There's no doubt that the motor cortex is involved.

毫無疑問，這與運動皮層有關。

There's also no doubt that it's not able to control your movements on its own.

毫無疑問，它也無法獨立控制你的動作。

And how those things come together is, in some sense, the heart of free will. My area of expertise with functional neurosurgery allows this unique window where we can now research the intricacies of hand and arm function so that ultimately we could drive computer interfaces that would help patients with paralysis. I had a profound experience while I was growing up.

從某種意義上說，這些東西如何結合在一起，就是自由意志的核心。我的專業領域是功能神經外科，在這個獨特的窗口，我們現在可以研究手和手臂功能的複雜性，最終我們可以驅動計算機界面，幫助癱瘓病人。 在我成長的過程中，我有過一次深刻的經歷。

A friend of mine was paralyzed from a diving accident.

我的一個朋友因為一次潛水事故而癱瘓。

And so I've always been thinking about this idea of restoring function with devices to give patients some independence back. Patients that we're recruiting for this research are undergoing deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.

是以，我一直在思考用設備恢復功能的想法，讓病人重新獲得一些獨立性。 我們為這項研究招募的患者正在接受腦深部刺激治療運動障礙。

They have Parkinson's disease or tremor.

他們患有帕金森病或震顫症。

We place a long-term electrode deep into the brain for their movement disorder that they're going to have as their therapy moving forward.

我們會在大腦深處放置一個長期電極，以治療他們的運動障礙。

And just before we wake them up, we place this electrode on the surface of the brain.

在喚醒他們之前，我們會把這個電極放在大腦表面。

It's about 2 centimeters by 2 centimeters.

大約 2 釐米乘 2 釐米。

And then we're going to start the experiment.

然後我們開始實驗。

And it has 1,024 contacts.

它有 1 024 個聯繫人。

It's hundreds of times higher resolution than the next most readily available electrodes. Is precision ready?

它的分辨率比其他最容易獲得的電極高出數百倍。精度準備好了嗎？

And it provides the world's highest resolution electrical picture of her motor cortex as she moves.

它還提供了世界上分辨率最高的運動皮層電子影像。

So we can see a very, very high-resolution window into the brain.

是以，我們可以看到一個非常、非常高分辨率的大腦窗口。

And we've created special gloves that reconstruct the movements of the hand.

我們還製作了特殊的手套，可以重建手的動作。

And so in the OR, what we see is this full 3D reconstruction of their actual movement synchronized with the deep activity in the brain and the cortical surface activity.

是以，在手術室裡，我們看到的是他們實際運動的全三維重建，與大腦深層活動和皮層表面活動同步。

All are a window into how the behavior is being executed. So I'm going to ask you to reach out to this 3 times.

所有這些都是瞭解行為執行方式的窗口。所以，我想請你聯繫這 3 次。

Each person is different from every other person.

每個人都與眾不同。

And until we study more people, we just don't know what that range of variation is going to be. What is a frequency band?

在我們對更多的人進行研究之前，我們不知道變化的範圍會是多少。什麼是頻帶？

When you think about moving the hand or actually go to move the hand, different frequency bands carry different types of information related to movement.

當您想移動手或實際去移動手時，不同的頻段會攜帶不同類型的與移動有關的資訊。

What we get is these really interesting time waveform.

我們得到的是這些非常有趣的時間波形。

You can see how the activity on the brain surface evolves over time.

您可以看到大腦表面的活動是如何隨時間演變的。

So it's sort of like a musical orchestra where certain frequencies go away, certain frequencies come up.

是以，這就有點像一個交響樂團，某些頻率消失了，某些頻率又出現了。

We see interesting patterns of spirals and waves traveling from one direction to the other.

我們看到了有趣的螺旋和波浪圖案，它們從一個方向移動到另一個方向。

One of my colleagues likened it to watching the weather on television.

我的一位同事把這比作看電視天氣預報。

So really our job is to listen and know what patterns in the music relate to the behavior. When we are successful in deploying these kinds of technologies, what it will demonstrate is that we understand the brain and its inner workings.

是以，我們的工作其實就是聆聽並瞭解音樂中的哪些模式與行為有關。當我們成功部署這類技術時，它將證明我們瞭解大腦及其內部運作。

And that's going to have foundational impact on who we think we are and how we explain our behavior.

這將對我們的自我認知以及我們如何解釋自己的行為產生根本性的影響。

The technology that we're working on to provide thought-based control of external devices to people who are paralyzed, that has never been possible before.

我們正在研究的這項技術可以讓癱瘓者通過思維控制外部設備，這在以前是不可能實現的。

That's only been really dreamed of.

這隻有在夢想中才能實現。

And so I imagine a world where folks with paralysis will be able to interact with things in their home.

是以，我想象著這樣一個世界：癱瘓病人將能夠與家中的物品互動。

I imagine a world where we can take somebody who's an amputee and restore the movement with a prosthetic.

我想象著這樣一個世界：我們可以讓截肢者通過假肢恢復運動。

But it's incredible that we're now at this cusp of new technologies that are going to facilitate us understanding how the brain works and potentially translating that to our patients.

但令人難以置信的是，我們現在正處於新技術的風口浪尖，這些新技術將有助於我們瞭解大腦是如何工作的，並有可能將其轉化為我們的病人。