Louis, Missouri has a tram system inside of it to take passengers all the way to the observation deck at the top.

密蘇里州的路易斯有一個電車系統，可以把乘客一直送到山頂的觀景臺。

Let's explore how the arch was constructed, the museum underneath, and of course the tram ride to the top of the arch.

讓我們一起來探索拱門的建造過程、拱門下的博物館，當然還有乘坐有軌電車到達拱門頂端。

My name is Jared.

我叫賈裡德

I create 3D animations to show and explain how things work.

我製作三維動畫來展示和解釋事物的工作原理。

Hit the subscribe button to be notified about future videos just like this one.

點擊 "訂閱 "按鈕，您將收到今後類似視頻的通知。

The Gateway Arch is the world's tallest arch at 192 meters high.

門戶拱門高 192 米，是世界上最高的拱門。

It's similar to other structures like the Eiffel Tower, Space Needle, and Elizabeth Tower or Big Ben.

它與埃菲爾鐵塔、太空針塔、伊麗莎白塔或大本鐘等其他建築相似。

These structures are icons for the cities where they are built.

這些建築是所在城市的標誌性建築。

Let's take a look at the story for the Gateway Arch.

讓我們來看看蓋特威拱門的故事。

Missouri is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States.

密蘇里州位於美國中西部地區。

The city of St.

聖彼得堡市

Louis is right on the coastline.

路易斯就在海岸線上。

The arch is here right along the Mississippi River.

拱門就在密西西比河畔。

Downtown St.

St.

Louis is to the west of the arch and across the Mississippi River is the state of Illinois.

拱門以西是路易斯，密西西比河對岸是伊利諾伊州。

The arch has a unique shape.

拱門形狀獨特。

If I take a chain and let it hang down, this is called a catenary curve.

如果我把一條鏈子放下來，這就叫 "導管曲線"。

Now take that same shape and flip it upside down.

現在把同樣的形狀翻轉過來。

Now it's an inverted catenary curve.

現在是一條倒置的導管曲線。

This is the shape of the Gateway Arch.

這就是門戶拱門的形狀。

It's the arch was built between 1963 and 1965 and it cost 13 million US dollars.

這座拱門建於 1963 年至 1965 年，耗資 1300 萬美元。

That's almost 100 million US dollars in the year 2024.

到 2024 年，將近 1 億美元。

The arch has the same height and width, 192 meters.

拱門的高度和寬度相同，均為 192 米。

Over 1 million people come to see the arch each year.

每年有 100 多萬人前來參觀這座拱門。

The arch is resistant to earthquakes, lightning strikes, and in high winds it can sway up to 46 centimeters.

拱門能抵禦地震和雷擊，在大風中搖擺可達 46 釐米。

So why was the Gateway Arch built?

那麼，為什麼要修建蓋特威拱門呢？

What's the purpose of it?

這樣做的目的是什麼？

Let's rewind the clock a few hundred years.

讓我們把時間倒退幾百年。

European colonists started arriving on the east coast of what is now the United States.

歐洲殖民者開始來到現在的美國東海岸。

Then slowly they started moving farther inland.

然後，它們慢慢開始向內陸移動。

This is termed the Westward Expansion.

這就是所謂的西進擴張。

The city of St.

聖彼得堡市

Louis was founded in 1764.

路易建於 1764 年。

Shortly after, the United States became a country.

不久之後，美國成為一個國家。

This is what it looked like before 1803.

這是 1803 年之前的樣子。

St.

St.

Louis was one of the famous last stops to gather supplies before making their way over the plains.

路易斯是著名的最後一站之一，他們在前往平原之前在此收集補給。

In other words, it was the gateway to the West.

換句話說，它是通往西方的門戶。

You see where I'm going here?

明白我的意思了嗎？

In the 1940s, they held a design competition.

20 世紀 40 年代，他們舉辦了一次設計競賽。

The idea was to build a monument to honor the legacy of westward expansion.

我們的想法是建造一座紀念碑，以紀念西進擴張的遺產。

Out of 172 entries, they chose the design of Eero Saarinen, a Finnish-American architect.

在 172 份參賽作品中，他們選擇了美籍芬蘭建築師埃羅-沙裡寧的設計。

He had the most unique design out of all of them.

他的設計是所有設計中最獨特的。

He decided to build an arch that would name Gateway Arch.

他決定建造一座拱門，並將其命名為蓋特威拱門。

Sadly, Eero Saarinen passed away before construction even started on the arch, but today he is still honored as the designer of the arch.

遺憾的是，埃羅-沙裡寧在拱門動工之前就已經去世，但如今他仍被尊稱為拱門的設計者。

There was a lot of criticism for the arch at first.

起初，拱門受到了很多責備。

Can we really build something like this?

我們真的能造出這樣的東西嗎？

How would it look against the St.

它與聖彼得堡的 "St.

Louis skyline?

路易斯的天際線？

It's almost similar to the origin story of the Eiffel Tower.

這幾乎與埃菲爾鐵塔的起源故事相似。

Not everybody wanted it at first.

一開始並不是每個人都想要。

Nonetheless, plans moved forward for the arch.

儘管如此，修建拱門的計劃仍在向前推進。

So how do you build an arch like this?

那麼，如何建造這樣的拱門呢？

Most buildings are built with a supporting structure on the inside first, and then the outside layers go on last.

大多數建築都是先在內側建造支撐結構，最後才在外側鋪設面層。

This time, what we have is different than a typical building.

這一次，我們所擁有的不同於一般的建築。

The Gateway Arch has what's called an orthotropic design.

蓋特威拱門採用了所謂的正交設計。

What this means is that there is no internal structure.

這意味著沒有內部結構。

The metal on the outside, that is the structure.

外面的金屬，就是結構。

That's what's holding it up and supporting all the weight.

這就是支撐它和支撐所有重量的東西。

Building a support structure just for the construction would have been enormous and not very practical.

如果只為施工而建造一個支撐結構，工程將十分浩大，而且不太現實。

So instead, they would just start from both sides, build upwards, and then meet in the middle.

是以，他們只能從兩邊開始，向上延伸，然後在中間匯合。

Easier said than done.

說起來容易，做起來難。

In 1961, they started digging the foundation for the arch, 18 meters deep, which is about six stories down.

1961 年，他們開始挖掘 18 米深的拱門地基，大約相當於六層樓高。

They laid concrete and steel tensioning rods in several layers.

他們分幾層鋪設混凝土和鋼拉桿。

This provides a solid base for the layers of the arch.

這為拱形層提供了堅實的基礎。

Construction of the pieces were built in equilateral triangles.

這些作品都是用等邊三角形搭建的。

And that word equilateral, it just means that all three sides have the same length.

等邊的意思是三條邊的長度相同。

Each triangular section had stainless steel panels on the exterior and carbon steel panels on the interior.

每個三角形部分的外部是不鏽鋼板，內部是碳鋼板。

The metalwork was done in steel mills in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and then shipped all the way to St.

這些金屬製品是在賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡的鋼鐵廠完成的，然後一路運到聖彼得堡。

Louis, Missouri.

密蘇里州路易斯

The triangular pieces were too big to ship all at once, so they were assembled in separate pieces and shipped by rail.

由於三角形部件太大，無法一次裝運，是以只能分塊組裝，通過鐵路運輸。

There was a railway that went right by the construction site.

有一條鐵路正好經過工地。

The triangular pieces were welded together on site right next to where they were building the arch.

這些三角形部件是在現場焊接起來的，就在他們建造拱門的旁邊。

There are 142 of these triangular pieces.

這些三角形部件共有 142 塊。

Where they are joined together, this is called a station, and they numbered all of these.

它們連接在一起的地方被稱為站點，它們對所有這些站點都進行了編號。

At the very top is station 0.

最頂端是 0 號站。

Then going down each side, station 1, 2, 3, 4, and all the way down to station 71 at the base of each leg.

然後從兩側往下，分別是 1、2、3、4 號站臺，一直到每條腿底部的 71 號站臺。

The triangular pieces are largest at the bottom and smallest at the very top.

三角形碎片底部最大，頂部最小。

Once a piece was ready, it was lifted by crane and gently placed in position.

一旦一件作品準備就緒，便用起重機將其吊起，然後輕輕地放置到位。

As each new piece was placed, it was welded together.

每放置一塊新材料，就將其焊接在一起。

The welds needed to be so good that it acted as one continuous piece of metal to support the weight of the arch.

焊接處的品質必須非常好，這樣才能像一塊連續的金屬一樣支撐起拱門的重量。

Then the reinforced concrete was poured in between to make the arch legs stronger.

然後在中間澆築鋼筋混凝土，使拱腳更加堅固。

There were two teams working together to build the sides of the arch at the same time.

有兩支隊伍在同時建造拱門的兩側。

They had post- tensioning rods going down the sides of each leg.

每條腿的兩側都有後拉力杆。

These helped to hold the legs upright as they were built higher and curved inwards towards each other.

由於腿部建得較高，且相互向內彎曲，是以有助於支撐腿部直立。

These cranes could only help build the arch for the first six pieces, 22 meters tall.

這些起重機只能幫助建造前六塊 22 米高的拱門。

After that, the engineers planned to use a very unique solution.

之後，工程師們計劃採用一種非常獨特的解決方案。

The tracks were built on each side of the arch, and this is called a creeper derrick.

軌道建在拱門的兩側，這就是爬架。

It's basically a mobile crane that will travel up the side of the arch as it's built.

它基本上是一個移動式起重機，在拱門建造過程中會沿著拱門一側移動。

So it lifts new pieces of the arch in place.

是以，它能將新的拱門片段提升到位。

Once there are four pieces above the derrick, we can bolt in another piece of track.

一旦井架上方有了四塊軌道，我們就可以栓上另一塊軌道。

Now it's able to move up to a new height and continue working.

現在，它可以移動到新的高度，繼續工作。

This was really the first time that something like this had been done.

這確實是第一次做這樣的事情。

These platforms can be tilted in place.

這些平臺可以就地傾斜。

That way they can stay level as they move up the sides of the arch.

這樣，它們在拱門兩側移動時就能保持水準。

These letters on the side, PDM, that stands for Pittsburgh Des Moines Steel Company, one of the contracted companies that helped build the arch.

側面的字母 "PDM "代表匹茲堡得梅因鋼鐵公司（Pittsburgh Des Moines Steel Company），它是幫助建造拱門的承包公司之一。

The concrete being poured helped to stabilize the foundation, but it was only needed to about halfway up the arch.

混凝土的澆築有助於地基的穩固，但只需要澆築到拱門的一半左右。

They soon reached a point where building any higher would cause the arch to collapse inward.

他們很快就發現，如果再往上建，拱門就會向內坍塌。

This means it was time for the stabilizing truss.

這意味著是時候安裝穩定桁架了。

The two creeper derricks worked together to lift it up.

兩臺爬行井架合力將其吊起。

Once in place, this supported each side so they could continue building the arch.

就位後，這樣就能支撐每一邊，使他們能夠繼續建造拱門。

Another 21 pieces on each side.

兩側各 21 塊。

The construction work needed to be so precise that the legs met perfectly at the top.

建造工作必須非常精確，以確保兩條腿在頂部完美相接。

If they were off by just a little bit, that would have been a disaster.

如果只差一點點，那將是一場災難。

For the engineers, this did not happen.

對於工程師來說，這並沒有發生。

After two and a half years of construction, there was one more piece left, called the keystone.

經過兩年半的施工，還剩下一塊被稱為 "基石 "的部分。

There were thousands of people that showed up to watch this crowning event.

成千上萬的人到場觀看了這一加冕儀式。

And the gap for the keystone was too small, less than a meter.

而且基石的間隙太小，不到一米。

They knew this would happen, but it was still a challenge to deal with.

他們知道會發生這種情況，但這仍然是一項挑戰。

The gap needed to be almost two and a half meters for the keystone to fit.

需要將近兩米半的間隙才能裝下基石。

Part of the problem was the heat from the sun causing the stainless steel to expand.

問題的部分原因是太陽的熱量導致不鏽鋼膨脹。

The south leg of the arch received the most sun, so they decided to spray water over the side to cool it down.

拱門南側的陽光最強烈，是以他們決定在拱門一側噴水降溫。

And as part of the original plan, hydraulic jacks were put in place to move the legs with just enough room to fit the keystone.

作為原計劃的一部分，還安裝了液壓千斤頂，以移動支腿，使其有足夠的空間安裝基石。

After a few tense moments, the keystone successfully went in and the workers were able to weld it in place.

經過幾個緊張的時刻後，基石成功進入，工人們將其焊接到位。

The engineers had done their job and the stabilizing truss could be removed and the arch could now support its own weight.

工程師們已經完成了他們的工作，穩定桁架可以拆除，拱門現在可以支撐自身的重量。

It took the better part of a year to slowly bring the Creeper derricks down, cleaning and polishing the stainless steel on the arch as they went.

他們花了一年多的時間慢慢地將爬山虎井架拆卸下來，一邊拆卸一邊清潔和拋光拱門上的不鏽鋼。

The arch was finished, but there was more work to do.

拱門已經完工，但還有更多的工作要做。

When Eero Saarinen designed the arch, he wanted visitors to be able to get to the top, but he didn't exactly know how that was going to happen.

當埃羅-沙裡寧設計這座拱門時，他希望遊客能夠登上拱門頂端，但他並不清楚該如何實現這一目標。

Whatever system they used needed to be able to bring many passengers up and it couldn't distort the outside of the arch.

無論他們使用的是什麼系統，都必須能夠把許多乘客帶上去，而且不能扭曲拱門的外部。

We want the arch's shape to be unaffected and have that smooth look all the way up the side.

我們希望拱門的形狀不受影響，並且在拱門兩側看起來都很平滑。

To make things harder, the legs get thinner as you get closer to the top.

更難的是，越接近頂端，腿就越細。

The tram had to be designed with this in mind.

有軌電車的設計必須考慮到這一點。

Many industry experts of the time were stumped by this problem.

當時的許多行業專家都被這個問題難住了。

How about we build an elevator?

我們造一部電梯怎麼樣？

The problem is that an elevator goes straight up and down and we need something that curves.

問題是電梯是直上直下的，而我們需要的是彎曲的。

Okay, how about an escalator?

好吧，自動扶梯怎麼樣？

These don't go straight up and down.

它們不會直上直下。

You might make that work at first, but you'd need to build several of them and that gets expensive.

一開始也許能行，但需要建造多臺，成本會很高。

The main inspiration for the design actually came from the Ferris wheel.

設計的主要靈感實際上來自摩天輪。

This can move people around quite well and they're always right side up no matter where they are around the Ferris wheel.

這樣可以很好地移動人們，而且無論他們在摩天輪的哪個位置，都能始終保持右側朝上。

This same idea can also be used to transport people up the sides of the arch.

同樣的想法也可以用來把人運送到拱門的兩側。

Dick Bowser is the engineer that The design called for enclosed cars for safety and then put all the cars together and use cables to lift them.

迪克-鮑澤（Dick Bowser）是工程師，他的設計要求採用封閉式車廂以確保安全，然後將所有車廂放在一起，用纜繩將它們吊起。

This tram system needed to be small enough to fit on one side of the arch leg.

該有軌電車系統需要足夠小，以便安裝在拱形支腿的一側。

This leaves enough room for emergency stairs on the other side.

這就為另一側的應急樓梯留出了足夠的空間。

When the tram is at the bottom, the cars are below the tracks.

有軌電車在底部時，車廂位於軌道下方。

Let's see what happens at the other end.

讓我們看看另一端會發生什麼。

And when it gets to the top, the cars are Notice as it travels, the cars always stay right side up.

而當它到達頂端時，汽車在行駛過程中會發出《通知》，汽車始終保持右側朝上。

The exact same idea that the Ferris wheel has.

與摩天輪的理念如出一轍。

Each tram car has just enough room for five people.

每節車廂僅夠容納五人。

About the same size as the Soyuz spacecraft crew capsule.

與聯盟號飛船乘員艙大小差不多。

Not a lot of room inside.

內部空間不大

Passengers can travel up the sides of the arch.

乘客可以從拱門兩側上行。

There are eight cars on each side.

兩側各有八節車廂。

This allows for more than 1 million people each year to ride the I could tell you more about the tram system, but let's back up a bit.

這使得每年有超過 100 萬人乘坐有軌電車，我可以告訴你更多關於有軌電車系統的資訊，但讓我們往回走一點。

Today the arch is a popular tourist destination.

如今，這座拱門已成為深受遊客喜愛的旅遊勝地。

Let me show you a few things around the area.

讓我帶你看看這附近的一些東西。

This whole grassy area was called the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial.

這整片草地被稱為傑斐遜國家擴張紀念館。

In 2018, it was renamed to the Gateway Arch National Park.

2018 年，它更名為門戶拱門國家公園。

There are more than eight kilometers of trails to explore along the Mississippi River.

密西西比河沿岸有超過八公里的小徑可供遊覽。

This is called the Grand Staircase.

這就是所謂的大階梯。

And there is also a train track that runs underground right next to the arch.

此外，拱門旁邊還有一條從地下穿過的火車軌道。

For parking, it's recommended that you park at the Stadium East parking garage.

如需停車，建議您將車停在體育場東停車場。

They even give a discount if you are visiting the arch.

如果您是來參觀拱門的，他們還會給您打折。

Then you can walk to Luther Eli Smith Square.

然後，您可以步行前往路德-伊萊-史密斯廣場。

Now this whole area was recently renovated.

現在，整個區域最近都進行了翻新。

If you visited the arch prior to 2018, this will look a little different.

如果您在 2018 年之前參觀過拱門，這裡看起來會有些不同。

The entrance is here, which leads right underneath this And there is a life-size model of one of the tram cars.

入口就在這裡，從這裡可以直通地下，這裡還有一個與實物等大的有軌電車車廂模型。

This way you can see what it will be like to ride to the top of the arch.

這樣您就能看到騎到拱門頂端的感覺。

Some people find it a bit claustrophobic.

有些人覺得有點幽閉恐懼症。

The ticket counter is here, and there's more to do than just the tram.

售票處就在這裡，除了有軌電車，還有更多好玩的地方。

You can buy tickets to the documentary movie, virtual reality theater, and even a one-hour riverboat cruise along the Mississippi River.

您可以購買紀錄片電影票、虛擬現實影院票，甚至還可以乘坐一小時的遊船沿密西西比河遊覽。

The museum inside is free, and you don't need a ticket for this.

裡面的博物館是免費的，不需要門票。

But either way, everyone going inside must go through the security line.

但無論如何，進去的每個人都必須通過安檢線。

There's a giant map of the United States on the floor, and you can see some of the paths that early explorers took to travel to the West.

地板上有一幅巨大的美國地圖，你可以看到早期探險家前往西部的一些路徑。

Walk a little farther to get to the museum.

再走一段路就到博物館了。

There are six areas to visit inside the museum, each focused on different aspects of the history of the arch.

博物館內有六個參觀區域，每個區域都側重於拱門歷史的不同方面。

For example, this area focuses on the history of St.

例如，該區域主要介紹聖彼得堡的歷史。

Louis, and this area focuses on the Mississippi Riverfront and how that's changed over the years.

路易斯，這個區域的重點是密西西比河畔以及多年來的變化。

This area focuses on the building of the arch, a design competition, and even a miniature model of the tram.

該區域主要介紹拱門的建造、設計競賽，甚至還有電車的微縮模型。

If you bought a ticket to the documentary movie, then you'll go inside the Tucker Theater to see how the arch was built.

如果您購買了紀錄片的電影票，那麼您將進入塔克劇院參觀拱門的建造過程。

The arch store is here.

拱門商店在這裡。

Arch Cafe is here, if you're hungry.

如果你餓了，這裡有 Arch Cafe。

And in the center is a life-size model of the keystone piece of the arch.

中間是一個真人大小的拱門基石模型。

Remember that the keystone was the last piece they installed during the construction of the arch.

請記住，基石是拱門建造過程中安裝的最後一個部件。

There are even displays inside that will show you the view of what it looks like from the top.

裡面甚至還有顯示屏，可以讓你看到從頂部俯瞰的景象。

Once you have your ticket, you'll need to make your way to the north or south tram.

拿到車票後，您需要前往北電車站或南電車站。

You'll walk through a hallway and then down some stairs to get to the loading area.

穿過走廊，再走下樓梯，就到了裝貨區。

Your ticket will show you which door you need to wait in front of.

門票上會顯示您需要在哪個門前等候。

Since the 1960s, they've had quite a few upgrades to modernize the arch.

自 20 世紀 60 年代以來，他們對拱門進行了多次現代化升級。