做的，你知道的，更多的通風控制。

What I'm trying to do now is get a separation.

我現在要做的就是分居。

There we go.

好了

Oh, yeah.

哦，是的

So, you see that?

看到了嗎？

Yeah.

是啊

So, you see inside there was practically no flaming combustion.

所以，你看裡面幾乎沒有火焰燃燒。

But it was hot.

但天氣很熱。

Above the auto-ignition temperature.

高於自燃溫度。

Just needed to get outside.

只是需要出去走走。

See, that's just on the edge.

看，這就是邊緣。

Right on the edge.

就在邊緣

Now, some of these techniques we'll show you involve putting water above the doorway.

現在，我們將向您展示的一些技巧涉及在門口上方放水。

Cooling that down.

冷卻。

So, when the smoke comes out, superheated, instead of meeting a preheated surface, it meets a cold, moistened surface.

是以，當過熱的煙霧噴出時，它遇到的不是預熱的表面，而是溼潤的冷表面。

Reduces the chance of the ignition occurring.

降低發生點火的機率。

So, Jason's actually cooling above the box there.

所以，傑森實際上是在箱子上方降溫。

He's trying.

他在努力

No pressure, no pressure.

沒有壓力，沒有壓力。

Look at that.

看看這個。

The separation there.

那裡的分離。

That's auto-ignition.

這就是自燃。

Look at it.

看看它。

We've put it out.

我們已經把它放出去了。

So, you can really show the relationship between air and fire.

是以，你可以真正展示空氣和火之間的關係。

We'll have to crank it, mate.

我們得把它搖起來，夥計。

So, at this point in time, the box is not hot enough to backdraft, so it's going out.

是以，在這個時間點上，箱子還沒有熱到可以反吹，所以要熄火。

So, the challenge now, when you're doing a demo, is to get the temperature of the box up without burning the outside or without getting it breaking through there.

是以，現在的挑戰是，當你進行演示時，如何提高盒子的溫度，而又不燒到外面，或者不把盒子燒穿。

Because once you do that, you can't demonstrate the backdraft.

因為一旦你這樣做了，你就無法演示反向氣流了。

So, it's a bit of a balancing act now.

所以，現在要做的是平衡工作。

What we also try to do to preserve the box.

我們還努力保護盒子。

Just a little bit of water above that area there.

只是在那個區域上方有一點水。

That extends the life of the box.

這樣可以延長盒子的使用壽命。

Look at that.

看看這個。

Didn't quite do it.

沒有完全做到。

Sometimes you can push it back and get it to backdraft.

有時你可以把它推回去，讓它反吹。

Look at that.

看看這個。

Let's get the temperature pulled up a little bit.

讓我們把溫度調高一點。

So, basically, you know the big trucks you've got outside, you don't need them.

所以，基本上，你知道外面的大卡車，你不需要它們。

You'll be used to one of these.

你會習慣其中一個的。

The person will show you what all your problems are.

這個人會告訴你所有的問題是什麼。

You can do a lot just with that.

你可以用它做很多事情。

Here we go, the backdraft.

又來了，逆風。

Now, that's really coming out pretty fancy.

現在，這真的是太花哨了。

Look at the pressure.

看看壓力。

It's right on the edge there.

它就在那裡的邊緣。

So, we've got the temperature there.

是以，我們已經得到了那裡的溫度。

Just got to keep the integrity of the box together and we can start demonstrating some backdrafts.

只要保持盒子的完整性，我們就可以開始演示一些背繪圖了。

Let's get the temperature up.

把溫度升高

It's a temperature-driven event.

這是一個溫度驅動的事件。

For auto-ignitioners anyway.

總之，對於自動點火器來說是這樣。

It's not quite hot enough to auto-ignite.

溫度還不足以自動點火。

It's not hot enough to auto-ignite.

溫度還不足以自動點火。

Pull it up a little bit more.

再往上拉一點。

You might have a better, better look.

你可能會有更好、更漂亮的外觀。

Going back to a white smoke, indicating pyrolysis.

變回白煙，表明發生了熱分解。

Pyrolysis, relatively low temperature.

熱解，溫度相對較低。

Middle is 300 degrees Celsius.

中間溫度為 300 攝氏度。

Flaming combustion, 600 degrees Celsius or more.

火焰燃燒，600 攝氏度或更高。

Just one thing, guys.

只有一件事，夥計們。

We've never not backdrafted one of these things.

我們還從來沒有做過這樣的反raft。

No pressure show.

無壓力錶演

Actually, sometimes it's good to actually not put water above there, because it becomes an ignition point for you.

實際上，有時不在上面放水也是件好事，因為水會成為你的著火點。

Pull it up a little bit.

拉高一點

There's a number of ways you can trigger a backdraft.

您可以通過多種方式觸發反向氣流。