How to best organize your literature review?

如何更好地組織文獻綜述？

Well, the answer is the best way that presents itself after you've done all your reviews.

那麼，答案就是在您完成所有審查後所呈現的最佳方式。

But there are some common organizational patterns that will probably be of use to you.

但有些常見的組織模式可能會對你有用。

And the first of those is the chronological.

第一種是按時間順序排列。

You can divide things into decades or half decades.

你可以把事情分為十年或半個十年。

You can say, well, in the 1950s, they thought autism was caused by cold mothering and bad parenting.

你可以說，在 20 世紀 50 年代，他們認為自閉症是由冷漠的母親和糟糕的養育方式造成的。

And in the 1960s, they thought, oh, autism is a psychological illness of unknown origin.

在 20 世紀 60 年代，他們認為自閉症是一種原因不明的心理疾病。

And then in the 1990s and today in the 2000s, we say, oh, autism is caused by a genetic susceptibility triggered by an environmental toxin.

然後在 20 世紀 90 年代和 21 世紀的今天，我們說，哦，自閉症是由環境毒素引發的遺傳易感性造成的。

And so we have put in chronology the major studies and major authors and researchers along the way, chronology.

是以，我們按時間順序排列了沿途的主要研究、主要作者和研究人員。

Another way is through advancement.

另一種方式是晉升。

You can say, well, here we have the beginning of nanotechnology.

你可以說，這就是納米技術的開端。

Here are the researchers, here are the scientists that gave the first breakthroughs in nanotechnology.

這裡有研究人員，這裡有在納米技術領域率先取得突破的科學家。

And then came this next set of studies, this next set of researchers who gave us the next breakthrough in nanotechnology.

接下來，又有一批研究人員為我們帶來了納米技術的新突破。

And then this one.

然後是這個。

And now here we are today, and that's where your paper begins, breakthroughs, advancements.

今天，我們來到了這裡，這就是你的論文開始的地方，突破，進步。

You've also got geographical.

你還有地理位置。

Let's say you were doing the modern day slave trade in a research paper.

比方說，你在一篇研究論文中談到了現代奴隸貿易。

You could say, well, in the Near East, here are research studies and reports about the modern day slave trade in the Near East.

你可以說，好吧，在近東，這裡有關於近東現代奴隸貿易的研究和報告。

Here are the research studies and the reports, and this is what the past people have said about the modern day slave trade in Europe, and then Asia, and then Euro-Asia.

這些是研究報告，這些是過去的人對歐洲、亞洲、歐亞現代奴隸貿易的評價。

In other words, you're taking a geographical approach to everything that's been studied and said about that narrow topic of modern day slave trade.

換句話說，你是在用一種地理學的方法來看待關於現代奴隸貿易這一狹隘話題的所有研究和論述。

There are individual ones like questions, for example.

有個別的，比如問題。

This is something that is often presented to yourself.

這是經常向自己提出的問題。

What are the major questions in relationship to this topic that have been addressed by researchers through the years?

多年來，研究人員已經解決了哪些與該主題相關的主要問題？

You figure out what those major questions are by doing your reviews, and then you simply put them in order.

通過複習，您可以找出這些主要問題，然後將它們按順序排列起來。

For example, here's an example of a student who did this.

例如，下面就是一個學生這樣做的例子。

Now, here is her paper.

這是她的論文。

Here is her introduction to the literature review, and what's the first thing that you see right there?

這是她對文獻綜述的介紹，你看到的第一件事是什麼？

You see her statement of the four questions that have been addressed over the years by past researchers in relationship to this issue, this topic, and then sure enough, down at the bottom of the page, she begins addressing the first question.

你會看到她陳述了過去的研究人員多年來就這一問題、這一主題所提出的四個問題，然後，在頁面的底部，她果然開始論述第一個問題。

You flip a couple of pages later, and up at the top of the page, you see the second question.

你翻了幾頁之後，在頁首看到了第二個問題。

Flip another couple of pages, the third question.

再翻幾頁，第三個問題。

Flip another couple of pages, the fourth question, and in between those questions, she has put in order her summaries of the sources that address each of those questions, and that's a literature review.

再翻幾頁，是第四個問題，在這些問題之間，她按順序總結了針對每個問題的資料來源，這就是文獻綜述。

Now, the last thing we want to talk about when it comes to the literature review is how you're actually going to write the darn thing, the writing process that you will use.

現在，說到文獻綜述，我們要談的最後一件事就是如何真正寫出這篇該死的東西，也就是你要使用的寫作過程。

Well, you have probably figured out it's going to be pretty close to the same process that you use for writing any research project.

好吧，你可能已經想明白了，這將與你寫作任何研究項目的過程非常接近。

First thing you're going to do is to collect your sources, but now because this is an academic research review, the sources that you collect are going to be academic, peer-reviewed sources for the most part, so that means you're going to be going to the databases in places like the UMUC library.

你要做的第一件事就是收集資料來源，但由於這是一篇學術研究綜述，所以你收集的資料來源大部分都是學術性的、經過同行評審的資料來源，這意味著你要去 UMUC 圖書館等地方的數據庫。

You're going to be going to the private web where the subscription journals are, as opposed to the open web where a lot of consumer newsy type information is, so that's the first thing you're going to do is go to the places, collect your sources.

你要去的是訂閱期刊所在的私人網絡，而不是大量消費者新聞類資訊所在的開放網絡，所以你要做的第一件事就是去這些地方，收集你的資訊來源。

If your requirement is to review 20 sources, you're going to have to collect 30 or 40 because you're going to be narrowing them out in this next step, and the next step is to analyze them.

如果你的要求是審查 20 個資料來源，那麼你就必須收集 30 或 40 個，因為你要在下一步縮小範圍，而下一步就是分析它們。

Notice I did not say read them, because you don't begin by simply reading every source.

請注意，我並沒有說要閱讀它們，因為你並不是一開始就閱讀每一份資料。

You first start out at this 24,000 foot view of your collection that you've gotten, and you gradually narrow in on them by skimming and scanning, reading the titles, the chapter titles, the subhead, the other sources, the abstracts of them, and by doing that, you are calling out.

首先，你要從你的藏書的 24000 英尺的視角開始，通過略讀和掃描、閱讀書名、章節標題、副標題、其他來源、摘要等方式，逐漸縮小範圍，這樣做，你就會發現自己的藏書。

You're saying, no, these are not going to be of any use to me, yes, these I am going to keep.

你的意思是，不，這些東西對我沒用，是的，這些我要留著。

They do fit.

它們確實合適。

They are going to be of use, and then as you get closer, then you will extend your reading to word-for-word analytical reading, and then once you have really found stuff that is truly relevant to your topic, that's when you start taking notes.

它們會對你有所幫助，然後隨著時間的推移，你會將閱讀擴展到逐字逐句的分析性閱讀，一旦你真正找到了與你的主題真正相關的內容，這就是你開始做筆記的時候了。

That's when you start writing out citations.

這就是你開始寫引文的時候。

That's when you have found the material that you're actually going to be using in your research study, but notice that you've zoomed in skimming and scanning, and then only gradually do you get down to word-for-word reading.

這時，你已經找到了研究中真正要用到的材料，但要注意的是，你已經放大了略讀和掃描，然後才逐漸開始逐字閱讀。

Keep that in mind about your research analysis of your sources.

在對資料來源進行研究分析時，請牢記這一點。

The next thing you're going to do is, of course, arrange them, and we talked about some ways that you could arrange them, and the reason I'm repeating this step is that now that you've analyzed them, now that you've taken snapshots of each one that is relevant, I bet you you're going to start seeing patterns, whether it's the question pattern, the chronology pattern, the breakthrough pattern, whatever pattern, you've got to find one, and you make an outline, and underneath each major point in that outline, you list the sources that go in each major point, whether it's decade or breakthrough or geographical region, you list the major sources that go there, and then you've got your last step, and in your last step, you simply work your way through your outline, summarizing your sources and providing transitional connections between each source as you move through your outline, so there you go.

接下來你要做的當然是排列這些資料，我們討論過一些排列資料的方法，我之所以重複這一步是因為，既然你已經分析了這些資料，既然你已經對每個相關資料進行了快照，我敢打賭，你會開始看到一些模式，無論是問題模式、年代模式、突破模式，還是任何模式，你都要找到一種，然後列出一個提綱、在大綱的每個要點下面，你列出每個要點的資料來源，無論是年代、突破還是地理區域，你都要列出這些要點的主要資料來源，然後你就可以進行最後一步了，在最後一步中，你只需通過你的大綱，總結你的資料來源，並在你的大綱中提供每個資料來源之間的過渡連接，這樣

There's the big picture of how to write your literature review.

這就是如何撰寫文獻綜述的全貌。

Once you get it done, once you have established this firm basis on which you can stand, you've got a clear understanding of the past, so that you can move forward with your ideas into the present and the future.

一旦你完成了這項工作，一旦你建立了可以立足的堅實基礎，你就對過去有了清晰的認識，從而可以帶著你的想法走向現在和未來。

That's the literature review, good luck with it, and don't hesitate to get in contact with us if we can help you with anything, on anything related to this literature review.

這就是文獻綜述，祝你好運！如果我們能為你提供任何幫助，請隨時與我們聯繫。

Okay, good luck.

好吧 祝你好運