Maybe some light rain, a thunderstorm, a tornado, a blizzard?

也許是小雨、雷暴、龍捲風、暴風雪？

There are a ton of different weather phenomena in our atmosphere.

大氣層中有大量不同的天氣現象。

But have you ever thought about the possibility of weather in our oceans?

但是，你想過海洋中出現天氣的可能性嗎？

Some of the same causes of atmospheric weather exist in the ocean, too.

造成大氣氣象的一些原因在海洋中也同樣存在。

And it can impact marine wildlife just like a storm affects us.

它對海洋野生動物的影響就像風暴對我們的影響一樣。

So let's take a look at the weather underwater.

讓我們來看看水下的天氣情況。導言

If you've ever listened to a weather report, you've probably heard the word front being thrown around.

如果你聽過天氣預報，你可能會聽到有人在說前線這個詞。

A meteorologist is talking about air masses that differ in temperature, wind, and humidity.

氣象學家說的是溫度、風力和溼度不同的氣團。

And in the ocean, fronts are pretty similar.

在海洋中，鋒面也非常相似。

That's where water masses of different properties meet.

這就是不同性質的水團相遇的地方。

Instead of differences in temperature, wind, and humidity, you've got differences in temperature, salinity, density, and more.

溫度、風力和溼度的差異，取而代之的是溫度、鹽度、密度等的差異。

Ocean fronts also move around as currents and winds interact with them.

洋鋒也會隨著洋流和風的相互作用而移動。

So just like meteorologists track the movement of these boundaries in the atmosphere, oceanographers are working to improve how we track them in the ocean.

就像氣象學家在大氣層中跟蹤這些邊界的移動一樣，海洋學家也在努力改進我們在海洋中跟蹤這些邊界的方法。

And ocean fronts can be really important for marine wildlife.

海洋前沿對海洋野生動物來說非常重要。

Let's start with plankton.

先說浮游生物。

The gradients of temperature, salinity, and other water properties reduce the amount of mixing at these frontal zones.

溫度梯度、鹽度梯度和其他水體特性減少了這些鋒面帶的混合量。

With limited mixing, phytoplankton are carried to deeper water, allowing them to stay in the brightly lit surface waters, providing them with the opportunity to photosynthesize.

在有限的混合作用下，浮游植物被帶到更深的水域，讓它們停留在光線明亮的表層水域，為它們提供光合作用的機會。

Phytoplankton are the base of the food web, so if there's an increase in phytoplankton, it will start to attract larger lifeforms.

浮游植物是食物網的基礎，是以如果浮游植物增多，就會開始吸引更大型的生物。

Zooplankton eat the phytoplankton, fish eat the zooplankton, and so on.

浮游動物吃浮游植物，魚類吃浮游動物，以此類推。

For example, seabirds are frequently found at the borders of ocean fronts, especially king penguins and albatrosses.

例如，海鳥經常出現在海洋前沿的邊界，特別是國王企鵝和信天翁。

And so are filter-feeding basking sharks.

濾食性姥鯊也是如此。

In some areas, they seem to follow the fronts as they shift, probably taking advantage of elevated levels of zooplankton.

在某些地區，它們似乎會隨著鋒面的移動而移動，這可能是利用了浮游動物數量增加的優勢。

They have to follow the food, stock the snacks, pursue the provisions.

他們必須跟進食物、儲備零食、追求供給。

You get the idea.

你懂的。

So you can see why marine scientists like me care about ocean fronts.

由此可見，像我這樣的海洋科學家為什麼會關注海洋鋒面。

They give us a lot more information than just if we'll need an umbrella that day.

除了當天是否需要雨傘，他們還能提供更多資訊。

Eddies are another type of underwater weather, but they're a bit different than the eddies in the atmosphere.

渦流是另一種水下天氣，但與大氣中的渦流有些不同。

Those are essentially whirls of air.

這些基本上是空氣的旋渦。

Rather than air moving in a straight, streamlined way, it moves in a more turbulent, circular motion.

空氣不是以直線、流線型的方式流動，而是以更加湍急的圓周運動方式流動。

They're often caused by an obstruction of a smoother airflow by something like a building or a mountain.

它們通常是由於建築物或山脈等阻擋了較為順暢的氣流而造成的。

Some aeronautic courses even explicitly mention these eddies because they can cause turbulence, especially for smaller aircrafts and drones.

一些航空課程甚至明確提到了這些渦流，因為它們會導致湍流，尤其是對小型飛機和無人機而言。

In the ocean, they're on a much larger scale, like 10 to 100 kilometers in diameter.

在海洋中，它們的規模要大得多，直徑在 10 到 100 公里之間。

And they can persist for months.

而且它們可能會持續數月之久。

While you can have smaller eddies that create turbulent flow of water like the atmospheric eddies I mentioned, these eddies are created when they break off of a larger ocean current.

雖然像我提到的大氣漩渦一樣，會有較小的漩渦造成水流湍急，但這些漩渦是從較大的洋流中分離出來時形成的。

For this reason, they're a bit more like atmospheric storms.

它們更像是大氣風暴。

They trap water from one water mass in a different water mass with different properties, like temperature and salinity.

它們將一個水團中的水截留在另一個具有不同性質（如溫度和鹽度）的水團中。

And there are a few different types.

而且有幾種不同的類型。

Cold core rings are essentially when colder water gets trapped in warmer water.

冷核環是指較冷的水被困在較暖的水中。

They produce an upwelling effect, drawing up nutrients from deeper water towards the surface.

它們會產生上升流效應，將深水中的營養物質吸向海面。

And this is perfect for photosynthesis.

這非常適合光合作用。

And photosynthesis is dope.

光合作用也很神奇。

Hello, phytoplankton productivity.

你好，浮游植物的生產力。

Warm core rings are the opposite.

暖芯環正好相反。

This is where warmer water is getting trapped in cooler water, and they produce a downwelling effect.

在這種情況下，溫度較高的水被困在溫度較低的水中，從而產生下沉效應。

This shunts warmer surface water into the cold depth.

這將較暖的表層水分流到寒冷的深層水。

It's almost like a portal for deep-diving animals like sharks that allows them to stay deeper for longer by releasing them from temperature constraints they experience while diving.

它幾乎就像是鯊魚等深潛動物的入口，通過釋放它們在潛水時受到的溫度限制，讓它們能夠在更深的地方停留更長時間。

Which is a pretty cool trick for a swirl of water.

對於水的漩渦來說，這真是一個很酷的技巧。

This SciShow video is supported by Arizona State University's College of Global Futures.

本 SciShow 影片由亞利桑那州立大學全球未來學院提供支持。

After watching this marine video, why not check out their master's program in Coastal and Marine Science and Management?

觀看完這段海洋影片後，何不瞭解一下他們的海岸和海洋科學與管理碩士課程？

Through foundational science, research, and management studies, you'll prepare to support and sustain resilient coastal and marine ecosystems of the future.

通過基礎科學、研究和管理學習，你將為支持和維持未來具有彈性的沿海和海洋生態系統做好準備。

The program prepares you with skills in solutions-oriented research, geospatial and statistical data analysis, and written and oral communications, which are all used in the stewardship of coastal and marine resources.

本專業培養學生掌握以解決方案為導向的研究、地理空間和統計數據分析、書面和口頭交流等技能，這些技能在沿海和海洋資源的管理中都會用到。

Not to mention, it's all online!

更不用說，這一切都是線上進行的！

Because as you know from your time watching SciShow, you can learn a whole lot online, even ocean science.

因為正如你在觀看SciShow時所瞭解的那樣，你可以在網上學到很多東西，甚至是海洋科學。

But if you want to take your new skills and knowledge into the real world, you can conduct research and work within communities on solution-based projects in coastal and marine science and management.

但是，如果你想將新技能和新知識運用到現實世界中，你可以在社區內開展研究和工作，參與沿海和海洋科學與管理方面的解決方案項目。

The program offers opportunities at ASU's Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, and in Hawaii with the Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science.

該計畫在亞利桑那州立大學百慕達海洋科學研究所和夏威夷全球發現和保育科學中心提供機會。

After all of that, you can become the next generation of ocean scientists, community leaders, and innovators.

經過這一切，你們可以成為下一代海洋科學家、社區領袖和創新者。

Maybe you'll go on to be a marine policy analyst, a coastal zone manager, or an oceanographic researcher.

也許你會成為一名海洋政策分析師、海岸帶管理者或海洋學研究員。

With ASU, the world is your oyster!

有了 ASU，世界就是你的 "牡蠣"！

Especially if oysters mean the world to you.

特別是如果牡蠣對你來說意味著整個世界。

Okay, we have finally reached what is, in my opinion, the most confusing of our three underwater weather systems.

好了，我們終於迎來了我認為最令人困惑的三個水下天氣系統。

Gravity waves.

重力波。

Not to be confused with gravitational waves.

不要與引力波混淆。

Gravity waves are called this because gravity is the restoring force here that is essentially working to flatten the waves back out into a plane.

重力波之所以被稱為重力波，是因為重力是這裡的恢復力，它的作用本質上是將波重新拉平成一個平面。

In our atmosphere, you may have seen them in the form of these weird clouds that look like ripples on a pond.

在我們的大氣層中，你可能見過這些奇怪的雲朵，它們看起來就像池塘上的漣漪。

And that's essentially what they are.

這就是它們的本質。

But instead of throwing a stone into water, it's an updraft of air that disturbs an otherwise stable air mass to create such an effect in the sky.

但是，不是把石頭扔到水裡，而是上升氣流擾亂了原本穩定的氣團，從而在天空中產生這樣的效果。

It's similar in the ocean, but rather than a ripple on top, it's an internal wave, a wave beneath the ocean's surface.

海洋中也有類似的情況，但不是上面的漣漪，而是內部的波浪，是海面下的波浪。

Instead of the wave happening at the interface of water and air at the surface like you'd see on a beach, it's a wave that moves along the boundary of two water masses that are separated because of their differences in density or temperature, a water and water interface.

波浪並不像你在海灘上看到的那樣發生在海面的水和空氣交界處，而是沿著因密度或溫度不同而分離的兩個水團的邊界移動，即水與水的交界處。

These internal waves can be caused by a lot of different things, but really anything that would cause a displacement of water can create them.

造成這些內波的原因有很多，但實際上任何會導致水流位移的因素都會產生內波。

A great example is the movement of the mixed layer based on the winds.

一個很好的例子就是混合層根據風向的移動。

What is the mixed layer?

什麼是混合層？

It's the surface layer of the ocean where you see a lot of mixing due to heat flux, salinity, and other properties.

在海洋表層，由於熱通量、鹽度和其他特性的影響，會出現大量混合現象。

The stronger the winds, the more mixing there will be, and the deeper the mixed layer will be.

風越大，混合就越多，混合層就越深。

This deepening or shallowing of the mixed layer causes a displacement of water at that water and water interface that I mentioned.

混合層的加深或變淺會導致我提到的水與水交界處的水發生位移。

Now you've got a wave propagating along that boundary, an internal wave.

現在，你已經有了一個沿著邊界傳播的波，一個內波。

And like the other underwater weather we've talked about, large internal waves have an important part to play in sustaining ocean life.

與我們討論過的其他水下天氣一樣，大型內波在維持海洋生物方面也發揮著重要作用。

They may dampen the effects of heat stress on corals.

它們可以減輕熱應力對珊瑚的影響。

When corals get too stressed from high temperature, they expel from their body the algae that helps them make food.

當珊瑚因高溫而壓力過大時，它們會將幫助它們製造食物的藻類排出體外。

Without them, the coral can die.

沒有它們，珊瑚就會死亡。

This is called coral bleaching, and it is devastating to our reefs.

這就是所謂的珊瑚白化，對我們的珊瑚礁具有毀滅性。

But one study shows that large internal waves may bring in cooler waters and additional nutrients and plankton that the corals can use for food, limiting the severity of these bleaching events.

但一項研究表明，大的內波可能會帶來更涼爽的海水以及更多的營養物質和浮游生物，珊瑚可以利用這些營養物質和浮游生物作為食物，從而限制這些白化現象的嚴重程度。

A site that was cut off from the effects of internal waves experienced more bleaching than a site that did experience internal waves.

與受到內波影響的地點相比，受到內波影響的地點白化程度更高。

So even if they're a little hard to understand, gravity waves can be lifesavers.

即使它們有點難以理解，重力波也是救命稻草。

And these are just a few examples of ocean weather.

這些只是海洋天氣的幾個例子。

There are even more physical processes down there that affect wildlife.

下面還有更多影響野生動物的物理過程。

We have some pretty interesting weather phenomena up here, but so do our ocean-dwelling friends.

我們這裡有一些非常有趣的天氣現象，但我們居住在海洋裡的朋友也是如此。

I wonder if fish ever make awkward small talk about the weather, too.

我想知道魚兒是否也會尷尬地談論天氣。