And I want you guys to immerse yourselves in the roles of these characters.

我希望你們能沉浸在這些角色中。

Put yourselves in their shoes, if you will.

請設身處地為他們著想。

So imagine yourselves as team leaders of a group of soldiers in a war-torn country somewhere very far away from where you're used to, with different culture, speaking different language.

所以，想象一下，你們是一群阿兵哥的小隊長，在一個飽受戰爭蹂躪的國家，在一個離你們習慣的地方非常遙遠的地方，有著不同的文化，說著不同的語言。

You have no idea what the culture is like over there.

你根本不知道那邊的文化是什麼樣的。

And as you're in the city, going house to house, clearing, looking for the enemy, you come up on the last house.

當你在城裡挨家挨戶清查、尋找敵人時，你來到了最後一棟房子前。

You stack up.

你疊起來。

Your team stack up behind you.

你的團隊在你身後堆積如山。

You give the cue.

你發出提示。

There's a guy behind you.

你後面有個人

You kick open the door.

你踢開門。

You go in.

你進去

You clear each room.

你要清理每個房間。

And then you arrive in the living room.

然後你就到了客廳。

There is an old man, scared, with his hands up.

有一位老人，驚恐地舉起雙手。

Your team, with your guns pointed at him, you say, put your hands up, put your hands up.

你的隊員用槍指著他，你說，舉起手來，舉起手來。

Hands where I can see them.

手放在我能看到的地方

Now, within your team, there's a combat translator whose job is to translate, to help you guys communicate with the local population.

現在，在你們的團隊中，有一名戰鬥翻譯，他的工作就是翻譯，幫助你們與當地居民溝通。

So then you ask this old man, you ask him, is there anyone in the house?

然後你問這個老人，問他家裡有人嗎？

Is there anyone in the house?

屋裡有人嗎？

Because as team leader, you need to know if there are any other possible threats in the house.

因為作為隊長，你需要知道房子裡是否還有其他可能的威脅。

So this translator then translates that.

於是，這位翻譯員就把它翻譯了出來。

But unbeknownst to you and your team, the local culture and the language is quite different.

但您和您的團隊不知道的是，當地的文化和語言與此大相徑庭。

It doesn't go word for word in English.

它不是用英語一字一句寫出來的。

In fact, the local culture and language, they never refer to women or children directly.

事實上，在當地的文化和語言中，他們從不直接提及婦女或兒童。

So what the translator ends up asking is, are there any men in the house?

所以翻譯最後問的是，家裡有男人嗎？

Are there any men in the house?

家裡有男人嗎？

So the old man, he's in fear.

所以那個老人，他很害怕。

He has, like, four or five guns pointed at him.

他好像有四五把槍對著他

He's not going to lie to you.

他不會騙你的。

He says, no, no, there are no other men in the house.

他說，不，不，家裡沒有其他男人。

Then the translator translates back to you, which nobody's lying because there is no other men in the house.

然後翻譯回給你，沒有人撒謊，因為屋裡沒有其他男人。

But then it is at this moment that a young girl, perhaps 14-year-old, comes into the room and says, grandpa, what's going on?

但就在這個時候，一個可能只有 14 歲的小女孩走進房間，說：爺爺，這是怎麼回事？

Right there and then, your soldiers jump into alert mode.

就在那時，你的阿兵哥就會進入戒備狀態。

This guy just says there's no one else in the house with your guns pointed at this little girl.

這傢伙只是說，你的槍口對著這個小女孩，屋裡沒有其他人。

And you as team leader, you have a split second to make the decision, do you take the shot or not?

而作為隊長的你，只有一瞬間的時間做出決定，是開槍還是不開槍？

If you don't take a shot, it's possible that this little girl could pull out a handgun, empty 15 rounds into you and your men.

如果你不開槍，這個小女孩就有可能掏出手槍，對著你和你的人打出 15 發子彈。

But if you take a shot, what if this girl's innocent?

但如果你開槍，萬一這個女孩是無辜的呢？

What if it was just a hamburger, a dog that she's holding behind her back?

如果那只是一個漢堡包，一條她背後抱著的狗呢？

Are you willing to live with that guilt?

你願意帶著負罪感生活嗎？

Do you want to go get court-martialed?

你想上軍事法庭嗎？

So as you can see the gravity of this situation, and many people interpret this as the mistranslation in war.

是以，你可以看到這種情況的嚴重性，許多人將其解釋為戰爭中的誤譯。

But I'd like to take it a step further.

但我想更進一步。

In my opinion, I think this is more than just a issue of translation, mistranslation.

在我看來，我認為這不僅僅是翻譯、誤譯的問題。

I think this is an issue of the lack of understanding for the local culture.

我認為這是缺乏對當地文化了解的問題。

You see, whenever you speak with someone from another culture, another language, or there's some translation involved, it's not just an exchange of words.

你看，每當你與來自另一種文化、另一種語言的人交談，或者涉及到一些翻譯，這就不僅僅是語言的交流了。

There's an exchange of culture going on here.

這裡正在進行文化交流。

And I think the problem here is that these soldiers over-reliance on the translator to translate, to accurately refer to them the information they need.

我認為這裡的問題在於，這些阿兵哥過度依賴翻譯，以準確地向他們提供所需的資訊。

That's the problem.

這就是問題所在。

So what I want to talk about today is intercultural communication.

所以，我今天要談的是跨文化交流。

Notice the keyword, intercultural.

注意關鍵詞 "跨文化"。

As I previously mentioned, when you talk to someone from another culture, it's not just word for word.

正如我之前提到的，當你與來自另一種文化的人交談時，並不只是逐字逐句地交談。

There's an exchange of culture going on.

這裡正在進行文化交流。

So let me illustrate that with an example, because I'm a business student here at Penn

讓我舉個例子來說明，因為我是賓夕法尼亞大學商學院的學生

State, I'm going to use a more business-oriented example.

國家，我將用一個更商業化的例子來說明。

From my experiences, most American businessmen tend to be, not all, but a lot of them, tend to be a lot more dominant, aggressive, confident, basically.

根據我的經驗，大多數美國商人（不是全部，但有很多）傾向於更有支配力、更具侵略性、更自信，基本上是這樣。

But you see, when you go to Asia, for example, and you tell them, hey, let's meet tonight.

但是你看，比如說，當你去亞洲時，你會告訴他們，嘿，我們今晚見個面吧。

Let's have a business meeting tonight.

我們今晚開個商務會議吧

They might interpret that as, okay, let's go out for dinner, let's have some food, let's get to know each other, build a bond.

他們可能會把這理解為：好吧，我們出去吃晚飯，吃點東西，讓我們互相瞭解，建立聯繫。

Because in Asia, when you want to do business, you got to get to know the person you're buying and selling to and from.

因為在亞洲，當你想做生意時，你必須瞭解你的買賣對象。

You got to have that sense of trust.

你必須有這種信任感。

But I think with a lot of Western businessmen, the value of the transaction comes first.

但我認為，對於很多西方商人來說，交易的價值是第一位的。

I want to fly to Brazil, and I want to be out by tonight.

我想飛去巴西，今晚就離開。

Sign that contract, get that deal, get those rolling in, get that done.

籤合同，做交易，把這些事情做完。

Now imagine yourselves as now, as businessmen, or women, going to China, for example.

現在想象一下你們現在的樣子，比如說，作為商人或女性，去中國。

So going to a new place, understanding the styles of communication is extremely important.

是以，到一個新的地方，瞭解當地的交流方式是非常重要的。

So I remember a class I took here in Penn State, actually, Marketing 410, Personal Selling.

我記得我在賓夕法尼亞州立大學上過一門課，實際上是市場營銷 410，個人銷售。

Great professor, by the way.

順便說一句，偉大的教授。

So in this class, we were taught about personal selling, how to sell stuff.

是以，在這門課上，我們學習了個人銷售，如何賣東西。

And as salesmen, or sales agents, saleswomen, you have to be confident.

作為銷售員、銷售代理或女銷售員，你們必須充滿自信。

So we were taught the Marketing 410 handshake.

是以，我們學到了市場營銷 410 握手法。

Got to be confident.

一定要自信

You got to, you know, hey, how's it going?

你得，你知道，嘿，怎麼樣了？

How are you?

你好嗎？

Now, in this class, I experienced my fair share of hand-crushing handshakes.

現在，在這個班級裡，我經歷了不少讓人手足無措的握手。

You know, guys, girls, you know, they got to show that confidence, that dominance over you, you know, and I experienced my fair share of that.

你知道，不管是男生還是女生，他們都要表現出那種自信，那種對你的支配力，你知道，我也經歷過這種情況。

But if you were to do that in perhaps where I'm from, in Taiwan, or in China, or in a lot of parts of Asia, this could be viewed as aggressive, or even unprofessional, even.

但如果你在我的家鄉臺灣、中國大陸或亞洲許多地方這樣做，可能會被視為咄咄逼人，甚至是不專業。

So now I want to introduce a concept called contact zones.

所以，現在我想介紹一個概念，叫做 "接觸區"。

Now contact zones are closely intertwined with the concept of intercultural communication.

現在，接觸區與跨文化交際的概念密切相關。

Now what are contact zones?

什麼是接觸區？

Contact zones is first developed by Dr. Mary Louise Pratt in her Adoption of the Contact

接觸區是由瑪麗-路易斯-普拉特博士在她的《採用接觸區》一書中首次提出的。

Zones.

區。

Now, in my own words, kind of my interpretation example is contact zone.

現在，用我自己的話來說，我的解釋例子就是接觸區。

Contact zones are basically spaces where different cultures meet.

接觸區基本上是不同文化交匯的空間。

However, when different cultures meet, it's quite possible that conflicts may erupt because we don't understand each other.

然而，當不同的文化相遇時，很有可能會因為彼此不理解而爆發衝突。

All right?

行嗎？

If you look at historical examples, you know, when the Europeans first came to the Americas, what happened, you know, to the Aztecs, or what happened to the, you know, Native Americans?

如果你看看歷史上的例子，你知道，當歐洲人第一次來到美洲時，阿茲臺克人發生了什麼，或者，你知道，美洲原住民發生了什麼？

This room right here is a contact zone.

這個房間是接觸區

All right?

行嗎？

Well, contact zones are historically usually on the battlefield and still is, but in today's world, with the world shrinking with social media, internet technology, neighborhoods, your Walmart, schools, classrooms have become contact zones.

那麼，接觸區在歷史上通常是在戰場上，現在仍然如此，但在當今世界，隨著社交媒體、互聯網技術的發展，世界正在縮小，社區、你的沃爾瑪、學校、教室都成了接觸區。

Why did I say this room is a contact zone?

為什麼我說這個房間是接觸區？

I'm from Taiwan.

我來自臺灣。

You might be from Erie, Pennsylvania.

你可能來自賓夕法尼亞州伊利市。

You might be from, or my sister in the crowd, Detroit, Michigan.

你可能來自密歇根州的底特律，或者我人群中的姐妹。

You know, I have people, friends here from China, from Italy, everywhere.

你知道，我有來自中國、意大利等世界各地的朋友。

This room is a contact zone, and I am initiating intercultural communication with you guys, also to those who may be watching online.

這個房間是一個接觸區，我正在與你們，也與那些可能在網上觀看的人進行跨文化交流。

So you may ask me at this point, Anthony, why do you care so much about intercultural communication and contact zone and all that?

這時你可能會問我，安東尼，你為什麼這麼關心跨文化交流和接觸區之類的問題？

Like, what does that have to do with you?

這跟你有什麼關係？

What does that have to do with me?

這跟我有什麼關係？

You see, I'm no stranger to contact zones and intercultural communication.

你看，我對接觸區和跨文化交流並不陌生。

I grew up immersed in culture shock.

我是在文化衝擊中長大的。

I came to the United States at the age of seven to study.

我七歲來到美國求學。

My mom was doing her PhD, so I came along, tagged along, you know, studied here.

我媽媽當時正在攻讀博士學位，所以我就跟著來了，在這裡學習。

And my English back then was pretty terrible.

而我當時的英語非常糟糕。

I only knew how to say, you know, the word apple.

我只知道怎麼說，你知道，蘋果這個詞。

That's not going to help you much, you know, to communicate, right?

這對你的交流沒什麼幫助，對吧？

So I communicated first through the universal language of strength.

是以，我首先通過 "力量 "這一通用語言進行溝通。

And what is that?

那是什麼呢？

To put it bluntly, with my fists, because you see, as a, you know, as a little boy on the playground, you know, you have a bunch of boys that are always vying for supremacy, beating each other up.

說白了，就是用我的拳頭，因為你看，作為一個小男孩，你知道，作為一個在操場上的小男孩，你知道，你有一群男孩，他們總是爭強好勝，互相毆打。

So if you can beat up the biggest, baddest kid, you know, you instantly earn respect from the other kids.

所以，如果你能打敗最大最壞的孩子，你知道，你馬上就能贏得其他孩子的尊重。

You know, that worked pretty well for me, and it was very fun.

你知道，這對我來說非常有效，而且非常有趣。

But that fun didn't last, you see.

但好景不長，你瞧。

In high school, I moved back to Taiwan, and boy, was that a shock for me.

高中時，我搬回了臺灣，這對我來說是個打擊。

You see, despite being Asian, despite being from Taiwan, I felt like an outsider within my own culture, in my own country.

你看，儘管我是亞洲人，儘管我來自臺灣，但在我自己的文化中，在我自己的國家裡，我感覺自己是個局外人。

Going to high school in Taiwan, the culture there is, or should I say, the majority of

在臺灣上高中時，那裡的文化，或者我應該說，大多數人

Asian cultures were more about the greater good, the interest of the team, of the group, of the majority, okay?

亞洲文化更注重大局，注重團隊、集體和大多數人的利益，好嗎？

And growing up in America, I had a strong sense of individualism.

在美國長大的我有著強烈的個人主義意識。

I'm Anthony.

我是安東尼

I'm me.

我就是我

You know, that self-identity is so deeply rooted in me.

要知道，這種自我認同在我心中根深蒂固。

So going back home, it wasn't easy for me to get along with other kids or my teachers.

是以，回到家後，我很難與其他孩子或老師相處。

So obviously, you know, school wasn't the most smooth experience for me in high school, especially.

所以很明顯，你知道，我在高中的求學經歷並不是最順利的，尤其是這樣。

Imagine coming into the classroom.

想象一下走進教室的情景。

Now, mind you, we had wooden desks, all right?

現在，請注意，我們的桌子是木製的，好嗎？

It's like single desks.

就像單人辦公桌一樣。

It's not like this.

不是這樣的

It's connected.

它是相連的。

So single desks, wooden desks.

是以，單人課桌、木製課桌。

You know, I would come in the classroom.

你知道，我會走進教室。

My desk would be a pile of wood.

我的辦公桌就是一堆木頭。

You might think, that's not that bad.

你可能會想，這還不算太糟。

A pile of wood, if you just put it back together, right?

一堆木頭，如果你把它重新組裝起來，對嗎？

Cool.

酷斃了

Pile of wood with shampoo dumped over it.

一堆木頭，上面倒著洗髮水。

So now I got to drag these pieces of wood, take it outside, wash it up, bring it back into the classroom, dry it, put it back together.

所以，現在我得把這些木頭拖到外面，洗乾淨，再帶回教室，晾乾，重新組裝起來。

Yeah, I wasn't exactly focused on school that much, you know, having to do this almost every day.

是的，我並沒有那麼專注於學業，你知道，我幾乎每天都要做這個。

And I also realized that I'm in high school now.

我還意識到，我現在已經上高中了。

I can't just beat up whoever I wish, you know?

我不能想打誰就打誰，知道嗎？

I got to be more civilized now, too, also in this different culture.

在這種不同的文化中，我現在也變得更加文明瞭。

So I talked to the teacher.

於是我和老師談了談。

You know, that's, I think, like, the most reasonable thing to do.

你知道，我認為這是最合理的做法。

So I talked to my teacher.

於是，我和老師談了談。

But I think, as you may have already guessed, my teacher basically said, just bear with it, you know?

但我想，你們可能已經猜到了，我的老師基本上是說，忍一忍，你知道嗎？

You're one person.

你是一個人。

Let's not flip over the whole classroom trying to find out who the culprit is.

我們不要為了找出誰是罪魁禍首而翻遍整個教室。

Although I knew who the culprit was.

雖然我知道罪魁禍首是誰。

I know who hated me the most in the classroom, right?

我知道在教室裡誰最討厭我，對吧？

But see, I've always wondered how different things would have turned out back then if

但是，我一直在想，如果當時

I had tried to understand the culture way from the beginning, to initiate that intercultural communication with my classmates and my teachers way from the beginning.

我試圖從一開始就瞭解這種文化，從一開始就與同學和老師進行跨文化交流。

Would things have been different back then?

當時的情況會有所不同嗎？

But that's all in the past now.

但這一切都已成為過去。

So let's move on to the next two important steps of my life.

接下來，讓我們進入我人生中重要的兩步。

So after high school, I was in the Taiwanese Army, in the military.

高中畢業後，我加入了臺灣軍隊。

And then I also was I also worked in a biotech firm that had me traveling overseas.

後來，我還在一家生物技術公司工作，經常出差到國外。

This is all before college coming here.

這都是大學來這裡之前的事了。

So I worked in a biotech firm that had me traveling overseas quite a bit.

是以，我在一家生物技術公司工作，經常出差到國外。

And these two experiences taught me a lot about why it is important to be able to communicate with people who are different than you.

這兩次經歷讓我明白了很多道理，知道了為什麼與不同的人交流非常重要。

So in the Army and the military, you've got to have trust, you've got to have that bond with the guy next to you.

是以，在軍隊和軍中，你必須要有信任感，你必須要與你身邊的人建立聯繫。

Because you're entrusting your life to him, and he's doing the same to you.

因為你把自己的生命託付給他，而他也在對你做同樣的事。

So if there's no trust, that teamwork's not going to be there.

是以，如果沒有信任，就不會有團隊合作。

In business, if you can't communicate efficiently with people who are different from you, and most of your clients are going to be different from you, by the way.

在生意場上，如果你不能有效地與不同於你的人溝通，順便說一句，你的大多數客戶都會與你不同。

So if you can't do that, it oftentimes means no deal, no money, all right?

所以，如果你做不到這一點，往往意味著沒有交易，沒有錢，好嗎？

It means failure.

這意味著失敗。

So at this point, you might be wondering, okay, Anthony, this sounds really complicated.

說到這裡，你可能會想，好吧，安東尼，這聽起來真的很複雜。

How exactly do I go about doing this?

具體該怎麼做？

Well, I'm here to tell you, it's actually not that hard.

我來告訴你，這其實並不難。

Intercultural communication, how to effectively initiate it, how to go about doing it, it all starts with being humble.

跨文化交流，如何有效地發起，如何去做，一切都要從謙虛開始。

Setting aside your personal opinion, being humble, being courteous, being nice, and most importantly, be genuine.

拋開個人觀點，謙虛、禮貌、友善，最重要的是真誠。

You see, when you want to approach someone, you want to talk to them, you've got to be genuine, like actually interested in this person.

你看，當你想接近一個人，想和他交談時，你一定要真誠，就像真的對這個人感興趣一樣。

Because people aren't dumb.

因為人們並不傻。

People can sense it if you're not actually interested in what they have to say, right?

如果你對他們說的話不感興趣，人們會感覺到的，對嗎？

All of that, you know, back when I was working, all of that, hey, how's it going?

所有這些，你知道，當我工作的時候，所有這些，嘿，怎麼樣了？

How's your day?

今天過得怎麼樣？

I'm not actually interested in what you have to say.

其實我對你說的話不感興趣。

I just want to get you to sign that deal.

我只想讓你簽下那份協議

So actually being interested is really important.

是以，真正感興趣真的很重要。

And this is something that I see a lot here on campus.

這是我在校園裡經常看到的。

You might be walking, and then you hear a group of kids that's foreign, right?

你可能正走著，然後聽到一群外國孩子的聲音，對嗎？

They come from another country.

他們來自另一個國家。

They're talking their own language.

他們說的是自己的語言。

I'll take Chinese, for example, because I speak Chinese, Mandarin.

以中文為例，因為我會說中文，國語。

So you might hear a group of Chinese that's talking.

是以，你可能會聽到一群中國人在交談。

You can go up to them and just say, oh, wow, what language is that?

你可以走到他們面前說，哦，哇，這是什麼語言？

Or, you know, what are you guys talking about?

或者，你們在說什麼？

You know, at first, they might be a little stunned, you know, think you're weird or whatever.