I can’t define who comes to us or how long they stay

我不確定是誰來找我們，也不確定他們到底待了多久

We get the people for whom nothing else is worked

我們抓到的人都只是在做他們份內工作

People who are fallen for all the other social safety nets

陷入所有社會安全陷阱的人們

They can’t contain them so we must. That’s our job.

他們不能包容自己，所以我們要包容他們，那是我們的義務

Contain them, control them.

包容他們，控制他們

Over the years, as a prison system, as a nation and as a society, we become very good at that

過去幾年來，不管作為一座監獄，一個國家，或是一個社會，我們都謹守本分

But that shouldn’t make you happy.

但你不該因為這樣就滿足了

Today, we incarcerate more people per capita than any other country in the world.

今天，本國人均監禁率比其他國家高

We have more black men in prison today than wonder slavery in 1850.

黑人坐牢的比率竟然比1850年監禁的奴隸還多

We house the parents of almost 3 million of our communities’ children

我們關了將近三百萬孩子們的父母

And we become the new asylum. The largest know how provider in this nation.

監獄成為新的庇護所，提供全國最大的心理健康資訊的庇護所

When we lock someone up that is not a small thing.

把人關進監牢裡並不是一件小事

And yet we’re call department of corrections.

而我們就被稱為法務部

Today I want to talk about changing the way we think about corrections.

我今天要和大家談談「改變對懲治的想法」

I believe in my experience tells me that when we change the way we think, we create new possibilities or futures.

我的經驗告訴我，一旦改變了想法，我們就能創造更多可能性或是未來

And prisons need a different future.

而監獄也需要一個不一樣的未來

I spent my entire career in corrections over thirty years

我投入超過三十年的心力於法務部

I followed my dad into this field. He was a Vietnam veteran. Corrections suited him.

當初跟隨我爸爸進入這個領域，我爸爸是越南退休老兵，法務部適合他

He was strong steady discipline.

他嚴守紀律

I was not so much any those things and I’m sure that worrying about me.

我那時懵懂無知，這是他擔心我的原因

Eventually, I decided if I was going to end up in prison, I’d better end up on the right side of the bars.

最後，我決定如果我這輩子要在監獄度過餘生，我最好是當獄卒，而不是犯人

So I thought I’d check it out.

所以我決定試試看

Take a tour the place my dad work.

我去參觀爸爸工作的地方

McNeil Island Penitentiary.

McNeil Island監獄

Now this was the early eighties. The prisons wasn’t quite what you see on TV or in the movies.

這是80年代初期的監獄，監獄並不像是你在電視或是電影中看到的那個樣子

In many ways, it was worse. I walked in was sell house those five tiers high.

各方面來說，監獄的環境非常糟，一走進去，我看到的是五排高掛的牢房

The rape and the cell for 550 men that living in it.

強姦犯和供550人住的單間牢房都在這裡面

And just in case you wonder, fisher one toilet no small confines.

我怕你會懷疑，監獄裡的廁所非常小

An officer put t key in lockbox in hundreds men streamed out theirselves.

一位獄卒把鑰匙放進有鎖的箱子，上百名犯人大聲吼叫

Hundreds of men streamed out themselves. I walked away as fast as I could.

上百名犯人大聲吼叫，我盡可能快速走出監獄

Eventually, I went back and I started as an officer there.

最後，我還是回到監獄當獄卒

My job was to run one of those cell blocks and to control those hundreds of men.

我的工作就是管理其中一間牢房，並控制上百名犯人

When I went to work in our reception center, I could actually hear the image drawn from the parking lot,

當我走進接待區，我還能聽到從停車場傳來的聲音

Shaking cell doors, yelling, tearing up their cells.

犯人們搖著牢房，大聲吼叫，並企圖摧毀牢房

Take hundreds of all people and lock them up and what you get is chaos.

領著上百名犯人回牢房，並上鎖時，周遭都是一片混亂

Contain and control that was our job.

包容和控制就是我們的義務

One way we want to do this more effectively, was a new type of housing unit

集約經營裝置，這種新式管理裝置讓

Called intensive management unit.

我們更有效率地管理犯人

I am you, a modern version of a whole.

我跟你們一樣有全新的看法

We put inmates in cell behind solid steel doors with cut broads, so we can restrain them and feed them.

我們要犯人坐在堅固的鋼門後，這樣我們就可以控管他們，並招呼他們的三餐

Guess what?

猜猜看變成怎樣了呢？

It got quieter. Disturbances died down a general population.

變安靜了，騷動也減少了

Places became safer because those inmates who are most violent or disruptive now be isolated.

環境變安全了，因為最兇暴的犯人們都已經被隔離了

But isolation is a good to pry people social contact and they deteriorate.

隔離方便我們去監視犯人的社交狀況，而且他們會變墮落

It was hard getting them out if I am you, for them and for us.

如果我是你們，那很難讓那些犯人出來

Even in prison, it’s no small thing to lock someone up.

甚至在監獄裡，把人關起來都不是件小事

My next assignment was to one of the states’ deep in prisons

我第二個工作是在更遠的一座監獄

Where someone far more violent or disruptive limits for house.

那裡的犯人更兇暴、更暴力的破壞牢房

By then the industry had advanced a lot, we had different tools and techniques to manage disruptive behaviors.

那時候的工業技術已經非常進步，所以我們有許多不同的器具和裝置來對付犯人凶暴的行為

We have beam back gun and pepper spray and Plexiglas shields, flash bangs, emergency response teams.

我們有後吊槍、胡椒噴霧、玻璃擋版、閃光彈及緊急應變小組

We met violence with force in chaos with chaos.

我們看到混亂中的暴動

We were pretty good at putting out fires.

我們很擅長滅火

While I was there I met two experienced correction workers who are also researchers, an anthropologist and a sociologist.

我當獄卒時，遇見兩位懲治局的員工，他們也是研究員，一位是人類學家，另一位是社會學家

One day one of them comment to me and said you’re pretty good at putting out fires.

有一天，其中一人稱讚我很擅長滅火

Have you ever thought about how to prevent them?

你有想過怎麼防止暴動嗎？

I was patient with them explaining our brutal force approach to making prisons safer.

我非常有耐心地向他們解釋如何解決野蠻的暴動，恢復成原本安全的監獄

They were patient with me out of those conversations we grew up some new ideas and we started some small experiments.

他們很有耐心地陪我，而我們在聊天過程中，想出了一些新想法，並開始嘗試一些小型的實驗

First, we stared training officers in teams rather than sending them one or two at a time to stay in training academy.

首先，我們在團隊中訓練獄卒，而不是送他們到訓練協會接受一兩次的訓練

Instead of four weeks of training, we gave them ten.

我們為這些新獄卒進行十週的訓練，而不是只有四週

Then, we experimented with an apprenticeship model repaired new staff with veteran staff.

然後我們會要求新獄卒和退休老兵進行學徒身分的測驗

They both got better at the work.

最後雙方都更上一層樓

Second, we had a verbal escalation skills into the training continue on and made a part of the use of force continue on.

其次，我們會持續進行口語提升訓練，暴動發生時就可以派上用場

It was the non force to use of force.

這就是君子動口不動手

And we did something even more radical, we trained inmates almost the same skills.

我們也做過更徹底的訓練，那就是用同樣的方式訓練犯人

We changed the skill set reducing violence not just responding to it.

我們改變方式以減少暴力，而不是只有給予回應

Third, we expanded our facility. We tried a new type of design.

第三，擴建設施，我們嘗試過很多種新的設計

Now the biggest and most controversial component of this design a course was the toilet.

現在這套設施最具爭議性的地方就在於廁所

There were no toilets.

監獄裡沒有廁所

Now, that might not sound significant to you today

這或許對你來說不重要

But at the time, it was huge.

但在那時，真的非常重要

No one has ever heard of a cell without toilet.

沒有人聽過一座監獄沒有任何一間廁所

We all thought it was dangerous and crazy even a man house has a toilet.

但我們又覺得每間牢房都有廁所是很危險而且瘋狂的事

That small detail change the way we work.

這一件小事就改變了原本的想法

Inmates and staff started interacting more often and openly in developing report.

犯人和獄卒們有更多的交流，甚至會公開報告

It was easier to detect conflict intervene before escalated.

這比較容易監控犯人狀況，衝突發生時，能有效避免衝突加劇

The unit was clear, quieter, safer, and more humane.

這種裝置操作法易懂，安全，而且更人性化

This was more effective in keeping the peace in any intimidation technique had seen to that point.

任何一種具威脅性的設施都已經改良，更能有效保持和平

Interacting changes our way to behave. Both for the officer and the inmates.

犯人與獄卒之間互相影響，而使我們的行為改變了

We changed the environment and we changed the behavior.

不僅環境改變了，我們的行為也改變了

Now, just in case, I haven’t learned this lesson, they assigned me to headquarters next,

現在，為了以防我還沒弄明白這些知識，長官們指派我去總部

And that’s where I ran straight up against system change.

這是我與體制改變的偶遇

Now, many things work against system change.

但很多事情都不會因為這個系統改變而改變

Politics and politicians, bills and laws, courts and lawsuits, internal politics.

政治和政客、預算和法令、法庭和訴訟，以及國際局勢

System change is difficult and slow.

系統要改變變得更加困難且緩慢

In oftentimes, it doesn’t take you where you want to go.

事情常常不如意

It’s no small thing to change a prison system.

改變一座監獄不是一件小事

So what I didn’t do was I reflected on my earlier experiences.

所以我不去想過去的經驗

I remembered that when irritate two defenders then he went down.

我記得兩位守衛被惹怒之後，他就倒下了

When we changing environment, behavior change. And these were not huge system changes.

我們要改變環境，行為也要改變，而這些還都不算是大系統的改變

These were small changes and these changes create new possibilities.

這些只是小改變，而且這些改變創造了新的可能性

So next I got reassigned a super tended a small prison.

下一次我又被分發到一個小監獄當獄卒

And at the same time, I was working on my degree at the Evergreen State College.

我那時候正在長青州立大學讀書

I interact with a lot of people who were not like me. people have different ideas and came from different backgrounds.

我接觸了許多有著不同想法的人，他們有著不同的背景，而也有不同的想法

One of them was rainforest ecologist.

其中一人是熱帶雨林的生態學家

She looked at my small prison, and what she saw was a laboratory.

她看我管的這座小監獄，就好像在看一間實驗室

We talked and discovered how prison’s inmates can actually help advanced science.

我們邊討論邊找出犯人其實有助於科學研究的原因

By helping them complete projects that they couldn’t complete on their own.

我們協助完成他們不能獨立完成的計畫

Like repopulating endangered species, frogs, butterflies. Endangered party plants

例如：復育瀕臨絕種的物種，像是青蛙和蝴蝶，還有瀕臨絕種的植物

At the same time, we found ways to make our operation more efficient through the addition over a solar power, rainwater catchment

同時，透過太陽能、雨水收集器、有機栽培和資源回收

Organic gardening, recycling.

讓我們的工作更加順利

This initiative has led to many projects that had huge system-wide impact

這樣積極的行動對許多計畫的系統造成嚴重的影響

Not just our system but another state systems as well.

不只是我們自己的系統，還有其他國家的系統

Small experiments making a big difference.

小小實驗卻有巨大的改變

The science to the community. The way we think about our work changes our work.

科學接觸到社會時，我們的想法改變了工作

The project just make my job more interesting and exciting.

這個計畫讓我的工作變得更有趣而刺激

I was excited. Staffs were excited. Officers were excited. Inmates were excited.

我非常興奮，職員、官員和犯人們也都很興奮

They were inspired. Everybody wanted to be a part of this.

他們都很有靈感，想要加入這個計畫

They’re making a contribution and difference. One they thought was meaningful and important.

他們都貢獻一己之力，讓監獄有所改變，他們都認為這意義深遠

Let me be clear on what’s going on there though.

我再解釋詳細一點

Inmates are highly adaptive. They have to be.

犯人非常適應這個系統，他們必須要適應

Oftentimes, they know more about our own systems than the people who run them.

有時，他們甚至比負責營運的人都還更了解系統

And they’re here for a reason.

而且他們在這裡是有原因的

I don’t see my job is to punish them or forgive them.

我不清楚我的職務是懲罰他們，還是原諒他們

But I do think they can have decent and meaningful lives even in prison.

但我認為即使在監獄裡，犯人還是該有體面且有意義的生活

So that was a question.

所以問題來了

Could inmates live a decent and meaningful life?

犯人到底可不可以過體面又有意義的生活呢？

And if so, what difference would that make?

如果可以，那又會有什麼樣的改變呢？

So I took that question back to the deep end where some of our most violent offenders were housed.

我們繼續討論一些監禁最激烈的違法者的問題

Remember I’m a user for punishment. You don’t get perks are like programming that was how we thought.

我是個執法者，你不知道對我們來說，昂首闊步就像是電視節目

And then we started to realize that if any inmates need this programming.

然後我們開始明白，如果有任何犯人需要看這齣節目

It was these particular inmates, in fact they needed intensive program.

就是這些特定的犯人，事實上，他們真的需要深度的電視節目

So we changed our thinking 180 degrees and we start looking for new possibilities.

所以我們的想法180度大轉變，而且我們又開始尋找新的可能性

What we found was a new kind of chair.

我們找到的是一種新椅子

Instead of using the chair for punishment, we put it in classrooms.

而不是懲罰椅，我們把這種椅子放在教室內

We didn’t forget our responsibility to control.

我們沒有忘記要掌控犯人的義務

But now inmates can interact safely face to face with other inmates and staff.

但現在，犯人可以安全地與其他犯人及獄卒接觸

And because control was no longer an issue, everybody could focus on other things.

而且因為掌控犯人已經不是最重要的事了，每個人都把重心放在其他事情上

Like learning, behavior changed.

像是學習、行為改善

We changed our thinking and we changed what was possible and that gives me hope.

我們不僅改變了想法，也改變了可能性，給我更多的希望

Now, I can’t tell you that any of this stuff will work.

現在，我不敢保證這些東西一定會有用

What I can tell you though, it is working.

但我可以告訴你，它正在運作

Our prison are getting safer for both staff and inmates.

我們的監獄對於犯人和獄卒來說，都變安全了

And more prisons are safe, we can put our energy in a lot more than just controlling.

而越來越多安全的監獄，我們就能把更多心力放在其他事物上

Reducing recidivism maybe our ultimate goal, but it’s not our only goal.

我們最重要的目標可能是減少累犯，但那不是我們唯一的目標

To be honest with you, preventing crime took so much more from so many more people in institutions.

老實說，防止犯罪其實要從制度改變

If we rely on just present to reduce the crime, I’m afraid we’ll never get there.

如果我們只希望犯罪率數字降低，我想犯罪率永遠都無法降低

But prisons can do something we never thought they could do.

但監獄可以做一些過去大家都認為做不到的事情

Prisons can be the source of innovation and sustainability.

監獄可以是創新和永續發展的來源

Repopulating endangered species, environmental restoration.

復育瀕臨絕種的物種和環境重建

Inmates can be scientists and beekeepers, dog rescuers.

犯人可以成為科學家、養蜂家，或是救狗隊員

Prisons can be the source of a meaningful work and opportunity for staff and the inmates who live there.

監獄也可以提供獄卒和犯人一個有意義的工作和機會

We can contain and control and provide humane environments.

我們可以包容、掌控犯人，也可以提供人性化的環境

These are not opposing qualities.

這些不是相對的品質

We can’t wait ten to twenty years to find out if this is worth doing.

我們無法等到10年、20年後才發現值得這樣做

Our strategy is not massive system change.

我們的策略不在於大型系統的改變

Our strategies hundreds of small changes that take place in days or months not years.

我們的策略是每天或每個月，上百次小小的改變，而不是一年才改變一次

We need more small pilots where we learn as we go.

我們需要更多領航員帶領我們學習

Pilots that change the range of possibility.

領航員能改變可能性的範圍

We need new better way to measure impacts on engagement on interaction on safe environments.

我們需要更好的新方法來測試諾言、交流與安全環境所帶來的影響

We need more opportunities to participate in and contribute to our communities, your communities.

我們需要更多機會來參與並更獻給社會

Prisons need to be secure. Yes. Safe. Yes.

監獄一定要安全，對，安全，對

We can do that. Prisons you provide humane environments where people can participate, contribute and more meaningful lives.

我們做得到，監獄變成人性化的環境，大家可以分享、貢獻，讓生命變得更有意義

We’re learning how to do that.

我們正朝這個方向學習

That’s why I’m hopeful.

這又是我所盼望的事

We don’t have to stay stuck in old ideas about prison.

我們不要再用舊思維去看待監獄

We can define that. We can create that.

我們可以自行詮釋它、創造它

And when we do that thoughtfully with humanity.

而當我們用人性化的思維來看待監獄

Prisons can be more than the bucket prevail social policy.

它會比社會政策的漏洞更有意義

Maybe finally, we’ll honor title.

或許到最後，我們還會以這個標題為榮

A department of corrections.

懲治部

Thank you!

謝謝！