Thank you so much for coming.

非常感謝你們的到來。

My name is Dennis Cao, and I'm absolutely thrilled to be talking about two of my favorite things in life, besides family and stuff like that.

我叫 Dennis Cao，非常高興能和大家聊聊我生活中最喜歡的兩件事，除了家人之類的。

Maps and Tableau.

地圖和 Tableau

But more specifically, creating maps in Tableau, or vice versa, using Tableau to create maps.

但更具體地說，是在 Tableau 中創建地圖，反之亦然，使用 Tableau 創建地圖。

And so these are kind of one of my favorite things to do.

是以，這些都是我最喜歡做的事情之一。

And I'm so happy to be here.

我很高興能來到這裡。

So thank you so much for attending.

是以，非常感謝你們的參與。

Just a brief background.

背景介紹

I'm a social work professor at Carleton University, which is based in Ottawa, Ontario.

我是安大略省渥太華卡爾頓大學的社會工作教授。

Originally from the States, originally just up north in Los Angeles.

我來自美國，最初住在洛杉磯北部。

I have the pleasure to be a Tableau visionary this year.

今年，我有幸成為 Tableau 的遠見卓識者。

I'm also a public ambassador.

我還是一名公眾大使。

And then more specifically for this session, I have a graduate certificate in GIS, and

更具體地說，在這次會議上，我獲得了地理信息系統的研究所學生證書。

I've been doing GIS for about 15 years in regards to my research, which is around health equity issues.

我從事地理信息系統研究大約有 15 年時間，我的研究是圍繞健康公平問題展開的。

And I also try to teach GIS mapping and things like that in my classes as well.

在我的課堂上，我還嘗試教授地理信息系統製圖等課程。

I first discovered Tableau about three and a half years ago, so I've been doing GIS for about 15 years.

我第一次發現 Tableau 大約是在三年半以前，是以我從事 GIS 工作已經有 15 年了。

But I only discovered Tableau about three and a half years ago.

但我是在三年半前才發現 Tableau 的。

And the rest is history.

剩下的就是歷史了。

And hopefully you'll get a sense of that today.

希望你們今天能感受到這一點。

So for today's presentation, I decided to try to keep the agenda fairly simple.

是以，在今天的演講中，我決定儘量把議程安排得簡單一些。

I want to talk a little bit about maps, what they are, some general concepts, and design principles.

我想談談地圖、地圖是什麼、一些一般概念和設計原則。

And then I wanted to talk a little bit about some of the things I think...

然後，我想談談我認為...

I spend a lot of time thinking about maps.

我花了很多時間思考地圖。

And so I think compared to the average Tableau user, I think I probably think a lot more about maps.

是以我認為，與 Tableau 的普通用戶相比，我可能更關注地圖。

And so all these things I've tried to kind of wrap up and categorize into five broad tips.

是以，我試圖把所有這些事情總結歸類為五大祕訣。

Okay?

好嗎？

So next, after that, I want to try to apply those principles or those tips.

所以接下來，在這之後，我想嘗試運用這些原則或技巧。

And so if you're interested in following along, you can access the data right here using that link or QR code and follow along.

如果你有興趣跟進，可以通過鏈接或二維碼訪問這裡的數據並跟進。

Download it onto your desktop, then you can use it.

將其下載到桌面，然後就可以使用了。

Like I'll be trying to...

就像我會努力...

I'll show you some things, but then you can play with the data.

我會向你展示一些東西，然後你就可以使用這些數據了。

And that's the fun part, right?

這才是最有趣的部分，對嗎？

So let's talk about maps.

那麼，讓我們來談談地圖吧。

So by now, you've probably noticed that I love maps.

現在，你可能已經注意到我喜歡地圖了。

I use maps personally as well as professionally.

我在個人和專業領域都使用地圖。

But I also love and enjoy the map-making process, kind of the thinking behind it and things like that.

但我也喜歡並享受地圖的製作過程，以及背後的思考和諸如此類的東西。

And since discovering Tableau, I've been on a journey to explore the more creative side of map-making.

自從發現了 Tableau，我就開始了探索地圖製作中更具創意的一面的旅程。

And so that's what I'm going to try to show you today.

這就是我今天要向大家展示的內容。

And because I study and use them in my work, I probably think about maps a lot more.

因為我在工作中研究和使用地圖，所以我對地圖的思考可能更多一些。

And so hopefully you'll get a sense of that.

希望你們能對此有所瞭解。

And when we do go into the Tableau and try to create a map, hopefully you'll kind of get some insight into some of my thinking around this.

當我們進入 Tableau 並嘗試繪製地圖時，希望你能對我在這方面的一些想法有所瞭解。

So what are maps?

那麼，什麼是地圖？

So here's a definition.

是以，這裡有一個定義。

Maps are a symbolic, condensed representation of reality.

地圖是現實的象徵性濃縮呈現。

But the key takeaway from this, I think, is that maps aren't merely tools to help us find the nearest Starbucks or, in my case, the nearest In-N-Out Burger.

但我認為，從這件事中得到的重要啟示是，地圖不僅僅是幫助我們找到最近的星巴克的工具，就我而言，也不僅僅是找到最近的 In-N-Out Burger 的工具。

But maps are powerful tools of communication.

但地圖是強大的交流工具。

But more than that, throughout our history, maps often reflect the power.

不僅如此，在我們的歷史中，地圖往往反映了力量。

Who has power?

誰擁有權力？

Who was in power?

誰在掌權？

Who dictated the dominant values of society?

誰主導了社會的主流價值觀？

And I love this quote from Adam Schultz, who's a Canadian explorer.

我喜歡加拿大探險家亞當-舒爾茨的這句話。

Wouldn't that be a cool thing?

這難道不是一件很酷的事情嗎？

He's an explorer in this world, in this time and age?

他是這個世界、這個時代的探險家？

And a writer.

還是個作家

And in his new book entitled A History of Canada in 10 Maps, in his intro he writes, maps are also a cultural artifact, a window into the past, a clue into understanding the worldview of the person or the persons who made it.

在他的新書《10 幅地圖中的加拿大史》中，他在引言中寫道：地圖也是一種文化藝術品，是瞭解過去的一扇窗，是瞭解繪製者世界觀的一條線索。

And so this resonates with me, because when you think about maps, just like when we create other data visualizations, bar charts, things like that, there are a million little decisions that often we have to make.

這一點引起了我的共鳴，因為當你考慮地圖時，就像我們創建其他數據可視化、條形圖之類的東西一樣，我們經常要做出無數個小決定。

What to include, what not to include, what to highlight, what not to highlight, what to label, et cetera.

包括什麼，不包括什麼，突出什麼，不突出什麼，標註什麼，等等。

So it's important for us to really think intentionally about that.

是以，我們必須認真思考這個問題。

So if there's a key takeaway, it's trying to think more intentionally about some of the decisions we make when we make maps.

是以，如果說有什麼重要啟示的話，那就是在繪製地圖時，要更有意識地考慮我們做出的一些決定。

For me, I think it's helpful to kind of think about maps in kind of two broad categories.

對我來說，我認為將地圖分為兩大類是很有幫助的。

First, you have reference maps.

首先是參考地圖。

You know, Google is a good example of that.

要知道，谷歌就是一個很好的例子。

Apple Maps is a good example of that.

蘋果地圖就是一個很好的例子。

And we often use that to navigate and find where things are.

我們經常用它來導航，找到東西的位置。

The other one is thematic maps.

另一種是專題地圖。

And this is an example of a map I created in Tableau, looking at changes in San Diego's black population between decades.

這是我在 Tableau 中繪製的地圖示例，其中顯示了聖地亞哥黑人人口在幾十年間的變化。

And this was based on the challenge to kind of mimic his creative data visualizations and using the colors that he used and things like that.

而這正是基於一種挑戰，即模仿他的創造性數據可視化，並使用他所使用的顏色和類似的東西。

So reference maps, if you think about it, they provide an overview of a place.

是以，如果你仔細想想，參考地圖提供了一個地方的概況。

They're not necessarily guided by a topic, right?

他們不一定受某個主題的指導，對嗎？

All features are supposedly equal and often include more detail than thematic maps.

按理說，所有地物都是平等的，而且通常比專題地圖包含更多細節。

On the other hand, thematic maps, you know, are often used to visualize a specific phenomenon or topic.

另一方面，專題地圖通常用於將特定現象或主題可視化。

It's driven by some purpose.

它是由某種目的驅動的。

And so you see an emphasis on specific features.

是以，你會看到對特定功能的強調。

And generally, as a result, they tend to be less specific, have less detail, right?

是以，一般來說，它們往往不那麼具體，也不那麼詳細，對嗎？

And hopefully you can see some of the differences.

希望你們能看到其中的一些不同之處。

And then to me, the key difference is with reference maps, the story is reader driven.

對我來說，參考地圖的關鍵區別在於，故事是由讀者驅動的。

They're going to look at the map and try to find the story that they're interested in.

他們會看著地圖，試圖找到自己感興趣的故事。

Whereas in thematic maps, they're designer driven.

而在專題地圖中，它們是由設計師驅動的。

The designer is the one making the choices in terms of color and things like that.

設計師負責選擇顏色等。

And so as a result, there's a huge responsibility as we try to make some of those decisions.

是以，在我們做出這些決定時，責任重大。

And I think generally, most of our work involves thematic maps, I think.

我認為，一般來說，我們的大部分工作都涉及專題地圖。

Another thing to kind of think about in today's world, we're not necessarily talking about drawing maps by hand, you know, generally we're talking about digital maps.

在當今世界，我們不一定要手工繪製地圖，一般來說，我們談論的是數字地圖。

And digital maps are composed of different layers.

數字地圖由不同的圖層組成。

So each representing a different feature.

是以，每一個都代表著不同的特徵。

And so this is a quick map, not quick, but a map that I created in Tableau Public, looking at multiple layers.

這是我在 Tableau Public 中創建的一張快速地圖，不是快速地圖，而是一張查看多個圖層的地圖。

So for example, you have points to represent the bars in this area.

例如，你可以用點來表示這個區域的條形圖。

I mean, there's 73 that I counted, or a Google search, that seems kind of disturbing, right?

我是說，我數了數，或者用谷歌搜索了一下，有73處似乎有點令人不安，對吧？

73 in the downtown area.

市中心區 73

The second layer are the buildings.

第二層是建築物。

So the bars are points.

是以，條形圖就是點。

The buildings are polygons.

建築物是多邊形。

And then the roads, which is the third layer, are lines, right?

然後是道路，也就是第三層，是線條，對嗎？

And so we often work with what we call vector layers, which have distinct features.

是以，我們經常使用所謂的矢量圖層，它們具有明顯的特徵。

And can be defined by points, lines, or polygons.

可以用點、線或多邊形來定義。

There's another type of data, rasters, but Tableau can't really handle those right now unless you kind of, there's some workarounds, but they're essentially grid cells or pixels with different values.

還有另一種數據類型，即柵格數據，但 Tableau 現在還無法真正處理這些數據，除非你採取一些變通方法，但它們本質上是具有不同值的網格單元或像素。

So if you look at weather maps, those are a good example of rasters.

是以，如果你看一下天氣圖，那就是柵格的一個很好的例子。

And what's cool about this concept of layers, which is, you know, obviously in Tableau we have map layers, what's cool about that is now we can overlay different types of data, different topics, different types of features, as long as they're tied to some geography, and then explore the relationship between the two.

在 Tableau 中，我們顯然有地圖圖層，而圖層這個概念最酷的地方在於，現在我們可以疊加不同類型的數據、不同主題、不同類型的特徵，只要它們與某些地理位置相關聯，然後探索兩者之間的關係。

So here are some five basic cartographic design principles, and it's helpful for me to think about them as questions.

是以，這裡有五個基本的製圖設計原則，把它們當作問題來思考對我很有幫助。

So as you're designing a map, right, do the map features and page elements contrast visually with each other and their background?

那麼，在設計地圖時，地圖功能和頁面元素之間以及它們的背景之間是否會形成視覺反差？

Okay, and in this map I try to visualize the downtown buildings very differently than the buildings around it, okay, to try to create that visual contrast.

好的，在這幅地圖中，我試圖將市中心的建築與周圍的建築進行截然不同的視覺化處理，試圖營造出視覺對比。

Second, are the map's features, especially the most important ones, are they readable and easy to understand?

其次，地圖的特徵，尤其是最重要的特徵，是否易讀易懂？

So this includes maybe labels as well.

是以，這可能也包括標籤。

Is the map or the most important thing on the most important map feature, is it visually separated?

地圖或地圖上最重要的東西是否具有最重要的特徵？

Does it pop from the background?

它是否從背景中突顯出來？

And this is, again, my attempt to make it pop, the buildings in downtown, because I want this map specifically designed to showcase downtown San Diego.

這也是我為了讓市中心的建築更加醒目所做的嘗試，因為我希望這幅地圖是專門為展示聖地亞哥市中心而設計的。

Is there a clear hierarchy of the map elements arranged by their importance?

地圖要素是否有明確的層次結構，按其重要性排列？

So when we think about labels, some labels might be bigger than others, and so in trying to do that, there might be a hierarchy created.

是以，當我們考慮標籤時，有些標籤可能比其他標籤更大，是以在嘗試這樣做的過程中，可能會產生一種等級制度。

And then finally, are the map elements well balanced in the layout?

最後，地圖元素的佈局是否平衡？

Okay, and so these are the questions I'd like you to kind of think about as we move forward.

好的，在我們繼續前進的過程中，我希望你們思考這些問題。

So let's think about mapping in Tableau now, and these are kind of five tips, and I'm going to try to quickly go through this and then get to the mapping and then try to apply these.

現在讓我們來考慮一下 Tableau 中的映射，這是五個提示，我將嘗試快速瀏覽這些提示，然後進行映射，然後嘗試應用這些提示。

So first tip, keep it simple.

是以，第一條建議是，保持簡單。

This is a great quote by John Nelson, who works at Esri and is a pretty well-known map maker.

這是約翰-尼爾森（John Nelson）說的一句名言，他在 Esri 工作，是一位相當知名的地圖繪製者。

I'm not going to read the whole thing, but I just want you to take note of the highlighted text.

我不打算讀全文，但我只想讓你們注意一下突出顯示的文字。

Specific phenomenon, pick a salient thing, leave everything else out, and exercise restraint.

具體現象，選一個突出的東西，其他的都不要寫，要有節制。

And so when you think about mapping in Tableau, for those who have done it, you bring in a geographic field into the view, then you automatically see a background, background layers, and things like that, that's applied by Mapbox.

是以，當你考慮在 Tableau 中繪製地圖時，對於那些做過的人來說，你會在視圖中引入一個地理區域，然後你會自動看到一個背景、背景圖層和類似的東西，這些都是 Mapbox 應用的。

So the question is, do we need all of that?

那麼問題來了，我們需要這些嗎？

And some of that might be noise, and so, or kind of make it a little harder for our story to come out.

其中有些可能是噪音，所以，或者說會讓我們的故事更難曝光。

So my own personal rule of thumb is really one map, one message, okay?

是以，我個人的經驗法則是，一張地圖，一條資訊，好嗎？

But if you have multiple stories to tell, and you're trying to do it in one map, you might be more effective creating multiple maps.

但是，如果你有多個故事要講，而你又想在一張地圖上完成，那麼創建多張地圖可能會更有效。

I lost my place in my notes.

我在筆記中失去了位置。

So what does that mean?

這意味著什麼？

That might mean one key feature per map, one colour palette per map, maybe one key symbol that you use to highlight a specific feature.

這可能意味著每張地圖有一個關鍵特徵，每張地圖有一個調色板，也許還有一個用來突出特定特徵的關鍵符號。

Things like that.

諸如此類的事情。

Second tip.

第二個建議

Do not accept defaults.

不接受默認值。

So like I said, when you plop in a geographic field into the view, there are a lot of defaults.

是以，就像我說的，當你在視圖中插入一個地理區域時，會有很多默認設置。

We see that when we do a bar chart, grid lines, things like that.

我們在繪製條形圖、網格線等類似圖表時就能看到這一點。

So when I plopped in San Diego, the city, something like this, all these background layers, ultimately we have to kind of revert back to what is the purpose of this map?

所以，當我把聖地亞哥這個城市、類似這樣的東西、所有這些背景層都放進去時，我們最終還是要回到這個地圖的目的是什麼？

What are we trying to tell?

我們想說明什麼？

What story are we trying to tell?

我們要講什麼故事？

What message are we trying to convey?

我們要傳達什麼資訊？

And do we need all of this stuff to convey that message?

我們需要這些東西來傳達這一資訊嗎？

Can we leave things out?

我們可以省略一些東西嗎？

That's the kind of key thing.

這才是關鍵所在。

And so question everything, right?

所以要質疑一切，對嗎？

Question the defaults.

質疑默認設置。

Question the symbols that are used.

對使用的符號提出疑問。

Question the colours.

質疑顏色。

Question the background layers.

質疑背景圖層。

Do we need all of those?

我們需要所有這些嗎？

Question the map options.

詢問地圖選項。

And we'll go through a few of those examples in the demo.

我們將在演示中介紹其中的幾個例子。

Kind of the counterpart to that is tip three.

與此相對應的是提示三。

Definitely sweat the little details, okay?

一定要在小細節上下功夫，好嗎？

One of the things that cartographers spend an enormous amount of time on are labels.

製圖師花費大量時間的工作之一就是製作標籤。

The position of the labels around the dot or a shape, the size of the label, the font of the label, the font type, the font style, the font size, et cetera.

點或形狀周圍標籤的位置、標籤的大小、標籤的字體、字體類型、字體樣式、字體大小等等。

An enormous amount of time.

大量的時間。

And so sweat the details.

是以，在細節方面要多下功夫。

So consider everything.

所以要考慮到一切。

The positioning.

定位。

So this is a map of Balboa Park.

這是巴爾博亞公園的地圖。

So I've supplied you with a few shape files.

是以，我為您提供了一些形狀文件。

Those are the shape files I used to create this map.

這些是我用來製作這張地圖的形狀文件。

Consider the positioning.

考慮定位。

Consider the inherent white space.

考慮固有的留白。

So we talk about white space, increasing white space to make things readable.

是以，我們談論留白，增加留白空間，以提高可讀性。

Geographies have a weird shape, right?

地理的形狀很奇怪，對吧？

So if you notice, Balboa has kind of this weird shape where there's an open space, white space here, there's white space here.

是以，如果你注意到，巴爾博亞有一種奇怪的形狀，這裡是空地，這裡是留白，這裡也是留白。

And then everything is on this side.

然後一切都在這邊。

And so this entire right side of Balboa Park, I thought about as white space.

是以，整個巴爾博亞公園的右側都被我視為空白區域。

So I was trying to take advantage of that white space.

所以我想利用這個空白。

And so kind of think about that.

所以，你要好好想想這一點。

Obviously, this is all floating.

顯然，這些都是浮雲。

And so I know there's two camps, right?

所以我知道有兩個陣營，對嗎？

So I created this using just floating containers.

是以，我只用浮動容器就製作了這個。

And so, you know, we can talk about that.

所以，你知道，我們可以談談這個問題。

We can argue about that later, yeah.

我們可以稍後再討論這個問題

And I tried to kind of balance it, take advantage of the white space, trying to position it in a way that made sense.

我試著平衡它，利用留白的空間，試圖以一種有意義的方式來定位它。

I spent an enormous amount of time playing with the size of the circles, trying to kind of figure out what worked best, right?

我花了大量時間研究圓圈的大小，試圖找出最合適的方法，對嗎？

So sweating the little details is important.

是以，在小細節上下功夫非常重要。

Tip four.

技巧四

So this was before my time.

所以，這是在我的時代之前。

But I heard that creating maps was a nightmare with dual access or trying to model the data in a way so all these different shape files were somehow linked to a single table, right?

但我聽說，創建地圖是一場噩夢，因為要使用雙重訪問權限，或者要以某種方式建立數據模型，以便將所有這些不同的形狀文件以某種方式鏈接到一個表中，對嗎？

With map layers, it's a game changer.

有了地圖圖層，它就能改變遊戲規則。

And I'll show you some examples.

我給你們舉幾個例子。

Now we could just pile in the facial files, not worry about data modeling, and then overlay them on top of each other, right?

現在，我們可以直接將面部文件堆放在一起，不用擔心數據建模，然後將它們疊加在一起，對嗎？

Which is cool.

這很酷。

And that makes a big difference.

這就大不一樣了。

Coming from someone who's done GIS, this mirrors more how I learned how to create maps.

從一個從事地理信息系統的人來說，這更像是我學習如何製作地圖的寫照。

Like by layering, not worrying about the data model necessarily, but as long as they're geographically linked in some way, we can overlay things on top of each other.

比如通過分層，不一定要擔心數據模型，但只要它們在地理上有某種聯繫，我們就可以把它們疊加在一起。

Okay?

好嗎？